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PubMed1989

[Induction by mycoplasmas of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from macrophages].

Several species of mycoplasmas including M. pneumoniae, the causative agent of human respiratory infection, were investigated for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induction. The cytotoxic activity to Meth A cells of peritoneal macrophages purified from BALB/c mice was enhanced markedly when cultured with either viable or nonviable mycoplasmas. The supernatant of macrophage culture mixed with mycoplasmas, M. pneumoniae or A. laidlawii, showed a potent cytotoxic activity to TNF-alpha-sensitive but not to TNA-alpha-insensitive L cells. Addition of anti-TNA-alpha antiserum inhibited completely the cytotoxic activity of the supernatant, indicating that the cytotoxic activity is due mostly to TNF-alpha. These results strongly suggest that mycoplasmas possess an activity to induce TNF-alpha, which enhances the cytotoxic activity of macrophages and prevent infection with mycoplasmas in vivo.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Identification of Mycoplasma incognitus infection in patients with AIDS: an immunohistochemical, in situ hybridization and ultrastructural study.

Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were developed against antigens from a pure culture of Mycoplasma incognitus grown in modified SP-4 medium. All the Mabs obtained were shown to react only with M. incognitus, and not with other species of human mycoplasma. The Mabs identified M. incognitus immunohistologically in thymus, liver, spleen, lymph node, or brain from 22 patients with AIDS, as well as in 2 placentas delivered by patients with AIDS. Using an 35S-labeled DNA probe specific for M. incognitus and in situ hybridization technique, we also identified M. incognitus-specific genetic material in these tissues. Furthermore, ultrastructural studies of the specific areas of tissues which were highly positive for M. incognitus antigens revealed characteristic structures of mycoplasma organisms. These mycoplasma-like particles could be identified intracellularly and extracellularly. Histopathology of the tissues infected by M. incognitus varied from no pathological changes to fulminant necrosis with or without an associated inflammatory reaction. M. incognitus, a novel pathogenic mycoplasma, was cytopathic and cytocidal.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2006

Lesions associated with a novel Mycoplasma sp. in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) undergoing rehabilitation.

From July 1999 to November 2001, Mycoplasma sp. was cultured from lesions in 16 California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) undergoing rehabilitation. The Mycoplasma sp. was the likely cause of death of four animals in which it was associated with either pneumonia or polyarthritis. The most common lesion associated with this bacterium was subdermal abscessation, found in 12 animals. Other lesions included intramuscular abscesses, septic arthritis, and lymphadenopathy. Infection was associated with a leukocytosis and left shift in 12 animals. Animals with abscesses improved clinically after surgical lancing, irrigation, and systemic antibiotic therapy. The mycoplasma isolates had a consistent 16S rRNA sequence dissimilar from other Mycoplasma spp. and represent a novel species, Mycoplasma zalophi proposed sp. nov.

Abscess↗

PubMed2001

Do mycoplasmas cause human cancer?

A linkage between mycoplasmas and malignancy was mainly proposed in the 1960s when human-associated mycoplasmas were becoming of interest given the novel characterization of the human respiratory pathogen Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Associations with leukemia and other malignancies, however, were largely ascribed to tissue-culture contamination, which is now recognized as a significant potential problem in molecular biology circles. A few epidemiological studies, however, continue to raise concern over such a linkage. As well, in vitro data have demonstrated the potential for some mycoplasmas to induce karyotypic changes and malignant transformation during chronic tissue-culture infestation. As cellular and molecular mechanisms for such transformation become studied, a resurgence of interest in this area is inevitable. A role for mycoplasmas in malignancy of any sort is conjectural, but there remains a need to continue with focussed epidemiological and laboratory investigations.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

[Antibodies seroprevalence for mycoplasma pneumoniae antigens in patients with bronchial asthma].

Microorganisms causing respiratory system infections, mainly viruses but also bacteria, among which there are atypical such as Chlamydophila pneumoniae, play a role in etiopathogenesis of bronchial asthma. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is suggested to take part in the initiation and the bronchial asthma exacerbation. The aim of the paper was to determine the frequency of occurrence of anti-Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibodies in serum of patients suffering from bronchial asthma in comparison with the control group of healthy persons. The presence of IgG, IgM and IgA class anti-Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibodies was assessed by immunoenzymatic assay ELISA. Serologic markers of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection were more frequently observed in patients with bronchial asthma (15%) than in the control group (5.13%). The diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is especially important in patients with bronchial asthma. The pathogen causing bronchial hyperreactivity is eliminated by the appropriate antibiotic therapy, which allows reducing the dose of inhaled corticosteroids. The immunoenzymatic assay determining the level and class of specific antibodies to find mycoplasmatic infection quickly and precisely.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Role of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in aetiopathogenesis of juvenile idiopatic arthritis].

UNLABELLED: Although more and more is known about chronic autoimmune diseases, attempts to establish one trigger factor have been unsuccessful. The role of endogenic factors is beyond doubt. But it is emphasized that environmental factors are necessary to cause the disease. Infections are taken under consideration as trigger mechanism in the development of autoimmune diseases including chronic arthritis. Both numerous viruses and bacteria are among the microorganism mentioned. We considered it sensible to conduct research on Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in a group of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). MATERIALS: 19 patients diagnosed with JIA aged between 6-17 were investigated for Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection whose blood was examined for antibodies against Mycoplasma pneumoniae in class IgG and IgM. The control group comprised 20 children of similar age admitted to hospital with digestive tract complaints. METHODS: Serologic tests were made in serum. Marking of antigens of class IgM and IgG were made by Elisa method using commercial kits produced by Scientific Point. Quantitative calculations of a level of antigens were done using appropriate standards, positive and negative serum of reference standard and calibration curve. RESULTS: In 11 patients positive reaction for Mycoplasma pneumoniae in class IgG was observed and only in 2 in class IgM with low titer. In the control group positive reaction was observed in 3 children (15%). The fact that 58% of patients were infected (contact either with Mycoplasma pneumoniae) indicates that in the group of our patients with JIA, infections with these bacteria might have had a role in triggering the disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

[Extrapulmonary complications of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections].

UNLABELLED: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common etiological factor in atypical pneumonia in children. The course of the disease is usually mild, but in some cases, especially in extrapulmonary localisation, it can pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic problems. The aim of this study was evaluation of extrapulmonary manifestations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Among 21 children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection hospitalised in the III Pediatric Clinic, ICZMP in Lodz, between 2001 and 2002 three children with extrapulmonary manifestations of the disease were qualified for the study. The diagnosis was based on a test (from Biotest company) detecting specific IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies. RESULTS: In the analysed cases the manifestations of the disease were as follows: exudative gonitis (I), pain in the hip and knee joints (II) and abducens nerve paresis (III). In I case: IgM 1/250; 1/350, IgG- > 1/1000, 1/350; IgA 1/100, negative; in II case: IgM > 1/1000, IgG > 1/1000, IgA negative. In III case IgM 1/450, 1/130; IgG > 1/1000, > 1/1000, IgA 1/300, 1/130. In all the children there were no symptoms form the respiratory tract. In both articular forms, the disease was preceded by Borrelia burgdorferi infection localised in the same joints. Only in case of exudative gonitis an increase in the inflammatory process indexes was noticed. CONCLUSIONS: Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection should be considered also in case of extrapulmonary symptoms, with no coexisting infection in the respiratory tract. The forms of extrapulmonary manifestations, in particular concerning the joints and the nervous system, require prolonged and specific antibiotic treatment. Articular manifestation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection preceded by articular form of Borrelia burgdorferi infection is noteworthy, and may be caused by abnormal response form the immunological system.

Abducens Nerve Diseases↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Association between genital mycoplasmas and risk of preterm delivery].

The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of maternal colonisation by genital mycoplasmas during pregnancy and to assess its association with preterm delivery. The cervical swabs of 179 pregnant women between 8 and 16 week of gestation were cultured for Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Clinical details and perinatal outcomes were documented. Of a total of 179 women enrolled, 68 (38.0%) had positive cervical culture for genital mycoplasmas; 30 (16.7%) for M. hominis and 38 (21.3%) for U. urealyticum. Preterm delivery occurred in 21 (11.7%) women. Genital mycoplasmas were found more frequently in group with preterm delivery as compare to women who delivered at term (p = 0.05) and its presence at lower genital tract at early pregnancy was a risk factor of preterm delivery. Early pregnancy screening for genital mycoplasmas and following treatment may reduce the rate of preterm deliveries.

Female↗

PubMed2006

Prevalence and clinical features of mycoplasma pneumoniae in Thai children.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and clinical features of mycoplasma pneumoniae in Thai children with community acquired pneumonia (CAP). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Diagnosis of current infection was based on > or = 4 fold rise in antibody sera or persistently high antibody titers together with the presence of mycoplasma DNA in respiratory secretion. The clinical features were compared between children who tested positive for M pneumoniae, and those whose results were negative. RESULTS: Current infection due to M. pneumoniae was diagnosed in 36 (15%) of 245 children with paired sera. The sensitivity and specificity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in diagnosing current infection in the present study were 78% and 98% respectively. The mean age of children with mycoplasma pneumoniae was higher than CAP with unspecified etiology. The presenting manifestations and initial laboratory finding were insufficient to predict mycoplasma pneumoniae precisely, the presence of chest pain and lobar consolidation on chest X-ray, however, were significant findings in children with mycoplasma pneumoniae. CONCLUSION: The present study confirms that M. pneumoniae plays a significant role in CAP in children of all ages. Children with this infection should be identified in order to administer the appropriate antibiotic treatment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

[Detection of autoantibody to mitotic spindle associated antigen (MSA) in sera from patients with positive mycoplasma pneumoniae particle agglutination (PA) test].

Autoantibody to mitotic spindle associated antigen (MSA) was examined in sera from patients with positive mycoplasma pneumoniae particle agglutination (PA) test along with various autoimmune diseases and healthy subjects by means of indirect immunofluorescence (IF) using HEp-2 cells as substrates. Anti-MSA antibody was identified in 9 patients sera including 7 out of 180 sera with positive mycoplasma pneumoniae PA test, one with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and one with scleroderma (PSS) respectively. Five of 9 sera with positive anti-MSA antibody contained anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) including 4 with speckled staining ANA and one with homogeneous + nucleolar staining ANA. Two collagen diseases sera positive for anti-MSA antibody showed negative mycoplasma pneumoniae PA test. In addition, there was no correlation between the presence of anti-MSA antibody and the titers of mycoplasma pneumoniae PA test. Our results indicated that anti-MSA antibody was not limited to such connective tissue diseases as previously described by other workers. It would be speculated that mycoplasma pneumoniae infection might induce anti-MSA antibody production.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed1989

Biochemical and serological study of two mycoplasma strains isolated from geese.

2 mycoplasma strains were isolated, one from the phallic lymph of a gander and the other from a cloacal swab of a laying goose. The strains proved to be different from mycoplasma species isolated from geese before. Strain No. 1223 is a glucose-negative and arginine-negative species belonging to the genus Mycoplasma. In the growth inhibition test, it fails to react with hyperimmune sera raised in rabbits against the presently known mycoplasma species of avian origin nor with sera produced against mammalian mycoplasma species sharing its biochemical properties. Strain No. 1225 belongs to the digitonin resistant Acholeplasmataceae family. It is glucose-positive and aesculin-positive. It is negative by all the other tests and fails to react with sera produced against the presently known acholeplasma species.

Acholeplasmataceae↗

PubMed1977

[Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in female sex organs].

In the course of isolation experiments on 18 gynaecological patients Mycoplasma hominis was found in the genital organs of five and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in those of three other women. In 2 cases both agents were present. Antibodies against Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma orale were in 8,3, respectively 1 serumtests verified. The anamnesis, diagnostics and therapy of the 3 women is reported.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pathogenicity of strains of the IJKNQR group of avian mycoplasmas for turkey embryos and poults.

Strains of mycoplasmas isolated from turkey embryos and identified as belonging to the IJKNQR group of avian mycoplasmas were found to produce lethal infections in experimentally exposed turkey embryos. Some strains produced exudative airsacculitis in experimentally exposed poults. Of 4 strains used to inoculate poults, two produced moderate airsacculitis, one produced a slight airsacculitis, and one had little or no effect on turkey poult air sacs. Microscopic examination revealed that the air-sac lesions resulting from infection with these mycoplasmas were similar to those resulting from infections with Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. meleagridis, and M. synoviae. The results were considered to indicate that some strains of the IJKNQR group of avian mycoplasmas are pathogenic for turkeys.

Air Sacs↗

PubMed1981

Mycoplasma infections of plants.

Plants can be infected by two types of wall-less procaryotes, spiroplasmas and mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO), both located intracellularly in the phloem tissues of affected plants. Spiroplasmas have been cultured, characterized and shown to be true members of the class Mollicutes. MLO have not yet been cultured or characterized; they are thought to be mycoplasma-like on the basis of their ultrastructure as seen in situ, their sensitivity to tetracycline and resistance to penicillin. Mycoplasmas can also be found on the surface of plants. These extracellularly located organisms are members of the following genera: Spiroplasma. Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma. The presence of such surface mycoplasmas must not be overlooked when attempts to culture MLO from affected plants are undertaken. Sensitive serological techniques such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can successfully be used to compare the MLO located in the phloem of affected plants with those eventually cultured from the same plants. In California and Morocco periwinkles naturally infected with both Spiroplasma citri and MLO have been reported. With such doubly infected plants, the symptom expression has been that characteristic of the MLO disease (phyllody or stolbur), not that given by S. citri. Only S. citri can be cultured from such plants, but this does not indicate that S. citri is the causal agent of the disease expressed by the plant. In California many nonrutaceous plants have been found to be infected with S. citri. Stubborn affected citrus trees represent an important reservoir of S. citri, and Circulifer tenellus is an active leafhopper vector of S. citri. Hence, it is not surprising that in California MLO-infected fruit trees could also become infected with S. citri but it would not mean that S. citri is the causal agent of the disease. Criteria are discussed that are helpful in distinguishing between MLO infections and S. citri infections.

Acholeplasma↗

PubMed1994

[Detection of mycoplasmas in horses with respiratory diseases and their biochemical and serologic characterization].

Tracheal swabs were taken from 25 horses with respiratory diseases and investigated for mycoplasmas using three different media. Mycoplasmas could be isolated from 5 horses. The isolates were characterized by serological and biochemical methods. Four isolates could be identified as Mycoplasma equirhinis. The fifth isolate could not be typed. It did not react with antisera against mycoplasmas found in the respiratory tract of horses and its biochemical characteristics were different from the mycoplasmas described so far. It may represent a new species.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

[The significance of genital mycoplasmas in the etiology of puerperal endometritis].

The rate of genital Mycoplasma isolation from the uterine cavity was studied in 147 puerperae (80 ones with a normal course of the puerperium and 67 with acute postpartum endometritis). Mycoplasma were isolated from the metroaspirate in 11.3% of puerperae in whom the postpartum period ran a normal course; M. urealyticum were found in 8.8% and M. hominis in 2.5% of cases. In endometritis Mycoplasma were isolated from the infection focus 2.5 times more often, i.e. from 28.4% of patients with postpartum endometritis (M. urealyticum were detected in 9.0% and M. hominis in 19.4% of cases). Mycoplasma were the sole agents of endometritis in 9.0% of patients. Hysteroscopic and morphologic studies helped verify the contribution of genital Mycoplasma to the development of acute postpartum endometritis in 19.4% of the patients. Therefore, virtually every fifth patient with postpartum endometritis was in need of purposeful antimycoplasma therapy with tetracycline.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1976

[The importance of mycoplasma in infectious processes (author's transl)].

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, the pathogen responsible for primary atypical pneumonia, has appeared more frequently in recent years. While T-mycoplasma and Mycoplasma hominis are found in greater numbers both in nonspecific urethritis and also in the genital flora, T-mycoplasma may also cause the formation of vesical calculi in animal experiments. Mycoplasma can also be cultured from joint fluids, tumors and from blood samples from parturient women immediately after the birth.

Acholeplasma laidlawii↗

PubMed1995

Mycoplasma-associated polyarthritis in farmed crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in Zimbabwe.

Outbreaks of polyarthritis in farmed crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) on five farms in Zimbabwe are described. Cases were reported only among the rearing stock aged 1-3 years. No breeding stock suffered. Morbidity was about 10% and the mortality even lower. All the sick animals consistently displayed swollen limb joints as well as progressive lameness and paresis. The synovial structures in subacute cases contained mycoplasmas and excess turbid mucus which, at a later stage of the disease, became yellowish, inspissated and sterile. Cellular changes in the joint capsule included oedema, necrosis of the superficial layers of membrane, lymphocytic infiltration and fibrosis. Evidence of pneumonia was observed only at necropsies. Fifteen isolates of Mycoplasma were cultured from the clinical specimens collected from the four sick and three dead crocodiles. The affected joints of all these animals yielded Mycoplasma in pure culture, but the culture from lungs yielded post-mortem invaders also. The sick animals were treated with a single intramuscular injection of long-acting tetracycline (10 mg/kg), and oxytetracycline mixed in feed at 550 mg/kg was fed for 10 d. The treatment appeared to be effective in ameliorating the clinical signs, but in some cases inflammatory swelling persisted. All 15 the isolates conformed to the characteristics of the genus Mycoplasma, and were serologically indistinguishable in growth-inhibition (Gl) tests. Although these isolates shared the main biochemical characteristics of Mycoplasma capricolum, they differed serologically. Also goats were refractory to experimental infection with crocodile strains. In crocodile yearlings, however, the disease was reproduced with an isolate from one of the affected farms. The source of infection remained elusive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alligators and Crocodiles↗