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PubMed1988

"Magical thinking," suicide, and malpractice litigation.

Prospective clinical assessment of suicidality differs significantly from that used retrospectively in malpractice litigation. In the latter context, the judge or jury may be susceptible to hindsight reasoning and a disproportionate emphasis on the specific method of suicide, exaggerating its foreseeability and "magically" linking the means of death to the treating clinician, especially in the case of suicide by an overdose of prescribed medication. Such magical thinking, moreover, is rooted in the clinical context of suicide: The errors of reasoning observed in the courtroom exhibit striking parallels with the mind-set of the suicidal patient. An understanding of these dynamics suggests appropriate precautions for the clinician and thus contributes to the prevention both of suicide and of malpractice litigation.

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Changes in EEG rhythms during verbal and visual-image thinking].

General and local characteristics of EEG activation were studied in frontal, central, temporal and occipital areas of the left and right cerebral hemispheres in 20 adult subjects during execution of various mental tasks. The analysis of the changes of five main EEG rhythms (delta, theta, alpha, beta-1 and beta-2) showed that EEG power decrease in alpha- and beta-frequency ranges is a reliable and sensitive index of brain activation at thinking. On this basis EEG activation mosaics are described at carrying out of each task and its systemic changes at transition from one type of task to another one, depending on their psychological structure--modality and complexity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

[Magical thinking in suicidal acts].

This paper declines the anthropological and philosophical background for understanding the less understandable: suicide. Though 'understanding' (in terms of the one who wants to understand) implies the rules of its own (i.e. rationalistic) casted beyond the reefs of knowing the author tries to find traces to make up a new perspective of the horizon. With examples from his therapeutical work, and quoting mythology, and historically famous cases thinking within the terms of suicide is delined, and consequences hereof are stated.

Fantasy↗

PubMed1982

[Variant of abnormal mental development with early evidence of abstract thinking].

The author presents the data of 4- to 25-year-long observation of a group of boys distinguished since the early age by a pronounced disproportionaity of the psychic development: an accelerated development of abstract-logical thinking with gross defects of sensuous perception, emotions, psychomotor functions, and adaptive behaviour as a whole. Despite the evolutional course of the state most of the patients appeared to be unable to independent social adaptation. The degree and structure of this disharmonic underdevelopment allow one to regard this pathology as a variant of nervous system dysontogenesis differing from, but bordering on such forms as Kanner's autism, Asperger's psychopathy, or mental retardation with partial giftedness.

Autistic Disorder↗

PubMed1984

[Reflection of the semantic characteristics of the thinking process in the impulse activity of neurons].

The paper deals with the progress in research into the problem of reflection of semantic characteristics of psychological tests in impulse activity of neurons and neuronal assemblies. The high dynamicity of brain correlates of thinking in most brain zones is stressed. Advantages and limits of different technical approaches as well as the most urgent tasks to be solved are discussed.

Brain↗

PubMed1983

[Age and sex dependence of schizophrenic delusional themes--a contribution to the understanding of abnormal thinking?].

In the frame of statistical evaluations of different kinds of delusional themes some of them depended on sex and age of the schizophrenic patients. Thus, female persons suffered in a significant way much more from delusions with direct influence on their body and delusional jealousy than male persons. On the other hand the symptomatology of the older patients showed significant frequencies in delusions with distant disturbances in comparison with younger ones. The results were discussed in context with the problematic of understanding the delusion. To accentuate the psychosocial connections of psychopathological ways of thinking social clichés respectively common stereotypes were proved. Last not least "regressive" tendencies in delusional themes were regarded in the view of the social situation of the peoples having these symptoms.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Preceptor development. An opportunity to stimulate critical thinking.

In this article, the authors describe a preceptor development program with several unique features. The program provides preceptors with strategies to promote critical thinking and has expanded content on feedback and evaluation processes. Ongoing professional development is continued through follow-up seminars. These seminars provided preceptors with an opportunity to share their experiences, which led to identification of important issues for further exploration. For example, preceptors need assistance developing teaching strategies to meet the needs of the middle-aged new graduate nurse.

Education, Nursing, Continuing↗

PubMed1993

[The driving force in the thinking of Norbert Elias. An attempt at psychoanalytic interpretation].

The theory of civilization proposed by the eminent sociologist Norbert Elias, who died in 1990, has its roots in Freud's theory of culture. Elias always denied the importance of personal factors in connection with his work, but as has been demonstrated in connection with artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and indeed Freud himself, this does not make it any the less legitimate to go in search of those infantile/unconscious motifs and affective sources powering Elias' prodigious scholarly creativity and informing his work, in however sublimated a form. Proceeding from the observation that successful scholarly or artistic production represents a synthesis of the forces of id, ego and super-ego, i.e. of affect, knowledge and conscience, the author demonstrates that concerns of central moment to Elias' thinking--commitment and non-involvement, establishment and outsider, the restraining of aggression in the civilizational process, interdependence of individuals--are partly the product of early experiences which Elias was able to turn to fruitful account in his work.

Cultural Characteristics↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The spectral rearrangements of the EEG and the organization of the cortical connections during spatial and verbal thinking].

Solution of spatial and verbal tasks was studied in 43 subjects using the advanced version of the method of intracortical interaction mapping (IIM) and analysis of EEG spectra in short (250 ms) intervals. Comparison between the IIM and coherence methods during solving simple motor tasks revealed some advantages of the IIM for studying of labile cortical connections. Several stages were separated in the process of solution of the mental task in accordance with patterns of cortical connections. The duration of the stages was similar in both kinds of tasks and corresponded to that revealed in psychological experiments. Cortical connections in the theta range were generalized and reflected the level of general tension. This unspecific tension was high for the whole period of the spatial task solution while in the verbal task the tension increased to the stage of decision making. Task-specific patterns were revealed in the beta range. The right parietal and temporal regions were the centers of EEG connections during solution of the spatial task while the left central area was essential for the verbal task solution. The left parietal area was involved in solution of both kinds of tasks. The frequency parameters of connections in the beta range were stable during the spatial task solving, and in the process of verbal task solving the dominant frequency changed after the initial (perception) stage probably due to switching to another thinking mechanism.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

[Dialectic hermeneutics: a way of thinking in nursing research].

This paper is a theoretical study about dialectic and hermeneutics union and the possibility of its application as a "way of thinking" in nursing research. For this, we retake its origin and discussion at the present time, as well as the theoretical postulates that gives it foundation, looking forward on expanding the horizons in nursing investigation.

Humans↗

PubMed1997

Critical thinking, health policy, and the Hmong culture group, Part II.

The Hmong are an Asian cultural group originating primarily in the northern hills of Laos. During the Vietnam conflict, they fought and died for the U.S. during a secret Laotian war. The U.S. gained their support in exchange for protecting them from their enemies in Laos regardless of the war's outcome. When North Vietnam took over Laos, hundreds of thousands of Hmong fled to Thailand's refugee camps; from there, over 100,000 Hmong refugees relocated to the U.S. (Heu, 1996). With them, the Hmong brought culture, language, and healthcare beliefs and rituals, as well as distinct challenges to U.S. communities, policy makers, and healthcare professionals. This article is the second in a two-part series on critical thinking and health policy and the Hmong culture group.

Acculturation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The communication imperative: a critical thinking paradigm.

The communication imperative is a recognition of the fact that the interpersonal relationship between the health care provider and the client is as fundamental to building and maintaining a practice as is clinical skill. At the University of Alberta we have introduced a Critical Thinking Module in an attempt to focus on this relationship and to encourage students to examine their beliefs and attitudes in a new way. This article will examine some of the background to this decision as well as look at the course itself.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1998

Children's thinking about traits: implications for judgments of the self and others.

The relation between the way in which children interpret human behavior and their beliefs about the stability of human traits is investigated. In interviews with 202 7- and 8-year-olds across 2 studies, the belief that traits are stable predicted a greater tendency to make trait judgments, and an increased focus on outcomes and behaviors through which traits can be judged. In the academic domain, a belief in trait stability was associated with an emphasis on the evaluative meanings of performance outcomes, as opposed to mediating processes such as effort. In the sociomoral domain, the same belief was associated with an emphasis on the evaluative meanings of behaviors (e.g., whether the person is good or bad), as opposed to factors that mediate behavior, such as intention. Results suggest that beliefs about the stability of traits may serve an important role in thinking about and functioning within the academic and sociomoral domains.

Achievement↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Critical care in a thinking environment: a personal perspective.

This paper is a transcript of a presentation made at the BACCN Conference. It highlights from the personal experience of the author a number of behaviours important in creating a thinking environment. Four areas are specifically focused on: giving colleagues attention; appreciating each other; management of meetings; and challenging limited assumptions.

Critical Care↗

PubMed2000

Strategic use of statistical thinking in drug development.

The role of the statistician and statistical thinking in the pharmaceutical industry has evolved greatly in the last four or five decades. Regulatory developments and the changing face of the science of drug development have driven this evolution. The increasing regulatory requirement for statistical input in critical areas has facilitated a wider range of applications. The pace of change of science in general has brought statisticians into contact with a wider range of potential customers. More importantly, it has allowed the statistician to become increasingly involved in strategic issues with the possibility of influencing the direction of the business. However, it is not clear that the statistical profession in industry is adequately prepared for these opportunities either in attitude or training. Changing the statisticians' approach to their role and acquiring the correct training and experience are critical for the profession to optimize their contribution to the drug discovery and development processes.

Drug Approval↗

PubMed1977

Relationship between schizophrenic thinking and MMPI for process and reactive patients.

This study examined the relationship between Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking (WIST) and MMPI performance in 25 male Process and Reactive schizophrenic inpatients. The results demonstrated a correlation between the WIST index and the Sc scale of the MMPI (r = .54, p less than .05) for Process patients only. Other MMPI scales highly correlated with each other also correlated with WIST index for the Process group. The lack of association between WIST and MMPI scales for Reactive patients was interpreted as suggesting a high degree of behavioral disorganization in these patients. Other results, i.e., lack of correlation between time and error scores on the WIST and high variability of time scores on the WIST, suggest that part of this disorganization for the Reactive patients may be understood in terms of disrupted pacing of behavior with respect to time, a process that may be related to the intrusion of irrelevant event processing.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

"Don't think zebras": uncertainty, interpretation, and the place of paradox in clinical education.

Working retrospectively in an uncertain field of knowledge, physicians are engaged in an interpretive practice that is guided by counterweighted, competing, sometimes paradoxical maxims. "When you hear hoofbeats, don't think zebras," is the chief of these, the epitome of medicine's practical wisdom, its hermeneutic rule. The accumulated and contradictory wisdom distilled in clinical maxims arises necessarily from the case-based nature of medical practice and the narrative rationality that good practice requires. That these maxims all have their opposites enforces in students and physicians a practical skepticism that encourages them to question their expectations, interrupt patterns, and adjust to new developments as a case unfolds. Yet medicine resolutely ignores both the maxims and the tension between the practical reasoning they represent and the claim that medicine is a science. Indeed, resolute epistemological naivete is part of medicine's accommodation to uncertainty; counterweighted, competing, apparently paradoxical (but always situational) rules enable physicians simultaneously to express and to ignore the practical reason that characterizes their practice.

Art↗

PubMed1977

"Think aloud": a program for developing self-control in young aggressive boys.

"Think Aloud" was designed as a training program to improve self-control in 6- to 8-year-old boys. It involved modeling and verbalization of cognitive activity to foster use of verbal mediation skills in dealing with both cognitive and interpersonal problems. It was hypothesized that this training would lead to improvement in test performance and teacher ratings of classroom behavior in hyperaggressive boys. Twelve aggressive second grade boys participated in daily, 30-minute, individual sessions for 6 weeks. Normal and aggressive control subjects received no intervention. Teachers rated both trained and untrained aggressive boys as improving in aggressive behaviors but they rated the experimental group as showing improvement on a significantly larger number of prosocial behaviors. The pattern of performance on cognitive tests also changed significantly in the experimental group. On pretest, their pattern differed from normals and resembled the aggressive control group, while on posttest their pattern resembled normals and differed from agressive controls. Suggestions were made concerning additional refinements needed in the program, but overall results indicated potential value in the present approach for providing assistance to aggressive boys in the early grades.

Achievement↗