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Results for “Timolol”

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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources

PubMed1990

[Changes in ocular hypotensive effect of griseolic acid with isoproterenol, timolol and melanin].

Griseolic acid-ester (GA-ester), one of the strongest cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors, was combined with isoproterenol and timolol in this study to evaluate the effect on intraocular pressure (IOP). Furthermore, the ocular hypotensive effect of GA-ester in pigmented and albino rabbits was compared, and the binding ability of GA-ester to synthetic melanin was examined. GA-ester markedly enhanced the hypotensive effect of isoproterenol, and the combination of GA-ester with timolol resulted in an additional fall in IOP. No differences in the hypotensive effect of GA-ester between pigmented and albino rabbits were observed. GA-ester did not bind to synthetic melanin. GA-ester has unique characteristics as an ocular hypotensive agent.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Results of combined use of taufon and timolol in the treatment of patients with open-angle glaucoma].

The effect of taufon and timolol maleate combination on intraocular pressure and ocular hemodynamics was studied in 44 patients (63 eyes) with primary open-angle glaucoma. Combined administration of these agents elevated almost twofold the fluid discharge efficacy coefficient and normalized Becker's coefficient in 68.6 percent of patients. The patients were followed up for 8 weeks. Taufon addition to timolol modified the action of this latter drug, normalizing the ocular hemodynamics.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[A case of fatal asthma induced by timolol eye-drop].

A 74 year-old man, a known asthmatic since 1972, was treated by timolol eye-drop for acute glaucoma. Several hours later the patient developed a severe attack of asthma, and died subsequently. The autopsy findings were consistent with those of typical status asthmaticus. Our patient is, to our knowledge, the first case of fatal asthma induced by timolol eye-drop in Japan.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

[Hypoglycemia due to ophthalmic timolol in a diabetic].

In a 65-year-old man with insulin-dependent diabetes there was an increase in the severity and frequency of hypoglycemic attacks during treatment with ophthalmic timolol maleate for glaucoma. When timolol was stopped hypoglycemic attacks ceased. While recurrent exacerbation of hypoglycemia and its symptoms in insulin-dependent diabetics is a relatively common side-effect of systemic beta-blockers, there are scarcely any reports attributing this phenomenon to topical ophthalmic beta-blockers. Topical as well as systemic beta-blocking agents must be used with great caution in diabetics receiving insulin.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

Bioadhesive dosage form for peroral administration of timolol base.

Timolol base was prepared from its maleate salt and checked for purity, pKa (9.03) and n-octanol/phosphate buffer pH 6.6 partition coefficient (1.72). The rate of swelling of sodium carboxymethylcellulose, Carbopol 934 (CP) and hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) was examined prior to use in bioadhesive compacts with the model drug methylene blue to study their influence on device integrity and drug diffusion. A final compact containing a core of timolol base and Precirol, a bioadhesive layer of CP and HPC, and a cap of magnesium stearate gave sustained release of the drug in simulated saliva pH 6.6. After preliminary evaluation in dogs, the compact was evaluated in a panel of humans in whom it was shown that the flux of drug could be increased from 70 to 127 micrograms mm-2 h-1 by inclusion of the penetration enhancer sodium lauryl-sulphate into the core formulation.

Adhesiveness↗

PubMed1987

Combined action of enalapril or timolol with hydrochlorothiazide plus amiloride in hypertension.

59 mild to moderate hypertensives were treated for four weeks with 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide plus 5 mg of amiloride, then concomitantly with these diuretics with either enalapril (10-20 mg) or timolol (10-20 mg) in two parallel treatment groups for an additional 12 weeks in an open study. Addition of these drugs lowered the blood pressure by 25 +/- 3/16 +/- 2 mm Hg and 15 +/- 3/14 +/- 1 mm Hg, respectively. The difference of the reduction of the systolic blood pressure between enalapril and timolol group at the end of the combined treatment was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). The mean serum potassium was elevated by 0.3 mmol/l after addition of enalapril to the diuretic treatment, but none of the patients developed hyperkalaemia. No adverse effects on other routine laboratory values were observed. Both drug combinations can be considered efficient, well tolerated and safe in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

[Mid-term results of a double-blind study comparing metipranolol to timolol in the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma].

A study on 26 patients with chronic angle glaucoma was completed after 17 weeks. The IOP was satisfactorily stabilized on patients treated with Metipranolol drops. In the Timolol group, the IOP rose again after the 9th week and, at the completion of the study, the difference between the averages of the two groups is significant. No systemic effect was noted as well in the Metipranolol group as in the Timolol group.

Double-Blind Method↗

PubMed1988

Recurrent HSV-1 corneal epithelial lesions induced by timolol iontophoresis in latently infected rabbits.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) ocular shedding and recurrent corneal epithelial lesions were assessed following ocular iontophoresis of 0.01% timolol at 0.8 mAmp for 8 min for 3 consecutive days in 17 rabbits latently infected with HSV-1 strain McKrae. The collection of ocular tear film for the detection of HSV-1 ocular shedding and the slit lamp biomicroscopic evaluation for HSV-1 epithelial lesions began on day 4 after the first iontophoresis and continued for 7 consecutive days. The tear film was collected on a Dacron swab with care being taken to avoid swabbing the corneal epithelium. The observed HSV-1 lesions were characterized as deep punctate lesions, dendritic lesions and geographic epithelial defects. The ratio of total days of eyes exhibiting HSV-1 epithelial lesions to the total number of observation days was 113/235 (48%). There were 46 punctate lesions, 27 dendritic lesions and 40 geographic epithelial defects. The ratio of positive swabs to total swabs was 77/235 (33%). Of the 113 positive lesion days, 65 (58%) were associated with a positive swab. Of the 77 positive swabs, 65 (84%) were associated with an epithelial lesion. Of the 122 negative lesion days, 110 (90%) were associated with a negative swab. Of the 158 negative swabs, 110 (70%) were associated with no epithelial lesions. By chi-square analysis, there was a significant association between HSV-1 swabs and HSV-1 lesions (P less than 0.001). These results demonstrate that ocular iontophoresis of timolol induces both HSV-1 ocular shedding and recurrent HSV-1 corneal epithelial lesions in rabbits latently infected with HSV-1 strain McKraw.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Long-term timolol and epinephrine in monkeys. I. Functional morphology of the ciliary processes.

Cynomolgus monkeys were treated twice daily in one eye with timolol 180 micrograms for 2.7, 6.0, or 7.4 months (2 monkeys for each period) or epinephrine 540-600 micrograms for 6.7 months (2 monkeys). Some ciliary processes in both eyes of all timolol-treated monkeys exhibited light and electron microscopic changes consistent with decreased secretion: narrowed stromal vessels with few fenestrations surrounded by a thickened fibre sheath; thickened PE basement membrane; few PE and NPE basolateral infoldings; flattened NPE with small mitochondria. Additionally, the NPE contained pigment granules and large phagolysosomes. The processes in both eyes of the epinephrine-treated monkeys exhibited one of two pictures: dilated stromal capillaries with numerous fenestrations; normal stroma, PE basement membrane and PE; numerous well-developed NPE basolateral infoldings and enlarged mitochondria; dilated stromal capillaries with ruptured fenestrations; ballooned protein-filled stroma; degenerated NPE. The first picture could be consistent with hypersecretion, the second with hyposecretion. Possible pathophysiological explanations and implications of these findings are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Long-term timolol and epinephrine in monkeys. II. Morphological alterations in trabecular meshwork and ciliary muscle.

Cynomolgus monkeys were treated twice daily in one eye with timolol 180 micrograms or epinephrine 540-600 micrograms for several months. In some regions, timolol induced degeneration of trabecular meshwork endothelium and destruction of the central connective tissue core of the lamellae, leaving a rarified meshwork. In some areas, the lamellae and operculum coalesced and appeared 'glued' together. Increased numbers of subopercular cells were present. In other areas the muscle was pulled inwardly, the intramuscular spaces were widened, the shape of Schlemm's canal was altered, and the trabecular meshwork was densified and collapsed, with accumulation of pigment granules within the endothelial cells. Epinephrine induced anterior displacement of the ciliary muscle with narrowing of the chamber angle. There was no damage or loss of trabecular lamellae or endothelial cells, no increase in subopercular cells, and no accumulation of pigment granules within the trabecular cells. The intertrabecular spaces contained protein and erythrocytes. With both drugs, the changes were distributed unevenly.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Levobunolol compared with timolol for the control of elevated intraocular pressure.

Two concentrations of levobunolol (0.5% and 1%) and one concentration of timolol (0.5%) were evaluated for the control of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in a double-masked, randomized study. Fifty-one patients received one of the three study treatments in both eyes bid for one year. Both drugs were equally effective in reducing IOP: The overall reduction in mean IOP was slightly more than 9 mm Hg in all three treatment groups. Levobunolol was as safe and effective as timolol for the long-term control of elevated IOP.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed1986

Amiloride with or without salbutamol versus placebo: effects on lipoproteins in hypertensive patients treated with timolol-hydrochlorothiazide.

Because thiazides and beta-blockers have adverse effects on lipoproteins, while magnesium repletion (shown to occur with amiloride) and beta 2 agonists improve lipids, we studied the effects of 3 months each of amiloride with and without salbutamol with and without placebo in a 2 X 2 factorial crossover study in which all patients took timolol-hydrochlorothiazide twice daily for 1 year. A total of 118 subjects entered, and 97 patients completed all four crossovers of amiloride + salbutamol, amiloride + placebo, salbutamol + placebo and placebo + placebo. No significant differences were seen among the four study regimens with respect to blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides or high-density lipoproteins (HDL). The study power was 99% for total cholesterol, 46% for triglycerides and 93% for HDL. Timolol-hydrochlorothiazide had no significant effect, suggesting that the use of such drugs to offset the adverse effects of antihypertensive drugs on lipoproteins is not effective; the selection of alternative antihypertensive agents appears to be a preferable strategy.

Albuterol↗

PubMed1986

Severe hyperkalemia as a complication of timolol, a topically applied beta-adrenergic antagonist.

Severe hyperkalemia occurred in a patient with radiation pneumonitis and glaucoma shortly after beginning prednisone therapy. There was no evidence of renal failure, diabetes, acidosis, increased potassium intake, or significant tissue trauma. Medications having adverse effects on potassium metabolism were considered, and the patient's use of timolol maleate eyedrops was discontinued. His serum potassium level normalized despite continuation of the prednisone therapy. He became hyperkalemic on rechallenge with timolol and normokalemic following its withdrawal. This case indicates that the potential for beta-blocker-induced hyperkalemia exists even with topical appreciation.

Aged↗

PubMed1985

Postmarketing study of timolol-hydrochlorothiazide antihypertensive therapy.

A postmarketing surveillance study was conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of a fixed-ratio combination containing 10 mg of timolol maleate and 25 mg of hydrochlorothiazide, administered twice daily for one month to hypertensive patients. Data on 9,037 patients were collected by 1,455 participating physicians. Mean systolic blood pressure decreased 25 mmHg and mean diastolic blood pressure declined 15 mmHg after one month of timolol-hydrochlorothiazide therapy (P less than 0.01, both comparisons). Age, race, and sex appeared to have no influence on the decrease in blood pressure. The antihypertensive effect of the drug was greater in patients with more severe hypertension. Overall, 1,453 patients experienced a total of 2,658 adverse events, the most common being fatigue, dizziness, and weakness. Treatment in 590 patients was discontinued because of adverse events.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Timolol: long-term Canadian multicentre study.

This paper reports a 200-week-long study of the efficacy of timolol maleate ophthalmic preparations. At centres across Canada 117 patients were studied according to a rigid protocol. Timolol maleate was shown to be an effective antiglaucomatous drug, maintaining the intraocular pressure below 22 mm Hg throughout the study in 137 (60%) of the 227 eyes. No clinically significant effect on the pulse rate or the mean perfusion pressure was demonstrated, and the medication was well tolerated, causing few side effects or adverse reactions.

Blood Pressure↗

PubMed1986

Clinical experience with timolol maleate monotherapy of hypertension.

Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs are gaining acceptance as initial therapy for patients with mild to moderate hypertension. In a postmarketing surveillance study, 5,190 hypertensive patients received timolol maleate monotherapy and were evaluated by 1,355 physicians. A total of 1,057 patients did not complete the study: 28% of these patients experienced an adverse event. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings were reduced 20 and 13 mm Hg, respectively. Mean diastolic blood pressure was reduced 11% for patients with mild hypertension; larger mean reductions were noted for patients with moderate (17%) and severe hypertension (22%). The effect in black and elderly patients was less than in other groups. Although 22% of all patients experienced an adverse event, less than 2.2% of all patients experienced events related to beta-adrenergic blockade, ie, respiratory difficulty, heart failure, bradycardia, and cold extremities. Fatigue, dizziness, and nausea were the most frequently reported adverse events requiring discontinuation of therapy. Timolol monotherapy is a well-tolerated and effective treatment for a broad range of hypertensive patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

[Timolol: long-term results, tolerance test and early-morning measurements (author's transl)].

In a study lasting 16 months, Timolol was tested on 57 eyes of a group of selected patients with open-angle glaucoma. Patients whose IOP could not be stabilized with the 0.25% solution were treated with 0.5% drops twice a day. In five separate cases, where regulation was inadequate, pilocarpine 2% twice a day was prescribed in addition. At the end of 16 months' treatment pressure had been lowered to a statistically highly significant degree in 66% of the patients. While the degree of regulation in the remainder was not statistically sifnificant, most of them were adequately stabilized. Further, following stabilization with Timolol, 42% of the patients were subjected to tolerance tests under constant conditions (darkness test, water test, coffee and tea tolerance) and their 6.00 a.m.values were measured. While good pressure levels were recorded in the tolerance tests, the early-morning IOP rose to critical threshold levels in some patients. However, during the entire period of observation visual fields and optic disk findings remained unaltered in all cases. Only a few cases were subjective and/or objective side-effects seen. Ten percent of those patients who had been treated previously required new glasses (+0,5 to +1 D over the previous correction).

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Effects of timolol, epinephrine, and acetazolamide on aqueous flow during sleep.

The effects of timolol, epinephrine, and acetazolamide on the rate of flow of aqueous humor through the anterior chamber of awake and sleeping human subjects was studied. Timolol reduced the rate in awake subjects but not sleeping subjects. Epinephrine increased the rate in sleeping subjects to a greater extent than in awake subjects. Acetazolamide reduced the rate of flow in awake subjects or epinephrine-stimulated subjects. Acetazolamide reduced the rate of flow slightly below the basal rate observed during sleep, but the reduction was small and not statistically significant. The authors propose that the diurnal fluctuation of the rate of aqueous humor flow in humans is driven by changes in the concentration of endogenous epinephrine available to the ciliary epithelia.

Acetazolamide↗