Anti-cariogenic and remineralizing properties of xylitol in combination with sucrose in rats inoculated with Streptococcus mutans.
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Animals↗
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Results for “Tooth Remineralization”
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Effect of various Ca2+/PO4(3-) concentrations of linseed-based saliva substitutes on enamel in vitro.
Remineralization might be hampered by various polymers used in saliva substitutes. Thus, the present study evaluated the effects of various calcium and phosphate concentrations of linseed-based solutions on the mineral loss of pre-demineralized bovine enamel in vitro. A commercially available saliva substitute (Salinum) based on linseed was tested as well. Enamel specimens were prepared from bovine incisors and embedded in epoxy resin. One-third of each sample was covered with nail varnish (control of sound enamel). After demineralization (37 degrees Celsius; pH 5.0; 14 days) another third of the samples was nail-varnished again. Subsequently, the specimens (n = 10) were exposed to 12 linseed-based solutions (Ca(2+) addition 0-2 mM; PO4(3-) addition 0-3.2 mM) at pH 5.5 and 6.5 as well as to Salinum) for 14 days (37 degrees Celsius). The differences in mineral loss between the values prior to and after the storage in the various solutions were evaluated from microradiographs of thin sections (100 mum). The general linear model revealed a significant dependency for the mineral loss on 'calcium' (P = 0.003), but not on 'pH' (P = 0.397) and 'phosphate' (P = 0.094). Salinum) induced a significant greater mineral loss compared with equivalently saturated solutions (P < 0.05; anova, Bonferroni). The solution with the highest calcium and phosphate concentration showed the greatest mineral gain (P = 0.033; paired t-test). The addition of calcium and phosphate seems to have a positive effect on the remineralizing qualities of linseed-based saliva substitutes.
Animals↗
Changes in the permselectivity of human teeth during caries attack.
Previous studies have shown that enamel permselectivity can influence fluid composition within caries lesions during de- and remineralization. The permselectivity of human enamel, cementum, and dentin sections was examined, in a microwell model, by measurement of the membrane potential developed by KCl diffusion while the sections were immersed in solutions simulating resting (pH = 5.6) and cariogenic plaque fluid (pH = 4.8). In a second experiment, the effects of charged compounds (phytate and Zonyl-FSC) on the tooth permselectivity were examined. The average membrane potentials (+/- SD) in "resting plaque" solution were: sound enamel, 18.9 +/- 3.2 mV, n = 66; dentin, 0.9 +/- 9.2 mV, n = 59; and cementum, -0.8 +/- 8.2 mV, n = 42, with a positive sing indicating cation selectivity. The average membrane potentials became more negative in "cariogenic plaque" solution for all types of sections: sound enamel, 5.2 +/- 2.1 mV, n = 46; dentin, -8.1 +/- 7.4 mV, n = 45; and cementum, -14.3 +/- 8.0 mV, n = 34. In lesion enamel sections, the membrane potential was reduced from the non-lesion wells in both types of test solutions, while phytate treatment caused an increase of approximately 10 mV in potential (increased cation selectivity) in every enamel well in either "resting" or "cariogenic" solution. Treatment of enamel sections with Zonyl-FSC caused the membrane potential to become more negative in both test solutions, with many of the wells showing anion selectivity in the cariogenic "plaque-like" solution. However, the changes in enamel membrane potentials induced by Zonyl-FSC slowly increased toward the initial values after treatment, while the effects of the phytate pre-treatment persisted. Most dentin sections treated with phytate also showed an increase in potential after phytate treatment; however, Zonyl-FSC seemed to have little effect on the membrane potential of dentin. The results of this study suggest that modification of tooth permselectivity by surface-active agents may be a viable method of decreasing the rate of caries progression.
Dental Caries↗
Morphological changes in dental enamel after fluoride gel application in vitro.
INTRODUCTION: The investigations of in vitro models precede the clinical studies. Using these studied we can investigate the effect upon the enamel of different agents for local application. AIM: The purpose of this study was to investigate the ultrastructural changes in a normal and partially demineralized enamel after 0.42% fluoride gel application in vitro using scanning electron microscopy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The experiment was performed on 20 premolars extracted for orthodontic indications. Symmetrical specimens were prepared, as one half served as a control, while the other one was treated with fluoride gel. The specimens were examined with electron microscope at different magnifications. RESULTS: The findings show that fluoride gel applications affect the processes of mineralization and remineralization. CONCLUSIONS: This gives us the ground for applying fluoride gel in the clinical practice for prevention and treatment of caries incipiens.
Dental Caries↗
Effects of bicarbonate on remineralization of enamel.
Enamel surfaces were demineralized in acetic acid and remineralized in solutions that contained 1.5 mM calcium, 1.0 mM phosphate, and 0.0, 5, 15, and 25 mM NaHCO3, and 0.00 or 5.0 mM Naf at pH 7.0. NaF in CO2-free solutions increased the rates of calcium and phosphate uptake during remineralization. Bicarbonate in NaF-free solutions caused small increases of calcium and phosphate uptake. Bicarbonate with NaF in solutions synergistically increased calcium uptake, but did not affect phosphate uptake. Bicarbonate reduced fluoride uptake by about 50% during remineralization, and increased the Ca/P ratios of deposited minerals from about 1 (dicalcium phosphate) to approach and exceed the ratios of apatites.
Animals↗
Histologic and radiographic assessment of caries-like lesions localized at the crown margin.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS: Little is known about the impact of crown margins on the demineralization and remineralization process or on the interpretation of radiographs for the detection of early secondary caries. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to correlate the findings from 2 different radiographic techniques with the results of a histologic assessment of carieslike lesions at the crown margin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten fully impacted third molars were extracted and restored with complete metal crowns with chamfer preparations. For each tooth, the prepared margin ended in enamel on one side and extended into cementum/dentin on the other. After being thoroughly cleaned, the teeth were covered with wax except for a 2- x 3-mm window at the crown margin in each of 2 test areas localized at the interproximal enamel and cementum/dentin junction. During demineralization with 6% hydroxyethyl cellulose gel at pH 4.9, direct digital radiographs or conventional radiographs were made at baseline and after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Each radiograph was blinded and examined for the presence/absence of lesions by 3 calibrated observers who used predetermined criteria required for receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. After 28 days, the teeth were imbibed with methyl methacrylate and serially ground sectioned for assessment of the lesions in polarized light. Morphometric analysis of lesion extension included the calculation of mean values and standard deviations. Kappa and ROC analysis were applied to assess radiographs made at different demineralization time periods, localization of the crown margins in enamel or cementum/dentin, and direct digital and conventional radiographs. Data were tested for normal distribution (QQ plot), and statistical differences were calculated with Tukey's honestly significant difference post hoc test. RESULTS: Radiographic evaluation revealed only slight interexaminer agreement (Kappa) for enamel lesions (direct digital 0.19, conventional radiographs 0.2) and a fair interexaminer agreement for cementum/dentin lesions (direct digital 0.35, conventional radiographs 0.33). ROC analysis revealed no differences between the radiographic techniques. Lesions localized in cementum/dentin (direct digital 0.86 +/- 0.14, conventional radiographs 0.86 +/- 0.09) were diagnosed more reliably than those in enamel (direct digital 0.79 +/- 0.05, conventional radiographs 0.72 +/- 0.10). As microscopically assessed, the depth of lesions in enamel was less than that of lesions in cementum/dentin (49.3 +/- 7.3 microm vs 89.5 +/- 13.2 microm). Erosions were found in cementum/dentin (depth 25.2 +/- 5.3 microm). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, small artificial lesions were detected equally well by conventional and direct digital radiography. However, because of low interexaminer agreement, the radiographic assessment did not reproduce true histopathologic lesion characteristics documented by morphometry of serial ground sections.
Adolescent↗
The effect of fixed and functional appliances on enamel decalcifications in early Class II treatment.
The presence of enamel decalcifications before and after early Class II treatment was examined on 41 subjects and 164 permanent first molars. No new demineralization areas were found in patients wearing only a removable appliance. Of the maxillary molars 6% displayed decalcifications in patients wearing a headgear only: whereas of patients wearing a headgear and biteplate 25% displayed enamel lesions. Eighteen percent of white spot lesions diagnosed before treatment had shown a "reversal phenomenon," whereby the enamel appeared normal after treatment. This process only occurred in the functional appliance group indicating that remineralization was better achieved with an appliance that was capable of being removed from the oral cavity.
Activator Appliances↗
The effect of fluoride in the remineralization of enamel caries and caries-like lesions in vitro.
Remineralization occurs naturally during the formation of a carious lesion in human dental enamel and is seen in the form of two of the four classical histological zones of the lesion. Exposure of small lesions to a synthetic calcifying in vitro results in a significant increase in remineralization of the lesion. The degree of remineralization achieved depends upon the presence of fluoride ions in the calcifying fluid and its degree of supersaturation. It appears that only low levels of fluoride are required to trigger the mechanism of remineralization; raising the fluoride level further does not result in a greater degree of remineralization. The calcium ion concentration of the calcifying fluid is critical with respect to determining which components are supersaturated and which in turn determines the degree of remineralization achieved. With levels of 3.0 mM calcium only the superficial region of the lesion is remineralized whereas with a calcium concentration of 1.0 mM, remineralization occurs in depth. It is hoped that studies on remineralization phenomena will provide further insight into the mechanisms of caries formation and be the basis for a more powerful and effective form of caries prevention.
Calcium↗
Modification by salivary pellicles of in vitro enamel remineralization.
The effectiveness of inorganic calcifying solutions to remineralize enamel with subsurface demineralization decreased with saliva pre-treatments conducive to the formation of enamel pellicles. Greater reductions in remineralization rates occurred with longer pellicle formation times. It is suggested that enamel pellicles may act to control surface deposition and favor subsurface precipitation.
Calcium Phosphates↗
The carbonate and fluoride in surfaces of remineralized enamel.
Analyses were made of samples of surface enamel collected before and after acid demineralization and after subsequent remineralization in solutions containing calcium and phosphate and various levels of bicarbonate and fluoride ions. Demineralization caused a preferential loss of carbonates. Remineralization was increased by both fluoride and bicarbonate ions. With no bicarbonate in the calcifying solution, 0.25 to 4.0 mM NaF increased mineral formation and thereby caused a relative reduction of its carbonate content. With 0.5 mM NaF (10 ppm F-) and 5, 15, and 25 mM HCO-3 in remineralizing solutions more carbonate was deposited than in the absence of NaF. Five and 15 mM HCO-3 increased, but 25 mM HCO-3 decreased, deposit of fluoride in enamel.
Acetates↗
[Effects of fluoride drop or fluoride ion infiltration in toddler period on demineralization of first permanent molar of children].
OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of fluoride drop or fluoride ion infiltration on demineralization of the first permanent molar of children. METHODS: 45 children applied by fluoride drop over 3 years in Chengdu and 40 controls were selected. 45 children applied by fluoride ion infiltration more than 3 years in Xiamen and 40 controls were selected in this study. Demineralization of the different sites of the first permanent molar was evaluated by KaVo DIAGNOdent. The effect of FD and FII in toddler period on demineralization of the first permanent molar was evaluated. RESULTS: Early demineralization of the first permanent molar in children without fluoride drop were more severe than that of children with fluoride drop in toddle period (P < 0.01). There was no significantly difference between demineralization of first permanent molar in children with fluoride ion infiltration and control group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Fluoride drop in toddle period can help the remineralization of newly erupted first permanent molar of children. There is no effect of fluoride ion infiltration on demineralization of newly erupted first permanent molar of children.
Child↗
[Does the application of a fluoride lacquer modify the de- and remineralization of initial carious lesions in vitro?].
Bovine enamel specimens with artificial initial lesions were fluoridated with a fluoride lacquer (Duraphat) for 6 hours. Subsequently artificial plaque (Streptococcus mutans, FA1) was grown on the enamel blocks in an artificial mouth. During the experimental period (23 days) the specimens were continuously rinsed with synthetic saliva and with sucrose twice daily. Nonfluoridated specimens served as controls. At the end of the experiment microhardness was evaluated in three levels parallel to the enamel surface. In addition, the concentration of KOH-soluble and structurally bound fluoride was determined. In the fluoridated specimens microhardness increased in levels near the surface of the lesion, but decreased in the next two lower levels. However, in the nonfluoridated enamel specimens microhardness decreased in all three levels and was more pronounced compared to the fluoridated specimens. At the end of the experiment no KOH-soluble fluoride could be determined on the surfaces of the artificial lesion. In contrast, structurally bound fluoride was significantly increased in the fluoridated specimens. A single application of the fluoride lacquer on initial enamel lesions resulted in remineralization of the outer enamel layers even under persisting cariogenic conditions. However, lesion progression could not be inhibited totally.
Animals↗
Prevention of enamel demineralization: an in-vitro study using light-cured filled sealant.
INTRODUCTION: Enamel demineralization is an undesirable side effect of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. The purpose of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the efficacy of applying a light-cured filled sealant onto the buccal tooth surfaces to prevent demineralization. METHODS: Fifty extracted human third molars were allocated to 1 of 5 groups: (1) enamel surface untreated (control); (2) surface etched; (3) fluoride varnish applied; (4) enamel etched and coated with a light-cured, unfilled sealant (control sealant); and (5) enamel etched and coated with a light-cured, filled sealant (Pro Seal, Reliance Orthodontic Products, Itasca, Ill). The enamel surface of each specimen was brushed for 15,000 strokes with nonfluoride toothpaste slurry with a piston-action brushing machine under a standardized load. All samples were then cycled for 14 days through a daily procedure of demineralization for 6 hours and remineralization for 17 hours. Then the teeth were sectioned and evaluated quantitatively by cross-sectional microhardness testing. RESULTS: Demineralization in the Pro Seal group was significantly less (P < .05) than in the other groups. Teeth treated with fluoride varnish exhibited 30% less demineralization than the control teeth, the enamel-etched teeth, and the teeth treated with a light-cured, unfilled sealant (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Pro Seal can be considered for use as a preventive method to reduce enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic attachments, particularly in patients who exhibit poor compliance with oral hygiene and home fluoride use.
Analysis of Variance↗
Lack of stability in enamel defects in primary teeth of children with cerebral palsy or mental retardation.
The Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) index was used to study the reliability across time of assessment of enamel defects in primary teeth in neurologically handicapped children. Fourteen of the 48 children originally examined were available for re-examination 6 months later. The original findings were confirmed in only 6 of these children (5 with no enamel defects and 1 with an enamel defect). Discrepancies noticed between the 2 examinations in the other 8 children could be explained on the basis of biological processes that occurred during the 6-month interim, namely, attrition, abrasion, crown fracture, caries, and possibly remineralization of a hypomineralized defect. These findings suggest that the optimum time for studying such defects is as soon as possible after the teeth erupt.
Cerebral Palsy↗
The effect of acid-etching on caries-like lesions treated with stannous fluoride.
The effect of acid-etching on SnF2-treated caries-like lesions was investigated. The results suggested that remineralization occurred, limited to the superficial portions of the lesions. In addition, we observed etching patterns which are comparable to those described for etched sound enamel.
Acid Etching, Dental↗
Acceleration of remineralization in vitro by sodium monofluorophosphate and sodium fluoride.
Sixteen groups of artificial caries lesions were treated with from 75-900 ppm F from MFP, NaF, combinations of the two, or water for five min twice daily for ten days. Between treatments, the lesions were placed in a remineralizing solution at 37 degrees C. Quantitative microradiography of the treated lesions vs. matched untreated lesions showed significant remineralization of the surface layer and lesion body of all groups, including the water-treated control group. Fluoride treatments improved remineralization. Increasing the concentration of NaF had only a small effect on remineralization, but MFP was more effective at higher concentrations. Evaluation of MFP/NaF mixtures showed that greatest remineralization was obtained from a 75/225 ppm F ratio of NaF/MFP. This combination of F- and PO3F= was more effective than a fluoride concentration of 300 ppm F from either agent alone.
Dental Caries↗
Influence of fluoride in saliva during the early cariogenic changes in the enamel of boys and girls.
In boys and girls cariogenic changes in the dental enamel in relation to fluoride (F-) concentrations in stimulated and unstimulated saliva were studied in a six-month period. Also the use of various types of applications of F- was assessed. No difference in the use of F- between boys and girls before and after the interval was observed. Also no clear differences were found between boys and girls in the levels of F- in both types of saliva, determined at the end of the six-month period. The most important finding was that for all children, a significantly positive relationship was found between the disappearance of white spots turning into sound enamel (regression) and the F-concentration in unstimulated saliva. In addition, girls who developed new white spots had higher levels of F-, but those who developed new cavities had lower F- levels in both types of saliva. Apparently F- can prevent dental caries by acting very early on remineralization and demineralization processes in enamel surfaces.
Adolescent↗
Contact microradiography of dentine under wet conditions to prevent lesion shrinkage.
A considerable shrinkage of dentinal lesions is the result of desiccation of dentine sections during contact microradiography. We introduce a simple modification which allows the dentine to be wet during the microradiographic procedure. The volume stability of both sound and demineralized dentine sections microradiographed under wet conditions is compared to sections microradiographed while being exposed to the air. Under wet conditions no shrinkage could be detected of both sound and demineralized sections. Within 15 min exposure to the air, demineralized sections showed their lesion depth to be significantly reduced by 21%, resulting in an underestimation of the mineral loss of 44%. No shrinkage was observed in the air-dried sound dentine. Especially when high-resolution plates are used, which require an extended exposure time, microradiography of dentine sections under wet conditions is recommended. In longitudinal de- and remineralization studies, the use of water instead of impregnation with low-volatility liquids is to be preferred because of the possible effects of these liquids on the mineralization processes.
Absorptiometry, Photon↗