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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Pre-operative stress in dogs - a preliminary investigation of behavior and heart rate variability in healthy hospitalized dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To assess pre-operative behavioral and physiological characteristics of healthy dogs hospitalized for elective surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Open clinical observational study. ANIMALS: Forty-one bitches hospitalized for elective ovariohysterectomy. METHODS: While undisturbed in a hospital cage, the behavior of the dog was recorded using a video camera and recorder. From the video recordings, various behavioral variables were registered. Simultaneous measurements were made on heart rates and heart rate variability (HRV) by use of an ambulatory electrocardiogram. In addition, the dog's response to human approach was noted. RESULTS: Different behavioral patterns were found in the dogs studied. Thirteen individuals were regarded as highly active, and were seen to bark or howl, manipulate the environment or attempt to flee vigorously. In 13 dogs (passive dogs) none of these activities occurred. Panting and displacement behaviors, such as snout licking, were observed in nearly all the animals monitored. In general, heart rates were higher and HRV lower with the most active individuals; however, the presence of physiological arousal could not be excluded in two animals with passive behaviors. To some extent, the behavior of the dog while undisturbed in the cage was reflected in the responses to a person entering the cage. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The different individual responses detected in this study raise an important question concerning their role and existence throughout the entire peri-operative period, especially during the post-anesthetic recovery phase when behavioral characteristics are commonly used to assess patient welfare. The results also emphasize the need for further investigations to explore the effects of pre-operative stressors on canine surgical patients, and the factors contributing to them.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Motor behaviour in the growth retarded fetus.

In ten growth retarded fetuses (IUGR) a qualitative and quantitative analysis was made of various movement patterns. The results were compared with those of ten matched appropriate-for-gestational age fetuses (AGA). The aim of the study was to see whether malnourished, growth retarded fetuses move differently to well nourished, normal fetuses. The real-time ultrasound recordings were of one hour's duration and the analysis of motility was carried out during replay of video recordings. The qualitative analysis of each separate general movement was performed with 'Gestalt perception' describing the speed, force and amplitude of each movement as well as the variability of these descriptors. Interobserver agreement was evaluated by displaying general movements of both groups to 8 observers. There was an overall interobserver agreement of 89%. The IUGR fetuses moved less, but in individual cases an overlap existed with control fetuses. There was a reduction of both number and duration of general movements in the IUGR group. Furthermore the markedly reduced incidence of startles, twitches and isolated limb movements was striking. The qualitative analysis of general movements revealed a reduction of the quicker components leading to slow and monotonous movement patterns. There was also a marked reduction of variability of speed and intensity within each movement pattern. We speculate that the reduced variability of motor patterns may find its origin in a change of central neural function, just as the reduced heart rate variability and decreased breathing irregularity found in IUGR fetuses.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Testing and mapping non-stationarity in animal behavioral processes: a case study on an individual female bean weevil.

Statistical analysis based on two characteristics of a small-world network, and on Lempel-Ziv's measure of Kolmogorov-Chaitin's algorithmic complexity are first proposed to scan through an individual behavioral sequence for possible existence of non-stationarity. Due to fixed window width, these tests have drawbacks in mapping out regions of non-stationarity. A non-parametric approach based on sparse coding schemes is employed to segment the whole behavioral sequence into unequal length segments, thus resultant avoiding further efforts for grouping. Then attempts are made to entangle the resultant segmentation with other non-local behavioral patterns onto such sequence to ascertain that the non-stationarity corresponds to a sequence of different categories of underlying driving force. It is of potential importance that this segmentation, represented by a hierarchy of code sequences, provides a natural platform for detecting intrinsically coherent behavioral patterns based on continuously recorded data. Illustrations throughout the developments are made exclusively on data encoded from a nearly 4-h video-recording of a female bean weevil's behavior.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1988

In vivo fluorescence microscopy of kidney subcapsular blood flow in mice. Effects of cyclosporine, (NVA2)-cyclosporine, and isradipine, a new calcium antagonist.

The subcapsular kidney microcirculation in mice was observed through a fluorescence microscope, recorded on videotape, and examined for response to infusions of cyclosporine A (CsA) and cyclosporine G (CsG). Coded video recordings were evaluated by a semiquantitative method. CsA infusion (1.6 +/- 0.4 mg/kg/min) induced a nearly complete inhibition of the subcapsular blood flow. At lower infusion rates (0.46 +/- 0.2 mg/kg/min), the blood flow inhibition was less pronounced. CsG infusions at corresponding rates induced significantly less inhibition. Pretreatment with a new calcium antagonist, isradipine (18-20 micrograms/kg bwt), completely prevented the CsA-induced impairment of subcapsular microcirculation. The calcium antagonist, however, did not improve blood flow when administered after induction of inhibition by CsA (16.8 +/- 2.5 mg/kg), emphasizing the importance of pretreatment. This study suggests hypoperfusion due to vasoconstriction as an important pathophysiologic mechanism for CsA-induced nephrotoxicity. CsG, when given at corresponding rates, induced less inhibition of the blood flow. Pretreatment with a calcium antagonist, isradipine, completely prevented a CsA-induced inhibition of blood flow, suggesting a potential value in the prevention of CsA-induced nephrotoxicity.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Transmission of full-length echocardiographic images over ISDN for diagnosing congenital heart disease.

OBJECTIVES: To study the feasibility of transmitting full-length diagnostic-quality echocardiograms with video conferencing systems linked by ISDN. METHODS: Forty-three previously video-recorded full-length echocardiograms (22 complete two-dimensional Doppler studies, 21 separate M-mode studies) were transmitted from a site 30 miles distant using desktop video conferencing systems linked with one ISDN line (128 kbps). Blinded interpretations of the original recorded and transmitted studies were made by two pediatric cardiologists (two-dimensional Doppler) and a pediatric sonographer (M-mode). RESULTS: Diagnoses of normal (N = 12) and abnormal (N = 10) conditions were made from the original tapes; the same interpretations were made from the transmitted studies. Twenty-one specific abnormalities in the 10 abnormal studies were seen on both original and transmitted videotapes. These abnormalities ranged from simple congenital heart defects, including ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus, to complex ones, such as coronary artery fistula, double-outlet right ventricle, and complete atrioventricular canal. Qualitatively, there was mild degradation in gray scale, brightness, and contrast of the images. Six M-mode variables from the transmitted images had excellent concordance with the original tracings (P = 0.506 to 0.838; r = 0.86 to 0.97). CONCLUSIONS: Although our sample size was small, this preliminary experience indicates that video conferencing equipment utilizing ISDN technology is a reliable method for transmitting full-length diagnostic-quality echocardiographic studies from remote sites. This technology may have a significant impact on the management of pediatric patients with suspected heart disease. Further evaluation is warranted.

Child↗

PubMed1985

Recording electrophysiological data on video tape: a superior and less costly alternative to conventional tape recorders.

Electrical potentials recorded extracellularly from the sinus gland of the isopod, Oniscus asellus, were stored on video tape with the aid of a digital-audio (DA) processor and a video cassette recorder (VCR). The DA processor transforms the analog signal to digital pulses of equal amplitude and converts these pulses into a television signal for recording on video tape. In playback, the DA processor reconverts the pulses to an analog signal with negligible distortion. When viewed on the oscilloscope screen, electrical potentials reproduced by this method were indistinguishable from electrical potentials recorded 'live' from the sinus gland. However, electrical potentials recorded from the same sinus gland and reproduced by a conventional FM tape recorder were easily differentiated from the 'live' recording. The special effects inherent in the VCR (e.g. stop action, frame advance) also permitted detailed analysis of spontaneously occurring electrical potentials. Special effects were not possible with the FM tape recorder. The price, ease of operation and ability to produce extremely high quality recordings, makes the DA processor and VCR an exceptional system for storing electrophysiological data.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Water intake, switching between bites and sips, and drinking behavior are associated with food intake across meals varying in spiciness: A secondary analysis of two randomized crossover studies.

Widespread nutrition advice instructs consumers to drink water with meals to increase fullness and reduce energy intake. However, recent data indicates greater water intake is associated with more food intake at a meal, not less. Switching between meal components (e.g., alternating between food and water), has also been associated with increased food intake at a pasta meal, but it remains unclear whether this applies to other foods. In a secondary analysis, we pooled existing data from 2 crossover experiments (total n = 86) where adults ate an ad libitum lunch consisting of 650 g of beef chili (n = 52) or chicken tikka masala (n = 34) with 450 g of water twice in the laboratory while being video-recorded. For both experiments, the spiciness of the lunch was varied by adding different ratios of hot:sweet paprika. Videos were coded to measure sip number, sip size (g/sip), drinking rate (g/min), and number of switches between bites of food and sips of water. As we previously reported, increasing spiciness slowed eating rate and reduced food intake; in secondary analyses described here, the reduction in food intake was not moderated by water intake, switching, or drinking behaviors (all p > 0.73). Notably, across all meals, greater water intake (p < 0.001) and switching (p = 0.02) associated with greater food intake. Overall, individuals ate more when they drank more and switched between bites and sips more often, highlighting the potential influence of water and drinking behaviors on food consumption. This finding challenges the widespread dietary advice to drink water with meals to reduce food intake.

Humans↗

PubMed2003

Specific phase related patterns of trunk muscle activation during lateral lifting and lowering.

AIM: Lateral bending of the trunk has been demonstrated to be a risk factor in connection with injuries to the spine and its surrounding tissues. Adequate co-ordination of muscle controlling movement and stabilization of the trunk is essential to avoid injury. However, little is yet known about the responses of the lumbar trunk muscles during lateral lifting and lowering. The present investigation was therefore designed to study these responses. METHODS: In six subjects performing lateral lifting and lowering of different loads (0-40 kg) held laterally in one hand, the activities of eight trunk muscles were recorded using intramuscular electrodes. In addition, the angular motion of the trunk from side to side was measured from video recordings. Electromyographic amplitudes on both the contra- and ipsi-lateral sides (ipsi = towards the loaded hand) were analysed in relation to defined phases of trunk motion. RESULTS: Three periods of trunk muscle activation were generally observed, two from the contralateral muscles at the beginning and end of the motion and one from the ipsilateral muscles during the mid-part of the motion. The activities of the contralateral muscles increased, whereas the activities of the ipsilateral muscles decreased with increasing load. The degree of bilateral co-activation was greater in ventral than in dorsal muscles, in lowering compared with lifting, and in no-load or low-load compared with heavy load conditions. CONCLUSION: The co-ordination of trunk muscle activations during side-to-side trunk movements is dependent on trunk position and load. It is speculated that ventral muscles, particularly the oblique and transverse abdominal muscles, are relatively more involved than the other trunk muscles in trunk stabilization, especially in connection with lowering of a light hand-held load.

Abdominal Muscles↗

PubMed1999

Posterior tracheal wall perforation during percutaneous dilational tracheostomy: an investigation into its mechanism and prevention.

OBJECTIVES: Part 1: To describe the complication of posterior tracheal wall injury and perforation associated with the percutaneous dilational tracheostomy (PDT). Part 2: To determine the mechanism of posterior tracheal wall injury during PDT. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SUBJECTS: Part 1: Medical-surgical ICU patients requiring tracheostomy. Part 2: Swine and cadaver models. INTERVENTIONS: Part 1: Consecutive medical-surgical ICU patients undergoing tracheostomy tube insertion via the percutaneous dilation technique with bronchoscopic guidance were enrolled in the study. Demographic data and complications were recorded. Part 2: Tracheostomy tubes were inserted via the percutaneous dilational technique in the swine model with concomitant bronchoscopic video recording from the proximal and distal airways. Tracheostomy tubes were inserted via the percutaneous dilational technique in the cadaver model followed by anatomic inspection of the airway. RESULTS: Part 1: Seven (29%) of 24 medical-surgical ICU patients sustained complications associated with PDT. Three patients (12.5%) sustained posterior tracheal wall perforations followed by the development of tension pneumothoraces. Part 2: The swine model demonstrated that posterior tracheal wall perforation may occur during PDT when the guiding catheter is withdrawn into the dilating catheters. Five-centimeter posterior tracheal wall mucosal lacerations occurred when the guidewire and the guiding catheter were not properly stabilized during PDT. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous dilational tracheostomy was associated with a 29% complication rate in this observational study. Of concern was the high rate (12.5%) of posterior tracheal wall perforation. The swine and cadaver models suggest that posterior tracheal wall injury or perforation may occur if the guidewire and guiding catheter are not properly stabilized. To avoid posterior tracheal wall injury, the guidewire and guiding catheter should be firmly stabilized during PDT.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Feeding behaviour in infants.

20 healthy full-term infants have been studied in their 2nd, 10th, 18th and 26th weeks of life in three standard situations: before feeding, in the course of milk drinking and after feeding. A polygraphic record of sucking, breathing, swallowing, the oculomotor activity, the EEG and vocalization has been taken simultaneously with a video-recording of the infant's behaviour. Physiological patterns and developmental changes of sucking, breathing and swallowing are described. These activities are considered as fine motor activity of the earliest age. The possibility of using polygraphic recordings of these variables for the diagnosis of the neurological syndrome called feeding problems is discussed. Further, behavioural activities in above mentioned three situations and their developmental changes, are described. None of the infants, not even the smallest ones, were asleep in the beginning of feeding. On the contrary, their eyes were open and there were more eye movements during feeding than in other situations. In the authors' opinions, the situation of feeding has, especially in the first days and weeks of life, a special significance for the development of social interactions between the infant and the person taking care of him. The behaviour of a regularly fed infant in the second quarter of his first year seems to be no longer influenced in the periods proceeding and following the feeding act by the prandial cycle but rather by cognitive needs. The influences involved in the regulation of the behaviour of the youngest infants are discussed.

Aging↗

PubMed1993

The effect of behavioural state on general movements in healthy full-term newborns. A polymyographic study.

In a group a eight healthy full-term newborns 6-h polygraphic recordings, which included EMG recording of eight arm muscles, were made to investigate the effect of behavioural state on general movement (GM) organization. Simultaneous video recordings supplied information about the form of the GMs. Additionally the effect of non-nutritive sucking during State 4 was evaluated. Behavioural state had a distinct effect on the makeup of GMs. GMs during State 4 displayed best the fluency and elegance which are characteristic of normal GMs. State-1-GMs were rare, had a short duration and sometimes had an abrupt onset. During State 2 GMs had a fragmented appearance. EMG differences between GMs in State 2 and State 4 were demonstrated in burst duration (longer during State 2) and tonic background activity in the upper arm muscles (lower during State 2). Occasionally State-2-GMs had an abrupt onset. These abrupt GMs were less often preceded by rapid eye movements and heart rate changes than State-2-GMs with a gradual onset. GMs during State 5 were abrupt and vigorous and often had a high frequency tremor superimposed. The EMGs of State-5-GMs revealed a shorter interval between the EMG bursts and a higher EMG burst amplitude in the upper arm muscles than present during State-4-GMs. Non-nutritive sucking during State 4 induced a reduction of movement amplitude, a increase of EMG burst duration and an increase of tonic background activity in the biceps brachii and the extensor carpi muscles.

Behavior↗

PubMed2006

Keep music live: music and the alleviation of apathy in dementia subjects.

BACKGROUND: A recent Cochrane report concluded that more and better quality research is required to investigate the effectiveness of music therapy in reducing problems in behavioral, social, emotional and cognitive domains in patients with dementia. This randomized placebo-controlled trial with blinded observer rater aimed to explore whether music, live or pre-recorded, is effective in the treatment of apathy in subjects with moderate to severe dementia. METHODS: Thirty-two subjects meeting ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for moderate to severe dementia and fulfilling diagnostic criteria for apathy were exposed to live interactive music, passive pre-recorded music or silence for 30 minutes. Each subject was randomized to 30-minute music or silent periods and was video recorded and the muted recording analyzed every 3 minutes using dementia care mapping to assess the quality of engagement to the blinded music intervention. RESULTS: Compared to low baseline levels of positive engagement (12.5%) in the silent placebo period, the majority of subjects (69%), regardless of dementia severity, showed a significant and positive engagement to live music. Engagement to pre-recorded music was non-significant, with just 25% of all subjects showing positive engagement. No subjects showed any evidence of experiencing a state of ill-being during either the live or pre-recorded music sessions. CONCLUSIONS: During the intervention, live interactive music has immediate and positive engagement effects in dementia subjects with apathy, regardless of the severity of their dementia. Pre-recorded music is non-harmful but less clearly beneficial.

Aged↗

PubMed1996

Influence of verbal and nonverbal contexts on the sentence intelligibility of a speaker with dysarthria.

The influence of verbal and nonverbal contextual factors on intelligibility was examined using sentences produced under varying conditions by a speaker with severe flaccid dysarthria. Contextual factors included (a) concurrent production of communication gestures, (b) predictiveness of message content, (c) relatedness of sentences to specific situational contexts, and (d) prior familiarization with the speaker. Sentences produced by the speaker were audio- and video-recorded and presented to 96 listeners/viewers who were assigned to three different methods of presentation of the stimuli: (a) audio+video, (b) audio-only, or (c) video-only conditions. Results indicated that gestures, predictiveness, and context influenced intelligibility; however, complex interactions were observed among these factors and methods of presentation of the stimuli. Results were interpreted in light of Lindblom's "mutuality model," indicating that when signal fidelity is poor, as in the present speaker with dysarthria, differing combinations of signal-independent information may be employed to enhance listener understanding of spoken messages.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Functional nerve recovery after bridging a 15 mm gap in rat sciatic nerve with a biodegradable nerve guide.

Recovery of nerve function was evaluated after bridging a 15 mm sciatic nerve gap in 51 rats with a biodegradable poly(DL-lactide-epsilon-caprolactone) nerve guide. Recovery of function was investigated by analysing the footprints, by analysing video recordings of gait, by electrically eliciting the withdrawal reflex, by nerve conduction velocity and by electromyography (EMG). Sensory nerve function recovered as measured by electrostimulation. Motor nerve function partly recovered but electromyograms remained abnormal throughout the study. We conclude that functional reinnervation by regenerating axons occurs after bridging a 15 mm nerve gap with a biodegradable poly(DL-lactide-epsilon-caprolactone) nerve guide, but the walking patterns remain abnormal. Video analysis is a useful tool to record and analyse the walking patterns of rats. Further studies are necessary to investigate the possibility of obtaining selective reinnervation of specific muscles.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

A computer-based behavior monitoring system for low-birth weight infants under intensive care.

For the intensive care of low-birth weight infants, it is important to continuously monitor behavioral changes. From this point of view, we have developed a computer-based monitoring system to analyze the body movements of low-birth weight infants under intensive care. The system consisted of a video recorder with a micro CCD camera for observing infant's body movements and a real time image processor for analyzing video frames. A 16 bit personal computer equipped with an image processor converted a video frame into a binary image that is a 256 by 256 matrix of pixels. The computer assessed each pixel of the matrix to determine whether the brightness changed between successive binary images or not. The number of changed pixels was counted every 1/30 sec, and such change reflected a infant's body movements. Using the system, body movements of a low-birth weight infant in an incubator were videotaped during 24 hours and analyzed. Results indicate that the behavior monitoring system developed in the present study has not only the ability to detect occurrences of movements of low-birth weight infants, but also the ability to qualitatively describe the pattern of movements.

Female↗

PubMed2006

An introduction to video production.

High quality video recording and editing equipment is much more affordable now than in the past. This is tempting medical illustration units to move into offering video production as part of their services. This article provides practical guidance by outlining some of the basic technical information which new users of video equipment need to understand. It also argues that the technical aspects of video form only part of the set of issues for consideration and that video producers also need to think carefully about the way they plan their projects and the way they work with their clients.

Humans↗

PubMed2005

Development of postural adjustments in sitting position during the first half year of life.

Little is known about the development of postural adjustments during early ontogeny. We examined postural adjustments due to sudden perturbations during sitting in 40 healthy term infants (28 males, 12 females) assessed in groups of eight at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 months of age. Surface electromyograms of neck, trunk, and leg muscles were recorded while the infants were exposed to a random series of horizontal forward and backward displacements of the surface of support. Video recordings of spontaneous motor behaviour were analyzed. For part of the analyses, previously collected data on 26 infants aged 6 to 10 months were included. In general, postural adjustments at all ages were direction specific and showed large variation. Within the variation developmental changes could be observed, revealing a transient decrease in postural activity at 3 months of age. After this transition, direction-specific postural activity was correlated with spontaneous motor behaviour. This was true, in particular, for dorsal postural activity. The clinical relevance of these findings is discussed.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2001

Vibration characteristics of composite piezoceramic plates at resonant frequencies: experiments and numerical calculations.

The experimental measurement of the resonant frequencies for the piezoceramic material is generally performed by impedance analysis. In this paper, we employ an optical interferometry method called the amplitude-fluctuation electronic speckle pattern interferometry (AF-ESPI) to investigate the vibration characteristics of piezoceramic/aluminum laminated plates. The AF-ESPI is a powerful tool for the full-field, noncontact, and real-time measurement method of surface displacement for vibrating bodies. As compared with the conventional film recording and optical reconstruction procedures used for holographic interferometry, the interferometric fringes of AF-ESPI are produced instantly by a video recording system. Because the clear fringe patterns measured by the AF-ESPI method will be shown only at resonant frequencies, both the resonant frequencies and corresponding vibration mode shapes are obtained experimentally at the same time. Excellent quality of the interferometric fringe patterns for both the in-plane and out-of-plane vibration mode shapes are demonstrated. Two different configurations of piezoceramic/aluminum laminated plates, which exhibit different vibration characteristics because of the polarization direction, are investigated in detail. From experimental results, we find that some of the out-of-plane vibration modes (Type A) with lower resonant frequencies cannot be measured by the impedance analysis; however, all of the vibration modes of piezoceramic/aluminum laminated plates can be obtained by the AF-ESPI method. Finally, the numerical finite element calculations are also performed, and the results are compared with the experimental measurements. Excellent agreements of the resonant frequencies and mode shapes are obtained for both results.

Letter↗