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At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Platelet aggregation, disc haemorrhage and progressive loss of visual fields in glaucoma. A seven year follow-up study on glaucoma.

Platelet aggregation in vitro, deterioration of visual field defects (VFD) and the prevalence of disc haemorrhages (DH) were assessed in 49 patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and compared with the findings for 67 individuals with suspected glaucoma (GS) in a seven-year follow-up study (range 5.8 to 8.2 years). The percentage patients with spontaneous platelet aggregation (SPA) was higher for POAG patients with visual field deterioration (60%) than both POAG patients without progressive loss of visual fields (12.5%; P less than 0.005) and those with suspected glaucoma (22.4%; P less than 0.005). The occurrence of DH was higher among POAG patients with progressive loss of visual field (28%) compared to the GS group (8.4%; P less than 0.025) and the group of patients consisting of POAG patients without deterioration of VFD and GS (9.9%; P less than 0.05). DH also occurred more often in patients with low tension glaucoma (41.6%) than in the remaining POAG patients (13.5%; P less than 0.05). No relation between the patients with SPA and the patients with DH was observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Static perimetry in chloroquine retinopathy. Perifoveal patterns of visual field depression.

Results of threshold static perimetry in nine cases of toxic retinopathy produced by chloroquine phosphate and hydroxychloroquine sulfate are reported. Pericentral visual field defects in an advanced case correlated well with ophthalmoscopically visible defects in the pigment epithelium. In a less advanced case, perifoveal defects in the visual field of one eye were found to be demonstrable in the absence of any fundus abnormalities by either ophthalmoscopy or fluorescein angiography. In both cases, visual field defects were deepest on the superior or vertical meridian, just above the point of fixation. Since defects were found to be deepest along the superior vertical meridian, threshold static perimetry that includes this location should be the most sensitive method of detecting the early stages of visual field damage in chloroquine retinopathy.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Complex visual hallucinations (Charles Bonnet syndrome) in visual field defects following cerebral surgery. Report of four cases.

The development of visual hallucinations after loss of vision is known as the Charles Bonnet syndrome. This phenomenon was first described in 1760 by Charles Bonnet and others during their observations of elderly patients with degeneration of the retina or cornea. To date a clear association between visual hallucinations and neurosurgical procedures has not been reported. Because of their clear demarcation, however, surgical lesions in the cerebrum offer a unique opportunity to determine the pathoanatomical aspects of visual hallucinations. During a 3-year period, 41 consecutive patients who acquired visual field defects after neurosurgery were examined for the occurrence of visual hallucination. Postoperatively, four of these patients experienced visual hallucinations. In two of them an upper quadrantanopia developed after the patients had undergone selective amygdalohippocampectomy. In the other two patients a complete hemianopia developed, in one case after resection of a parietal astrocytoma and in the other after resection of an occipital glioblastoma multiforme. The visual hallucinations were transient and gradually disappeared between 4 days and 6 months postoperatively. The patients were aware of the fact that their hallucinations were fictitious and displayed no psychosis. Electroencephalographic recordings were obtained in only two patients and epileptic discharges were found. Deafferentiation of cortical association areas may lead to the spontaneous generation of complex visual phenomena. In the present series this phenomenon occurred in approximately 10% of patients with postoperative visual field defects. In all four cases the central optic radiation was damaged between the lateral geniculate nucleus and the primary visual cortex. The complex nature of the visual hallucination indicates that they were generated in visual association areas.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Effect of simulated altitude on the visual fields of glaucoma patients and the elderly.

We investigated whether mild hypoxia, such as may be encountered in civilian aircraft, causes temporary visual field defects in elderly persons or temporarily increases pre-existing defects in persons with glaucoma. The central 24-2 program on the Humphrey automated perimeter was used to test visual fields in 3 groups of subjects: 6 with glaucoma; 12 age-matched controls, all of whom were over 44 years of age; and 6 normal subjects under 36 years of age. Visual fields were tested at ground level and at simulated 3000 m (10,000 ft) in an alternating sequence. A repeated measures design of multiple analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Altitude was found to have no effect on the visual fields of subjects with glaucoma, age-matched normals, or younger subjects. We found no evidence to suggest a change in the present Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) standards, which allow a special certificate to be issued to persons with glaucoma who wish to obtain medical clearance to operate civilian aircraft, nor have we found any evidence that should discourage glaucoma patients from flying as passengers.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Recent developments in investigations of visual fields.

Methods are presented for screening and measuring central and peripheral visual fields as part of a vision examination. The paper describes static quantitative perimetry for single and multiple targets, the Visual Field Analyser, and kinetic and combined static and kinetic perimetry.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Normal and abnormal visual field maps in albinos. Central effects of non-matching maps.

The abnormal chiasmatic crossing characteristic of all albino mammals brings two discordant representations of the visual field to the central visual relays. The representation from the nasal retina is normal whereas the one from the temporal retina is disrupted, a part representing the contralateral visual field as is normal and a part coming from the ipsilateral visual field as a mirror image of a part of the normal representation. Experiments that were designed to define the rules on the basis of which the abnormal representations can be established in the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex are described. These experiments are related to more recent studies of albino cats, and the observations of the visual pathways are related speculatively to abnormalities seen in the auditory pathways of albinos. The possibility is raised that the auditory abnormalities are secondary to the visual abnormalities, produced by a failure of the two systems to establish normally matching maps of sensory space.

Albinism↗
PubMed1980

Historical summary of visual fields methods.

A brief historical progression of visual field testing is presented. The time period is from ancients who had no instrumentation to moderns who employ sophisticated diagnostic methods.

History, 17th Century↗
PubMed1999

Interim report on the incidence of visual field defects in patients on long term vigabatrin therapy.

The incidence was determined of visual field defects in patients in the Prescription-Event Monitoring (PEM) study, treated for > or =6 months with the antiepileptic drug vigabatrin. Questionnaires were sent to the general practitioners of the 7228 patients in the PEM study, treated with vigabatrin for > or =6 months, to ascertain whether any serious adverse events, including changes in vision, had occurred. Ophthalmologists were asked to give the results of the perimetry tests and their opinion of the cause of the visual field defect for those patients referred to them. 6793 (94%) of the 7228 questionnaires were returned. 5090 (75%) contained clinical data. 328 patients were deceased. Seventy seven cases identified from the 4762 surviving patients, are being followed up with ophthalmologists. To date, 2 weeks after posting, 12 cases of visual field defect have been confirmed by formal perimetry tests. Ten of these 12 were considered to be probably or possibly related to vigabatrin use, giving an incidence of 2.0 per 1000 patients compared with 0.4 per 1000 patients in the original PEM cohort. These interim results show a substantial increase in the incidence of visual field defects associated with long term use of vigabatrin and demonstrate that PEM can be used to assess long latency adverse events.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Effects of spelling-to-sound regularity on word identification following brief presentation in the right or left visual field.

In this experiment subjects were briefly presented with a vertically written word to either the left or right visual field. On half the critical trials the target word was irregular in its spelling-to-sound correspondence (e.g. PINT) and in the other half it was regular (e.g. LIME). With right visual field presentation substantially more regular than irregular words were reported correctly but with left visual field presentation no such effect was found. The data also showed the presence of far more "regularization" errors following right visual field presentation. The data are seen as consistent with the view that the right hemisphere is not capable of generating phonology.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed1996

Visual fields measured with double-arc perimetry in eyes with threshold retinopathy of prematurity from the cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity trial. The CRYO-Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group.

PURPOSE: To measure monocular visual field extent in very-low birth weight children in whom severe (threshold) acute-phase retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) developed in one or both eyes, and who had random assignment of eyes to cryotherapy or no cryotherapy. A control group of very-low birth weight children in whom ROP did not develop also was tested. METHODS: There were 78 children in the severe ROP group from 5 of 23 centers in the randomized trial of cryotherapy for ROP (CRYO-ROP). The comparison cohort consisted of 75 study participants in whom ROP did not develop. All subjects had birth weights of less than 1251 g. At the 5 1/2-year study examination, visual field size was measured using double-arc kinetic perimetry. Testers were masked to treatment status of each eye. Four meridia were tested: superotemporal (ST), inferotemporal (IT), inferonasal (IN), and superonasal (SN). Target size was 6 degrees. RESULTS: When blind eyes were assigned a score of 0 degree, the no-ROP, treated, and control eyes had an average visual field extent of 62 degrees, 35 degrees, 27 degrees at ST; 73 degrees, 42 degrees, 35 degrees at IT; 51 degrees, 30 degrees, 21 degrees IN; and 50 degrees, 26 degrees, 22 degrees at SN, respectively. Among 25 children who had bilateral threshold ROP and measurable fields in each eye, values for treated and control eyes were 59 versus 62 at ST, 69 versus 80 at IT, 44 versus 49 at IN, and 41 versus 48 at SN, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, visual fields in eyes that reached threshold ROP were smaller than those of eyes that did not develop ROP. When only pairs of sighted eyes were considered, visual fields in the treated eyes were 6.4 degrees smaller than those of control eyes. Therefore, it appears that a small loss of peripheral field occurs when cryotherapy prevents the development of retinal detachment.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2002

Performance of glaucoma mass screening with only a visual field test using frequency-doubling technology perimetry.

PURPOSE: To report the performance of glaucoma mass screening with only a visual field test utilizing frequency- doubling technology (FDT) perimetry in general populations. DESIGN: Hospital and population-based cross-sectional study. METHODS: This study took place in a multicenter setting. One hundred three consecutive glaucomatous patients and 14,814 persons were randomly selected. We had created a glaucoma screening protocol (GSP) using FDT perimetry (FDT-GSP). Frequency-doubling technology-glaucoma screening protocol was tested on consecutive glaucoma patients diagnosed with Humphrey visual field analyzer (30-2 SITA standard), and then FDT-GSP was applied to general populations. Frequency-doubling technology-glaucoma screening protocol positive subjects were ophthalmologically diagnosed. Detection ability of FDT-GSP was determined in consecutive patients, and the positive predictive value (PPV) of FDT-GSP to detect definitive glaucoma was estimated in general populations. RESULTS: Frequency-doubling technique-glaucoma screening protocol detected 83.3% and 100% of definitive glaucoma patients with an early (mean deviation [MD] > -6 dB) and more advanced stage (MD < or = -6 dB), respectively. In the population-based screening, there were 660 (4.5%) subjects who had positive FDT-GSP, including 512 in whom no visual field abnormalities (VFA) had been pointed out previously. Of them, 370 subjects underwent ophthalmologic diagnosis. Then, 266 (71.9%, 266/370) subjects had a glaucomatous disk and 167 had definitive glaucomatous VFA. Fifty-five (14.9%) and 39 (10.5%) subjects were diagnosed as having other diseases and as normal, respectively. The PPV of FDT-GSP ranged from 32.6% (167/512)-45.1% (167/370). CONCLUSIONS: Frequency-doubling technology-based screening with only a visual field test showed reasonable performance on mass screening for detection of definitive glaucoma in this study population, considering the glaucoma prevalence.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

The optic disc in glaucoma II: correlation of the appearance of the optic disc with the visual field.

Examination of stereoscopic optic disc photographs allowed accurate prediction of glaucomatous and normal fields to be made in 82 and 95% of eyes respectively and for visual field loss to be correctly located in upper and lower half in 83 and 91% of cases respectively. Despite this high correlation the existence of false positive and fale negative predictions means that the total reliance on optic nerve examination without visual field estimation in the evaluation of the glaucoma patient should not be made. Optic disc examination is too insensitive for long-term follow-up of visual function in a glaucoma patient. The high correlation between the state of the visual field and the optic disc means that, in the evaluation of the visual functions of a glaucoma patient, the appearance of the optic disc and the visual field should be in agreement.

Glaucoma↗
PubMed2002

Visual field constriction and electrophysiological changes associated with vigabatrin.

PURPOSE: We investigated functional, morphological and electrophysiological changes in patients under anti-epileptic therapy with vigabatrin (VGB), a GABA aminotransferase inhibitor. METHODS: 20 epileptic patients treated with vigabatrin (age range 25-66 years) were enrolled in this study. The referrals were made by the treating neurologist, based on suspected or known visual field changes in these patients. Two patients had vigabatrin monotherapy, 18 patients were treated with vigabatrin in combination with other antiepileptic drugs. None of the patients reported visual complaints. Patients were examined with psychophysical tests including colour vision (Farnsworth D15), dark adaptation threshold, Goldmann visual fields and Tuebingen Automated Perimetry (90 degrees). A Ganzfeld ERG and an EOG following the ISCEV standard protocol were also obtained. Additionally, all patients were examined with the VERIS multifocal ERG including recordings of multifocal oscillatory potentials. RESULTS: Visual acuity, anterior and posterior segments, colour vision and dark adaptation thresholds were normal in all patients. Of 20 patients, 18 presented visual field constriction. All patients with visual field defects revealed altered oscillatory potentials waveforms in the ERG, especially in those patients with marked visual field defects. Multifocal oscillatory potentials were also delayed in those patients. In some patients a delayed cone single flash response (6/20), a reduced mERG amplitude (12/20) and a reduced Arden ratio (9/20) were found. CONCLUSIONS: The present data indicate an effect of vigabatrin on the inner retinal layers. Since abnormalities of the oscillatory potentials were seen in all patients with visual field defects a dysfunction of GABA-ergic retinal cell transmission might be assumed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Visual field screening and the development of a new screening program.

The diagnosis of chronic open-angle glaucoma requires diligent and careful screening. Intraocular pressure measures and disc evaluations, when used in isolation, give unacceptably high numbers of false positives and false negatives, while full visual field analysis, as conducted with kinetic or full threshold static perimetry, takes too long for routine use. Screening of the visual field may offer a viable alternative. The effect of changing certain parameters of a visual field screening test are evaluated. These include the location of the stimuli, the number of stimuli and their suprathreshold increment. The results of an optimized visual field screening test are then evaluated with respect to the theoretical predictions. The results indicate that high levels of sensitivity and specificity can be achieved with visual field screening tests which are short enough to be included as part of the routine optometric examination.

Glaucoma, Open-Angle↗
PubMed2003

[Effect of the different diameter of posterior capsulotomy on visual field].

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of two different diameter of posterior capsulotomy on visual field. METHODS: Forty patients with posterior capsule opacification (PCO) of grade II after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation were randomly divided into two groups. 20 cases received laser capsulotomy with 2 mm diameter. Other 20 cases received laser capsulotomy with 4 mm diameter. One and half months after laser capsulotomy, vision field of every patient was examined using the automated perimetry for central 30 degrees and peripheral 60 degrees. Visual field in 21 patients with a transparent posterior capsule after cataract surgery was also evaluated by the same automated perimetry. RESULTS: There were significant reductions in the total visual field sensitivity, the mean deviation (MD) and the pattern standard deviation (PSD) in 2 mm diameter capsulotomy group compared with 4 mm diameter capsulotomy group (P < 0.001). There were no significant difference in visual field between 4 mm capsulotomy group and the transparent posterior capsule group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Better visual acuity could be obtained after laser capsulotomy with 2 mm capsulotomy, however the generalized sensitivity reduction and irregular localized depression of visual island might occurred. 4 mm diameter capsulotomy may be a better choice in laser capsulotomy in patients with PCO.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Prevalence and causes of visual field loss in the elderly and associations with impairment in daily functioning: the Rotterdam Study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and causes of visual field loss (VFL) and the association between VFL and indicators of impairment in daily functioning. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. SETTING: Suburb of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling elderly residents (n = 6250). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Visual field loss on suprathreshold static, Goldmann kinetic perimetry, or both. METHODS: Suprathreshold testing of the central visual field was performed on both eyes and repeated if results were abnormal or unreliable. Goldmann perimetry was performed to confirm defects. Causes were determined using ophthalmologic and neurologic examination data and medical records. Impairment was assessed using data from interviews and medical records on disability in daily life, falling, and fractures. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of VFL was 5.6% (3.0% in those aged 55-64 years to 17.0% in those > or =85 years); glaucoma was the leading cause in all age groups. Before age 75 years, other optic nerve diseases and stroke ranked second and third, respectively, as did age-related macular degeneration and retinal vascular occlusive disease, respectively, after this age. Also, after adjustment for visual acuity, VFL was associated with disability, diminished enjoyment of reading and watching television, and a higher risk of incident falling. Risk of incident hip fracture was not increased. CONCLUSIONS: Visual field loss is present in 1 of every 20 community-dwelling elderly people and is associated with impaired daily functioning. Glaucoma is the leading cause in all age groups. Other high-ranking causes, some of which are partly preventable, vary by age.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

The correlation between optic nerve head topographic measurements, peripapillary nerve fibre layer thickness, and visual field indices in glaucoma.

AIMS: To establish whether the structural parameters provided by the Heidelberg retina tomograph (HRT) and the laser diagnostics glaucoma scanning system (GDx) can be used to reflect functional damage in the visual field. METHODS: 62 patients with primary open angle glaucoma underwent examination with the HRT, GDx, and Humphrey field analyser. The relations between the topographic parameters, retinal nerve fibre parameters, and visual field indices were analysed by scatter plot and linear regression. RESULTS: Among the topographic parameters generated by the HRT, rim area had the best correlation with visual field indices. The "number," maximum modulation, and ellipse modulation generated by the GDx also had correlations with visual field indices. The correlations were better for the sectoral parameters than the global parameters. However, great interindividual variation was found in the association. CONCLUSION: Although relations were found between some topographic parameters, RNFL parameters, and visual field indices, great interindividual variation limits the prediction of one parameter from the other. Therefore, both structural and functional aspects should be evaluated in order to obtain full characterisation of the glaucomatous damage for clinical judgment and treatment.

Adult↗