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Results for “construct validity”

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PubMed1999

Development of a general nutrition knowledge questionnaire for adults.

OBJECTIVE: This paper describes the development of a reliable and valid questionnaire to provide a comprehensive measure of the nutritional knowledge of UK adults. The instrument will help to identify areas of weakness in people's understanding of healthy eating and will also provide useful data for examining the relationship between nutrition knowledge and dietary behaviour which, up until now, has been far from clear. DESIGN: Items were generated paying particular attention to content validity. The initial version of the questionnaire was piloted and assessed on psychometric criteria. Items which did not reach acceptable validity were excluded, and the final 50 item version was administered to two groups differing in nutritional expertise on two occasions to assess the construct validity and test-retest reliability. SETTING: The questionnaire was developed in 1994 in the UK. SUBJECTS: Three hundred and ninety-one members of the general public, recruited via their places of work, completed the questionnaire at the piloting stage. The final version was administered to 168 dietetics and computer science students following a university lecture. RESULTS: The internal consistency of each section was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.70-0.97) and the test-retest reliability was also well above the minimum requirement of 0.7. Nutrition experts scored significantly better than computer experts [F(1167) = 200.5, P<0.001], suggesting good construct validity. CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrate that the instrument meets psychometric criteria for reliability and construct validity. It should provide a useful scale with which to reassess the relationship between knowledge and dietary behaviour.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

A psychometric evaluation of the Swedish version of the Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI-S): a gender differentiated evaluation.

A need to consider possible gender differences in pain research has been recognized by researchers during the last decades. As part of a psychometric evaluation of the Swedish version of the Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI-S), we performed gender-differentiated analyses of the internal consistency, validity and sensitivity to change of the MPI-S in a sample of 235 individuals (129 females, 106 males) suffering from long-term non-specific pain from the lower back and/or neck region. The construct validation and sensitivity analyses were performed by using validated self-report measures and direct observational assessment techniques as external constructs. For sections 1 and 2 of the MPI-S, the results support the internal consistency (alpha coefficients ranged from 0.74 to 0.85 for females and 0.62 to 0.89 for males) and construct validity across gender. The General Activity (GA) scale of section 3 of the MPI-S displayed acceptable internal consistency across gender (alpha = 0.79 for females, 0.80 for males) but not a satisfactory construct validity. Furthermore, the results yielded some support for the sensitivity to change of the Pain Severity (PS), Interference (I), Life Control (LC) and Affective Distress (AD) scales (from section 1) across gender. Unfortunately, the GA scale did not display a satisfactory sensitivity either for females or males. Altogether, the results showed a similar pattern across gender, although some divergences were detected, such as the substantially weaker negative correlation between perceived supportive behaviour from significant others and punishing responses for males compared to females. In conclusion, we recommend the use of sections 1 and 2 of the MPI-S as a psychometrically evaluated and comprehensive instrument in the assessment of individuals suffering from chronic non-specific low back pain or neck pain. Copyright 1999 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Sexual compulsivity among heterosexual college students.

A growing body of literature suggests that an association exists between sexual compulsivity and participation in sexual behaviors that are high risk in terms of HIV/STD infection. In most of these studies, sexual compulsivity has been measured using the Sexual Compulsivity Scale. As yet, sexual compulsivity has only been assessed with this scale among individuals who are members of high risk groups for HIV infection or who are HIV-positive. In this study, we found support for reliability and construct validity of the SCS in a sample of 876 heterosexual college students, a group not yet examined in the sexual addiction and compulsivity literature. Construct validity was substantiated by the presence of significant relationships of sexual compulsivity with frequencies of sexual behaviors and numbers of sexual partners. The scale was also related to gender and age. Sexual compulsivity scores were associated with frequency of risky sexual behaviors. The relationships between sexual compulsivity and solo, partner, public, and risky sexual behaviors remained significant when we controlled for demographic variables. Although we found support for construct validity of the SCS in our sample, it is not clear whether the scale distinctly measures sexual compulsivity or taps into other constructs, such as sexual desire and sexual exploration.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Psychometric characteristics of a quality of communication questionnaire assessing communication about end-of-life care.

The importance of good clinician-patient communication to quality end-of-life care has been well documented yet there are no validated measures that allow patients to assess the quality of this communication. Using a sample of hospice patients (n = 83) and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (n = 113), we evaluated the psychometric characteristics of a 13-item patient-centered, patient-report questionnaire about the quality of end-of-life communication (QOC). Our purpose was to explore the measurement structure of the QOC items to ascertain if the items represent unitary or multidimensional constructs and to describe the construct validity of the QOC score(s). Analyses included: principal component analyses to identify scales, internal consistency analyses to demonstrate reliability, and correlational and group comparisons to support construct validity. Findings support the construction of two scales: a six-item "general communication skills" scale and a seven-item, "communication about end-of-life care" scale. The two scales meet standards of scale measurement, including good factor convergence (values >or= 0.63) and discrimination (values different >or= 0.25), percent of variance explained (69.3%), and good internal consistency (alpha >or= 0.79). The scales' construct validity is supported by significant associations (p <or= 0.01) with items assessing overall quality of doctor communication and quality of care, number and type of end-of-life discussions, and doctor's awareness of patient's treatment preferences. The general communication skills scale correlates more strongly with the general communication items while the communication about end-of-life care scale correlates more strongly with items addressing end-of-life topics. While further validation studies are needed, this assessment of the QOC represents an important step toward providing a measure of the quality of end-of-life communication.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Clinimetric properties of the AUSCAN Osteoarthritis Hand Index: an evaluation of reliability, validity and responsiveness.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability, validity and responsiveness of the Australian/Canadian (AUSCAN) Osteoarthritis Hand Index in both Likert (LK) and Visual Analogue (VA)-scaled formats. METHODS: Two separate studies were conducted; the first addressing reliability and validity issues and the second addressing index responsiveness. In a group of 50 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the hand, test-retest reliability was assessed at a 1-week interval and internal consistency from single administrations of the Index. Construct validity was evaluated against several other outcome measures including the Functional Index for Hand Osteoarthritis (FIHOA), separate patient and physician global assessments, Doyle Index, grip strength, pinch grip, and Health Assessment Questionnaire. A 6-week washout retreatment design was used in a group of 44 OA hand patients to assess index responsiveness and comparative responsiveness against the FIHOA. RESULTS: Reliability and construct validity coefficients confirm the reliability and construct validity of both the AUSCAN LK3.0 and AUSCAN VA3.0 Indices. The washout retreatment study establishes index responsiveness and suggests that the AUSCAN LK3.0 and AUSCAN VA3.0 Indices may be more responsive than the FIHOA. CONCLUSIONS: The patient self-completed AUSCAN LK3.0 and AUSCAN VA3.0 Indices are reliable, valid and responsive and can be recommended as primary outcome measures for future hand OA clinical trials.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Refining quality of life: validating a multidimensional factor measure in the severe mentally ill.

Quality of life measurement has historically been characterized by a focus on physical functionality, great variability in definitions and insufficient attention to psychometric properties of measures. The present study examined four core subscales of the Quality of Life Enjoyment Scale (Q-LES-Q) designed to assess subjective quality of life (i.e. physical health, subjective feelings, leisure activities and social relationships) administered to 151 male and female subjects with severe mental illness admitted to a residential community treatment center or a university psychiatric hospital. The use of factor analysis is a common approach to examining construct validity of instruments through the examination of correlated clusters of item responses. Those sets of highly correlated item responses should identify a construct or dimension of related items (i.e. a factor). Two factor approaches, exploratory (i.e. the maximum number of possible factor is unspecified) and restricted (i.e. the maximum number of factors allowed is specified), were employed to examine construct validity of the four Q-LES-Q subscales. In addition, both orthogonal (i.e. independence between factors is maximized) and oblique (i.e. correlated factors are allowed) rotations (arrangements) of factor structure were also investigated to define subscale validity further. Results supported good construct validity for each subscale with either factor approach, i.e. the four proposed subscales were clearly identifiable in the factors (groupings) of correlated item responses from the sample. In both cases, the orthogonal (independent) rotation produced the simplest structure, i.e. the clearest groupings of items. These results indicate that the Q-LES-Q does appear to measure valid dimensions matching those proposed by the subscales and, thus, may be a useful and reliable tool for clinical applications.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1991

Development of the inventory of functional status-cancer.

The purpose of this article is to report the development and psychometric testing of the Inventory of Functional Status-Cancer (IFS-CA). The IFS-CA was developed to measure functional status in women with cancer. The questionnaire includes four subscales measuring the extent to which the woman continues her usual household and family, social and community, personal care, and occupational activities. Content validity was established at 98.5%. Internal consistency reliability testing used a sample of 100 women receiving treatment for cancer. Internal consistency reliability using average correlations for the subscale item to subscale total scores ranged from 0.56 to 0.82. Subscale to total IFS-CA score correlations ranged from 0.73 to 0.92. Test-retest reliability used a sample of 17 women who had completed treatment for cancer. The coefficients ranged from 0.43 to 0.96 for the four subscales. Initial construct validity testing was accomplished by examination of subscale correlations and by comparing the functional status of women in active treatment for cancer with those who had completed treatment. The study's findings reveal content validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and beginning construct validity; thus, they demonstrate strong evidence for further development and testing of the IFS-CA's construct validity.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2003

Psychometric properties of the National Eye Institute-Refractive Error Quality of Life instrument.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the psychometric properties of a vision-targeted measure of health-related quality of life, the National Eye Institute-Refractive Error Quality of Life survey (NEI-RQL), which includes 13 scales designed to assess the impact of refractive error and its correction on day-to-day life. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. PARTICIPANTS: The NEI-RQL was self-administered by 667 myopes, 380 hyperopes, and 114 emmetropes recruited from the practices of 6 medical centers. All participants had near and distance visual acuity of 20/32 or better in the worse eye while benefiting from their current method for correction of refractive error (glasses, contact lens, refractive surgery). METHODS: Mean scores, standard deviations, internal consistency reliability, and test-retest intraclass correlations were estimated for the NEI-RQL scales. Item discrimination was assessed by item-scale correlations. Construct validity was evaluated by assessing the sensitivity of scale scores to type of refractive error, type of refractive error correction, and spherical equivalent. Construct validity of the NEI-RQL was compared to those of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36) and the National Eye Institute Vision Functioning Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25) in a random subsample of respondents. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The 13 NEI-RQL scales-clarity of vision, expectations, near vision, far vision, diurnal fluctuations, activity limitations, glare, symptoms, dependence on correction, worry, suboptimal correction, appearance, and satisfaction with correction. RESULTS: Emmetropes tended to score significantly better on the NEI-RQL scales than myopes and hyperopes. The method of refractive error correction was also associated with NEI-RQL scores. In addition, the NEI-RQL multi-item scales accounted for 29% of the variance in the NEI-RQL satisfaction with correction item beyond that explained by the SF-36 and the NEI VFQ-25. CONCLUSION: These results support the reliability and construct validity of the NEI-RQL. The instrument appears to be useful for comparisons of people with different types of correction for refractive error.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Development of the emergency physician job satisfaction measurement instrument.

The objective of this study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument to measure the job satisfaction of physicians practicing emergency medicine. A prospective survey involving four separate stages (an item evaluation and reduction stage, a factor analysis stage, a construct validity stage, and a reliability stage) was distributed in Canada to full-time emergency physicians. Three separate survey instruments were administered (an initial draft instrument with 228 items, a pilot instrument with 142 items, and the final instrument with 79 items). Construct validity of the final instrument was tested by evaluating the correlation between physician scores on the instrument, and scores on two instruments measuring the same construct, and three measuring different but related constructs. A draft instrument with 228 items and six hypothetical domains was tested on 61 physicians. Evaluation for frequency endorsement, redundancy, and homogeneity reduced the item pool to 157. The remaining 157 items were used as a pilot instrument and tested on 223 physicians. Factor analysis eliminated 66 items from the pilot instrument, creating a final instrument with 79 items, 11 factors, and six domains. Cronbach's coefficient alpha for the final instrument domains is 0.81, and all domain-total correlations are greater than 0.4. All correlations between the final instrument and the construct validity instruments were statistically significant (P < .001), but not so high that they appeared to be measuring the same thing. Correlations between instruments measuring the same construct were higher than those measuring related but different constructs. Correlations between the final instrument and the CES-D scale, emotional exhaustion, and depersonalization subscales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory were negative. A test-retest reliability study on 42 physicians showed Pearson's correlation coefficients for individual domains were all greater than 0.7 and greater than 0.8 for the final instrument. This study has produced a valid and reliable instrument for measuring emergency physician job satisfaction, which is both internally consistent and stable.

Canada↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Hand-grip dynamometry provides a valid indication of upper extremity strength impairment in home care patients.

This retrospective study investigated the validity of hand-grip dynamometry with respect to its use in predicting generalized upper extremity strength. The records of 37 patients (mean average age, 77.7 years) receiving home care were used. Discriminant construct validity was examined by comparing their dynamometry measurements with measurements of age- and gender-matched healthy individuals reported in the literature. Convergent construct validity was described by the correlations of their dynamometry measurements and manual muscle test scores of the upper extremities. The patients' dynamometer-measured grip forces were significantly less than reported normative values. The patients' dynamometer measured grip forces were correlated significantly with their manual muscle test scores. These findings support the construct validity of hand-grip dynamometry for characterizing upper extremity strength impairment among adults treated in a home care setting.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

A psychometric analysis of the Geriatric Hopelessness Scale (GHS): towards improving assessment of the construct.

BACKGROUND: Hopelessness increases vulnerability to late-life depression and risk for suicide. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Geriatric Hopelessness Scale (GHS; Fry, 1984) among a heterogeneous sample of older adults and its association with depression and suicide ideation. METHODS: Seventy-eight adults 65 years or older recruited from psychiatric, medical, residential, and community were administered the study measures. We examined the item-response characteristics, factor structure, and reliability of the GHS, its construct validity by way of associations with depression, hopelessness, and suicide ideation, and criterion validity in terms of differentiating psychiatric patients from non-psychiatric participants. RESULTS: The GHS had poor item-response characteristics but acceptable internal consistency and construct validity. A factor analysis yielded three internally consistent factors assessing Fatalistic, Interpersonal, and Spiritual Hopelessness. An 11-item GHS-Suicide Risk subscale was identified with acceptable internal consistency, significant association with measures of hopelessness, depression, and suicide ideation, and that differentiated psychiatric patients from non-psychiatric participants. LIMITATIONS: This study had a relatively small sample size, included a high proportion of female respondents (79%), and a relatively low proportion of patients in mental health care (17%). CONCLUSIONS: The GHS had acceptable reliability and construct validity, but poor item-response characteristics and criterion validity with respect to differentiating psychiatric patients from non-psychiatric participants. Use of shortened GHS measures may improve upon the limitations of the full scale, and may be preferable when seeking to identify older adults at risk for suicide.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Construct-related validity of the Toglia Category Assessment and the Deductive Reasoning test with children who are typically developing.

OBJECTIVE: Both classification and deductive reasoning are essential cognitive components underlying any learning process and, therefore, are important to assess in children with developmental or learning disabilities. The aim of this study was to establish construct-related validity of the Toglia Category Assessment (TCA) and the Deductive Reasoning test, which were originally developed to evaluate adults with brain injury. This study represents the first step in validating and adapting the two tests for children who are typically developing. METHOD: The study population consisted of 235 children without disabilities in 6 different age groups (from 5-11 years of age). Both the TCA and the Deductive Reasoning test were administered to all participants. RESULTS: The results of the study indicate significant differences in the average performance of children in several age groups on both the TCA and the Deductive Reasoning test, but they do not show differences among all the groups. Children could not predict their ability in either test, but most were able to estimate their ability after actual performance of the TCA. A significant correlation was found only for the 5-year-olds and 7-year-olds between the Deductive Reasoning test final score and the children's estimation of their performance. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study support the suitability of the TCA and the Deductive Reasoning test for use with children who are typically developing. We recommend that both tools be studied further to amplify their validity.

Child↗

PubMed2002

Why do we fear death? The construction and validation of the Reasons for Death Fear Scale.

Previous research has disclosed different meanings of death, varieties of death anxiety, and hundreds of factors extracted from the uni- and multi-dimensional death anxiety scales. However, there have been no empirical studies to elucidate the reasons for death fear. The Reasons for Death Fear Scale (RDFS) was constructed and validated. It consists of 18 brief items, with good reliabilities ( > .8). Four factors of the RDFS were labeled Fear of Pain and Punishment, Fear of Losing Worldly Involvements, Religious Transgressions and Failures, and Parting from Loved Ones. A high-loaded factor was extracted in which the RDFS's loading was .45, while the loadings of the scales of death anxiety, death depression, and death obsession ranged between .8 and .9. Of interest is that the correlation between the RDFS and death anxiety was higher than that with general anxiety. No gender-differences were detected with college students. It is important to note that the findings of this study were only researched through Arabic and mainly Muslim college students. The generalizability of the present results to other populations would seem to merit further investigation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Reflection-impulsivity in normal and behavior-disordered children.

The primary index of reflection-impulsivity is Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFF), which yields both a latency and an error score. To evaluate further the construct validity of these measures, both the latency and error scores of 9- and 15-year-old normal and "acting-out" behavior-disordered children were compared. Young behavior-disordered children were found to be more impulsive than the other groups on the MFF error measure. No differences occurred on the MFF latency measure. This result is consistent with previous findings with normal children in supporting the construct validity of the MFF error score and raising questions about the construct validity of the MFF latency score. Findings were inconsistent with Kagan's assertion that normal children become more reflective with age. The older behavior-disordered children were more reflective on the error measure than the younger behavior-disordered children and had equivalent error scores to both age groups of normals. This finding suggested a lag in the development of reflection in behavior-disordered children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

A new method for describing smokers' consulting behaviours which indicate their motivation to stop smoking: an exploration of validity and reliability.

BACKGROUND: Smokers vary in their readiness to try stopping smoking, but there currently are no objective tools for identifying smokers' consulting behaviours which indicate their level of motivation to try stopping smoking. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the construct validity and inter-observer reliability of the Smokers' Motivation Code (SMC). METHODS: General practice consultations between 29 different Leicestershire GPs and their patients were video-recorded. In 47 consultations, regular or occasional smokers discussed smoking with their GPs and their consulting behaviour was coded using the SMC. The reliability of three different observers' codings was investigated. Construct validity was also investigated by comparing smokers' consulting behaviours coded using the SMC with measures of motivation to stop smoking recorded on pre-consultation questionnaires. RESULTS: Two pairs of observers achieved good reliability when using the SMC to code smokers' consulting behaviours during a subset of 11 video-recorded consultations. For readiness behaviours (indicating motivation to stop smoking), kappas were 0.82 and 0.65, and for resistance behaviours (indicating little motivation to stop smoking), kappas were 0.74 and 1.0. For the 37 consultations attended by regular smokers, complete pre-consultation questionnaires were obtained. Smokers displaying readiness behaviours were significantly more likely than others to report having tried to stop in the past year, thinking about or trying to stop and to agree that their health would improve if they stopped smoking. Smokers displaying resistant behaviours were significantly less likely to report thinking about stopping/trying to stop smoking. CONCLUSION: We have provided some evidence to support the construct validity and inter-observer reliability of the SMC and have identified some consulting behaviours which might indicate smokers' motivation to stop smoking. Further work is needed to determine whether smokers' consulting behaviour can be used to predict future quit attempts.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Construction and validation of a risk-screening questionnaire for the investigation of recurrent airway obstruction in epidemiological studies of horse populations in Great Britain.

Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is an environmental respiratory disease affecting horses. A risk-screening questionnaire (RSQ) for RAO would provide a useful tool to investigate the epidemiology of the disease in horses; our aim in this study was to construct and validate such an instrument. Guidance for what questions to include in the RSQ came from three processes: a review of the scientific literature, a survey of equine practitioners in the UK and a consultation with 19 experts using a modified Delphi technique. The latter consultation consisted of two rounds; agreement amongst the experts increased between the rounds. The quantitative outputs provided estimates of the probabilities of a horse having RAO for each particular piece of historical information or clinical sign. The RSQ for RAO was a short questionnaire for completion by horse owners regarding the horse, its health and its management. The likelihood of a horse having RAO (the RAO score) was calculated from a completed RSQ by combining the relevant estimated probabilities. The RSQ was validated against a reference standard of a veterinary diagnosis including respiratory cytology. This was achieved by inviting veterinary surgeons (residing in Great Britain who had taken part in the practitioner survey, and who had indicated that they used respiratory cytology in the diagnosis of respiratory cases) to participate. During 2003 and 2004 these veterinary surgeons returned RSQs for 40 cases that underwent investigation of the respiratory tract and 40 controls; 18 of the cases were given a final diagnosis of RAO. A receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to select a positive cut-off of 0.87 for the RSQ for RAO. This suggested that the RSQ had a sensitivity of 0.83 (95% confidence interval=0.59-0.96) and specificity of 0.85 (0.74-0.93) for the diagnosis of apparent RAO (compared to all other diagnoses).

Airway Obstruction↗

PubMed1999

The PDQ-39 Spanish version: reliability and correlation with the short-form health survey (SF-36).

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: The Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) was the first specific instrument for evaluation of the "health-related quality of life" (QoL) in Parkinson's disease patients. The PDQ-39 has been subjected to adaptation to Spanish language and culture (PDQ-39 Spanish version, PDQ-39SV) and this version has been validated in aspects of internal consistency and construct validity. The present study assess the test-retest reliability and the convergent validity of the PDQ-39SV with a generic QoL instrument (SF-36). RESULTS: Most of the PDQ-39 dimensions showed an adequate consistency-Cronbach's alpha > 0.7 for six dimensions. As a whole, test-retest reliability resulted satisfactory. Two dimensions-activities of daily living and emotional well-being- showed a low grade significant difference (paired Student t-test, p < 0.05) due to improvement in the second survey (at 10 to 14 days from the first one) perhaps related to adjustments of the treatment at the first visit. A strong association (Spearman r, p < 0.001), indicative of convergent validity, was obtained for the PDQ-39 dimensions and the relevant SF-36 scales, as well as for the physical and mental component summary scores of the SF-36. CONCLUSIONS: Taking into account these results and previous studies, it is concluded that the PDQ-39 SV is a reliable measure that has construct validity.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

Alternatives for measuring knee extension strength of the elderly at home.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the construct validity of three measures of knee extension strength obtained from elderly individuals. DESIGN: Retrospective and cross-sectional. SETTING: Home care. SUBJECTS: Forty-one consecutively treated patients (mean age 79.2 years). MEASURES: Knee extension strength was measured using manual muscle testing, hand-held dynamometry, and the sit-to-stand test. RESULTS: Convergent construct validity was supported by the significant correlations between the measures (rs = 0.578-0.702). Discriminant construct validity was confirmed by the finding of significant differences in the manual muscle test scores and in the hand-held dynamometer measures of patients who were unable versus able to stand from a chair without the upper extremities or help. The sensitivity of the two measures for discriminating between patients able versus unable to stand from a chair was 90.9% for manual testing and 68.2% for dynamometry. The specificity was 78.9% for manual testing and 94.7% for dynamometry. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that the three measures employed to characterize knee extension strength are valid when employed with elderly patients in a home care setting.

Aged↗