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PubMed1989

Histochemical profiles of fibers in the rat tibialis anterior muscle during early postnatal development.

The enzyme activities of intra- and extrafusal fibers in the tibialis anterior muscle of rats during postnatal development have been investigated. Muscle fibers 1 day after birth showed a uniform reaction for adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD) activities. Fast-twitch (F) and slow-twitch (S) fibers with ATPase activity were found at 9 and 11 days. Thereafter, the type shift of muscle fibers from S to F was observed in the deep and middle portions. Fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic (FOG), fast-twitch glycolytic (FG), and slow-twitch oxidative (SO) fibers with ATPase, SDH, and alpha-GPD activities were found at 15 (the superficial portion) and 17 days (the deep and middle portions). The histochemical differentiation of intrafusal muscle fibers (7 and 9 days) was found earlier than that of extrafusal muscle fibers.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗

PubMed1996

alpha1-adrenergic stimulation induces early afterdepolarizations in ferret Purkinje fibers.

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether alpha1-adrenergic stimulation, which prolongs repolarization, could induce early afterdepolarizations (EADs) in ferret Purkinje fibers. We used standard microelectrodes to study the effects of phenylephrine 10(-6)M in the presence of metoprolol 1.5 x 10(-6)M, on action potentials (AP) recorded from isolated ferret Purkinje fibers superfused with normal Tyrode's solution. Phenylephrine induced a time-dependent prolongation of the AP duration at 60 and 90% of full repolarization (APD60, APD90) from 223 +/- 8 and 269 +/- 9 ms, respectively, during control to 279 +/- 11 and 329 +/- 12 ms after 1-h superfusion (n = 29; p < 0.05 vs. control for both parameters) and 334 +/- 13 and 385 +/- 15 ms after 4 h (n = 29, p < 0.05 vs. control and 1-h superfusion for both parameters) without changing the other parameters. About one third of the fibers studied developed EADs that could be either phase 2 or phase 3 EADs. The alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist WB 4101 (10(-7)M) limited the AP prolongation and prevented the occurrence of EADs. On the other hand, the alpha1-adrenoceptor alkylating agent chloroethylclonidine (10(-7)M) had no effect. The calcium chelator BAPTA [1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy) ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetra-acetic acid] (2 x 10(-3)M) did not prevent the induction of EADs by phenylephrine, although it suppressed the twitch tension, showing that it did chelate the intracellular calcium. Our results show that alpha1-adrenergic stimulation prolongs repolarization in ferret Purkinje fibers and can induce EADs. This effect is mainly mediated by the WB 4101-sensitive alpha1-adrenoceptors (alpha1A- and/or alpha1C-adrenoceptors) and does not depend on intracellular calcium. alpha1-Adrenergic stimulation may have arrhythmogenic effects in patients with long QT syndrome (LQTS).

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Possibility of different time scales in the capillary rise around a fiber.

By molecular modeling simulations, we study the dynamics of the rise of a meniscus on the outside of a fiber. We develop methods to measure simultaneously the height of the liquid interface and the contact angle versus time. We observe that in the complete wetting case (with an equilibrium contact angle equal to zero), the dynamic contact angle theta(t) behaves asymptotically as t(-1) contrary to some experimental results where one observes t(-1/2) instead. Using the combined model describing the dynamics of wetting, we predict that there are two different time scale behaviors within this process related to the two dissipation channels: friction between the liquid and the solid, leading to t(-1), and hydrodynamics, leading to t(-1/2). Using this approach, we find that the maximal speed of spreading on a fiber is a nonmonotonic function of the equilibrium contact angle.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1988

Development of somatostatin-containing neurons and fibers in the rat hippocampus.

Using a combination of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, the development of somatostatin (SS)-containing neurons and fibers was examined in the rat dorsal hippocampus and dentate gyrus. The major development of this hippocampal peptidergic system occurs postnatally. At postnatal day 1 (P1), neurons containing SS mRNA are evident primarily in the stratum oriens, but also in the hilus of the dentate gyrus. Similar neurons are also immunoreactive for SS28 and SS28(1-12), suggesting a minimal lag in the transcription of SS mRNA and its translation into specific SS peptides. The number of SS neurons increases postnatally to P10, followed by a decrease in number in the adult. This transient change in the number of SS neurons coincides with dramatic changes in SS28(1-12)-immunoreactive fibers, which are initially present in the stratum lacunosum moleculare, with no significant immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus. By P15, the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus is densely innervated, while similar immunoreactivity in the stratum lacunosum moleculare is greatly reduced. These data are consistent with a transient projection from the stratum oriens to the stratum lacunosum moleculare, which is replaced by a projection from the hilus to the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus as this structure matures.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Determination of homocysteine and its related compounds by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

The purpose of this study was to develop a simple and accurate analytical method to determine homocysteine (Hcy), cysteine (Cys), and methionine (Met) in aqueous samples. Until now, the most frequently used method for the assay of Hcy, Cys, and Met has been high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection after fluorescent tagging. The newly developed method involves the employment of the SPME (solid-phase microextraction) technique together with GC-MS. For application to a gas chromatographic system, alkyl formate derivatives were prepared in the form of N(O,S)-alkoxycarbonyl alkyl ester with the analytes in the aqueous samples. The optimum derivatizing regent for N(O,S)-alkoxycarbonyl alkyl ester was chosen by comparing the efficiency of the derivatized analytes in a GC through the SPME method and liquid-liquid extraction. The optimum conditions of the SPME system for the analytes derivatized with N(O,S)-ethoxycarbonyl propyl ester in the aqueous matrix were pH 3.0 and no salt, and 30 min equilibration time using an 85 microm PA (polyacrylate) fiber. The developed method is inexpensive, easy and rapid.

Calibration↗

PubMed2004

Development of headspace solid-phase microextraction with on-fiber derivatization for determination of hexanal and heptanal in human blood.

Hexanal and heptanal in human blood have been regarded as potential biomarkers of lung cancer. Owing to their high volatilities and activities, it is difficult to accurately measure the two biomarkers. In the current work, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with on-fiber derivatization technique was developed for quantitative analysis of hexanal and heptanal in human blood. In the proposed method, the two aldehydes in blood were headspace extracted by using a poly (dimethylsiloxane)/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) fiber with O-2,3,4,5,6-(pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine (PFBHA) at 60 degrees C for 8 min. The aldehyde oximes formed on the fiber were desorbed and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The method validations including detection limit, recovery and precision were studied. It was found that the method provided low detection limits of 0.006 nM for hexanal and 0.005 nM for heptanal, recoveries from 89% to 95% and R.S.D. values less than 8.5%. The present method was applied to quantitative analysis of hexanal and heptanal in normal blood and lung cancer blood. Hexanal concentrations from 7.33 to 15.23 microM and heptanal concentrations from 2.47 to 9.23 microM were found in the lung cancer blood, while both hexanal and heptanal in the control blood were lower than 0.6 microM. This further demonstrated that hexanal and heptanal might be the biomarkers of lung cancer. The experimental results showed that GC-MS and HS-SPME with on-fiber derivatization is a simple, rapid, sensitive and solvent-free method for determination of in hexanal and heptanal human blood.

Aldehydes↗

PubMed1999

Heterotopic endochondrial ossification with mixed tumor formation in C3(1)/Tag transgenic mice is associated with elevated TGF-beta1 and BMP-2 expression.

Transgenic mice which express the simian virus 40 large T-antigen (Tag) under the regulatory control of the hormone responsive rat C3(1) gene develop unusual lesions of heterotopic bone growth associated with mixed tumor formation arising from eccrine sweat glands found only in the foot pads of mice, ischiocavernosus muscle adjacent to bulbourethral glands and occasionally the salivary and mammary glands. These lesions are very similar to mixed tumors arising in several types of human cancers. Based upon electron microscopic examination and immunocytochemical analyses of cellular differentiation markers, the mixed proliferative lesions in this transgenic mouse model begin with the Tag-induced proliferation of epithelial and myoepithelial cells. The proliferation of these two types of cells results in hyperplasia and adenomatous transformation of the epithelial component, whereas the proliferating myoepithelial cells undergo metaplasia to form chondrocytes which deposit extracellular matrix, including collagen fibers. Cartilage develops focally between areas of epithelial proliferation and subsequently ossifies through a process of endochondrial bone formation. The metaplasia of myoepithelial cells to chondrocytes appears to require the inductive interaction of factors produced by the closely associated proliferating epithelial cells, including members of the TGF-beta superfamily. We demonstrate that TGF-beta1 protein accumulates in the extracellular matrix of the lesions, whereas RNA in situ hybridization reveals that BMP-2, another strong inducer of heterotopic bone formation, is overexpressed by the proliferating epithelial cells during the development of ectopic bone. The formation of sarcomatous tumors within the mixed tumors appears to be androgen-dependent and more frequent in mice lacking a normal allele of p53. This process of cartilage and bone induction may mimic epithelial-mesenchymal interactions which occur during embryonic bone formation. These transgenic mice may provide new insights into the processes of ectopic endochondrial bone formation associated with mixed tumor formation and serve as a useful model for human heterotopic bone disease.

Actins↗

PubMed1981

Potential and tension changes induced by sodium removal in dog Purkinje fibres: role of an electrogenic sodium-calcium exchange.

1. Isolated dog Purkinje fibres were bathed in K-free media or in the presence of ouabain 10(-4) M in order to depress the electrogenic sodium pump activity. Membrane potential and mechanical tension were recorded in the presence of normal external sodium concentration and during lowering or removal of external Na. 2. Lowering or removal of external Na (Na being replaced by choline, Tris, sucrose or Li) induced a hyperpolarization and a contracture which reached a maximum after 1 or 2 min and then decreased progressively. Using Tris, Em increased from -40 +/- 3 to -72 +/- 10 mV (n = 39). The Na-free contracture and hyperpolarization did not occur in the absence of Na pump depression. 3. Tetrodotoxin (1.2 x 10(-5)M), Mn (4 mM), verapamil (1-4 x 10(-5) M) tetraethylammonium (5 mM), 4-aminopyridine (5 mM) and Cs (20 mM, in the presence of ouabain) did not alter the Na-free contracture and hyperpolarization. On the other hand Mn (20 mM), acid media (external pH less than 6.0) and low temperatures depressed or suppressed both the hyperpolarization and contracture. Lanthanum (0.4 mM) did not suppress the hyperpolarization and the contracture. On the contrary the Na-free contracture was generally increased in the presence of La. 4. Caffeine (10 mM) induced strong contractures with no changes in Em, thus demonstrating the possibility for the Purkinje fibers of developing contractures without concomitant hyperpolarizations. 5. It can be concluded that the Na-free contracture and hyperpolarization are not due to changes in passive conductances but are related to the functioning of an electrogenic Na-Ca exchange mechanism which carries inwardly 1 Ca and outwardly 3 or more Na.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in the rat efferent vestibular system during development.

The organization of the efferent fiber network during postnatal development was investigated by immunocytochemical detection of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in rat vestibular receptors from postnatal day 0 (PD 0) to adulthood. CGRP was detected at birth in a few efferent fibers below the sensory epithelia of cristae and maculae. Thereafter, the nerve fibers in the cristae progressively invaded the epithelia with an apex to base gradient from PD 2 to PD 4. There was also a rearrangement of the fibers during maturation of the efferent innervation, such that after reaching the surface of the epithelium, they turned back and moved towards the base of the sensory cells, producing numerous synaptic contacts. Analysis of surface preparations of utricules showed the irregular and asymmetric topographic organization of the efferent fiber network and the extensive, complex distribution of this innervation. The presence and broad distribution of CGRP in the epithelium at critical stages of development and synaptogenesis suggests that it is involved in the maturation of vestibular receptors.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Myosin heavy chain expression during development and following denervation of fast fibers in the red strip of the chicken pectoralis.

The myosin heavy chain composition of muscle fibers that comprise the red strip of the pectoralis major was determined at different stages of development and following adult denervation. Using a library of characterized monoclonal antibodies we found that slow fibers of the red strip do not react with antibodies to any of the fast myosin heavy chains of the superficial pectoralis. Immunocytochemical analysis of the fast fibers of the adult red strip revealed that they contain the embryonic fast myosin heavy chain rather than the adult pectoral isoform found throughout the adult white pectoralis. This was confirmed using immunoblot analysis of myosin heavy chain peptide maps. We show that during development of the red strip both neonatal and adult myosin heavy chains appear transiently, but then disappear during maturation. Furthermore, while the fibers of the superficial pectoralis reexpress the neonatal isoform as a result of denervation, the fibers of the red strip reexpress the adult isoform. Our data demonstrate a new developmental program of fast myosin heavy chain expression in the chicken and suggest that the heterogeneity of myosin heavy chain expression in adult fast fibers results from repression of specific isoforms by innervation.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1998

The development and use of respirator response functions as part of a workplace exposure monitoring program for control of potential respiratory hazards.

The traditional hierarchy of measures for control of potential respiratory hazards in the workplace includes (in order of preference) engineering controls, workplace practices, and use of respiratory protection. Although third in this hierarchy, respirators can be an important component of the control mix-particularly for difficult-to-control jobs, as an interim measure (pending implementation of other controls), and in cases where exposure is intermittent. One of the problems associated with the use of respirators as a control measure is that valid and adequate data on respirator usage are often not available. Absent these data it is difficult to determine the practical effectiveness of respirators and exposure calculations which include the protective effect of respirators are speculative. This paper presents models (and appropriate statistical fitting techniques) suitable for quantification of respirator usage and defines three potentially useful measures of effectiveness for a respirator program. These models are illustrated with monitoring data on refractory ceramic fiber (RCF) developed as part of a Consent Agreement between the RCF industry and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. For this substance there are extensive and comprehensive monitoring data available. The models and methods of analysis may prove applicable for other potential respiratory hazards in the workplace.

Ceramics↗

PubMed1988

Distribution and development of VIP immunoreactive neurons in the spinal cord of the embryonic and newly hatched chick.

The distribution and development of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactive elements were studied in the spinal cord of embryonic and newly hatched chicks with the indirect immunofluorescence method. VIP neurons were first detectable in the presumed dorsal horn at stages 27-28 (incubation day 5). Subsequently they increased in number, and by stage 39 (day 12) many occurred in lamina I, in the nucleus of the dorsolateral funiculus, and in the lateral portion of the neck of the dorsal horn throughout the cord. However, at the thoracic level many were also situated lateral to the central canal, with their processes running to the ipsilateral lateral and contralateral ventral funiculi. The pattern described above remained visible in both embryonic and colchicine-pretreated newly hatched chicks. During development, VIP fibers appeared later than cell bodies. In the gray matter, they were mainly scattered in the intermediate zone, especially around the central canal at all levels examined. In the white matter, however, longitudinal fibers were observed in the lateral funiculus throughout the cord, but mostly at the cervical level, though some also occurred in the ventral funiculus. This finding supports the idea that spinal VIP neurons might project rostrally via the lateral funiculus. In addition, no VIP immunoreactivity was found in the spinal ganglia, but examination of the sympathetic paravertebral ganglia showed immunoreactivity as described by others.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1984

Neonatal denervation inhibits the normal postnatal decrease in endplate channel open time.

The apparent mean channel open time (tau) of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) at skeletal muscle endplates decreases greater than 3-fold during development. In rat soleus muscles, the change occurs between postnatal days 8 and 18 as channels with long apparent open times (tau = 4.5 msec) disappear while channels with short apparent open times (tau = 1.5 msec) increase in number. We studied the role of innervation in this process by denervating neonatal soleus muscles prior to channel conversion. Tau at the denervated endplates was assayed at various times between days 8 and 18 by using fluctuation analysis. We found that early denervation blocked, or at least delayed, channel conversion. Unexpectedly, there was enhanced extrajunctional ACh sensitivity in the innervated muscles contralateral to the denervated ones. This observation allowed us to compare the apparent open times of junctional AChRs with those of extrajunctional AChRs 200 micron distant in the same innervated fibers. In developing muscles, tau at the extrajunctional sites decreased in parallel with tau at the endplates. Thus, neural regulation of AChR channel gating extends well beyond the endplate boundaries.

Acetylcholinesterase↗

PubMed1986

Effects of theophylline on isolated diaphragmatic fibers. A model for pharmacologic studies on diaphragmatic contractility.

An in vitro model of isolated diaphragmatic muscle fibers was developed to study the effects of theophylline on diaphragmatic contractility. The effects of theophylline on this model were compared for each dose with the effects of the drugs on a "classic" hemidiaphragmatic muscle preparation. Diaphragmatic strips obtained from 20 rats were placed into an open topped channel of a plexiglass tissue chamber and perfused with continuously flowing Krebs solution heated to 37 degrees and bubbled with a 95% O2 and 5% CO2 gas mixture so as to maintain pH, PO2, PCO2 constant (7.4, 100, and 35 mmHg, respectively). Isometric force generated in response to 1 Hz supramaximal electrical stimulation was measured with a highly sensitive photoelectric transducer. Graded doses of aminophylline (15 to 75 mg/L) were administered and their effect assessed on diaphragmatic peak twitch tension. On the single diaphragmatic muscle fibers preparation, theophylline produced a dose dependent increase in peak twitch tension, which, at a concentration of theophylline of 15 mg/L, a therapeutic dose, amounted to 111 +/- 1.5% of control (p less than 0.05). At a concentration of 60 mg/L the increase in peak twitch tension averaged 35 +/- 2.5% of control, (p less than 0.001). On the other hand, theophylline had no effect on the hemidiaphragm preparation until a dose of 250 mg/L. These findings suggest that the effects of theophylline on diaphragmatic contractility are due to a direct action of the drug on the contractile properties of the diaphragmatic fibers and also validate the presented in vitro model as a promising one for future pharmacologic studies on diaphragmatic contractility.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Development of the spinal nerves in the lamprey: II. Outflows from the spinal cord.

During a series of studies on the development of spinal nerves in the tail of larval lampreys (13 mm, 26 days), Lampetra japonica, we observed outflows of cytoplasmic processes (cytoplasmic outflow) or whole cell bodies (cellular outflow) from the neural tube or from the cord. Three types were distinguished according to their site of exit from the surface of the neuraxis. The dorsal outflow (DO) is the cellular outflow seen on the midsagittal surface of the dorsal wall of the caudalmost region of the neural tube, just rostral or caudal to the opening in the dorsal tube wall. It is hypothesized that the cells from the dorsal neural tube become polymorphous cells scattered in the extramedullar space. The dorsolateral outflow (DLO) is the cytoplasmic outflow emerging from the dorsolateral aspect of the spinal cord at the intermyotome level. DLO fibers are non-myelinated fibers arising from the dorsolateral tract (DLT) and, after piercing the basal lamina and the glia limitans, run in the myosepta laterally to spread along the deep surface of the dermis. DLO fibers terminate in two different ways: those of one group pierce the dermis and the basal lamina to end as intraepidermal free endings that contain aggregates of clear vesicles, and those of the other group form varicosities that lie within depressions on the lateral cell surface of myotomes. DLO fibers in the extramedullary space characteristically lack any sheaths, including the basal lamina. The ventrolateral outflow (VLO) represents primitive ventral roots consisting of both the cytoplasmic and the cellular outflows: the former shows the axonal outgrowth from primitive somatomotor neurons, and the latter is represented by elongated cells derived from the glia limitans, extending along the axonal processes to form the Schwann cell sheath around the proximal portion of the ventral root axons. The basal lamina covering the cord does not extend along the VLO fibers. The developing ventral root contains axons at different stages of differentiation. Some axons end on the medial surface of the myotome at the midsegmental level to form neuromuscular junctions. However, axonal processes of primitive motoneurons form close contacts with muscle cells by means of small cytoplasmic projections that contain no synaptic vesicles and lack the basal lamina interposed between them. The proposed sequence of development, based on stages in caudal to rostral sections, is the DO, the DLO, and then the VLO.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Remodeling of the sagittal suture in osteopetrotic (op/op) mice associated with cranial flat bone growth.

It is well known that cranial flat bone experiences growth and development at the sutural interface, which is regarded as a neutral zone to control mechanical stimuli. In osteopetrotic (op/op) mice, meanwhile, cranial deformation is produced by the deficiency of osteoclasts and the subsequent defect of bone resorption. It would be a reasonable assumption that such disturbance in bone remodeling affects sutural modification and the relevant cranial flat bone development. The present study was thus conducted to examine histological features of the sagittal sutures in op/op mice, with special reference to the relevant bone remodeling. The sagittal sutures in 10-, 15-, 30-, and 60-day-old normal and op/op mice were observed microscopically. Furthermore, osteoclastic activity was evaluated on the sections stained with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). The sutures of 15-day-old op/op mice showed stenosis and synostosis, and less-developed collagen fibers associated with an irregular arrangement of fibroblasts, whereas these changes were rarely found in normal mice. Osteoclasts were hardly detected in the parietal bones around the sutures of op/op mice, although the number was numerous in normal mice. These results emphasize that congenital deficiency in osteoclast produces unbalanced bone remodeling at the sutural interface and on the surfaces of the cranial bones, which is assumed to be closely related to cranial bone deformity in op/op mice.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Cross-linking within the thick filaments of muscle and its effect on contractile force.

We have examined the effect of cross-linking on cross-bridge movement and isometric force in glycerinated psoas fibers. Two different methods, high-porosity gel electrophoresis and a fractionation technique, were used to follow the cross-linking of myosin heads (subfragment 1) and rod segments to the thick filament backbone. Contrary to earlier reports [Sutoh, K., & Harrington, W. F. (1977) Biochemistry 16, 2441-2449; Sutoh, K., Chiao, Y. C., & Harrington, W. F. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 1234-1239; Chiao, Y. C., & Harrington, W. F. (1979) Biochemistry 18, 959-963], we find that the heads of the myosin molecules are not cross-linked to the thick filament surface by dimethyl suberimidate. The time dependence of cross-linking rod segments within the core was monitored by a disulfide oxidation procedure to distinguish between intermolecular and intramolecular cross-linking. Comparison of the extent of the cross-linking reaction within myofibrils and the isometric force developed within fibers at various stages of cross-linking shows that isometric force is abolished in parallel with the formation of high molecular weight (cross-linked) rod species (greater than or equal to Mr 1000K). The myofibrillar ATPase remains virtually unaffected by the cross-linking reaction.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗

PubMed1999

De novo induction of island capsule flap by using two silastic sheets: Part 1. Generation.

A new experimental model for de novo generation of an axial pattern island flap has been designed in a rat model. The purpose of this study was to make a sufficient vascular carrier, as an island capsule flap, with only vascular pedicles and addition of collagen fibers induced by foreign-body reaction. The femoral arteriovenous bundle was isolated and sandwiched between two 2.5 x 1.5 cm Silastic sheets. Eight weeks later, as a delay procedure, femoral vessels were ligated at the distal end of the Silastic sheets and the four margins of the sheets were divided except for the vascular pedicle. This capsule flap was raised as a secondary island flap connected only by its vascular pedicle, then it was sutured back in place. Ten days after the delay procedure, the upper Silastic sheet was removed and a full-thickness skin graft was performed on the capsular island flap. Animals were killed at 80 days. A total of 40 axial pattern capsulocutaneous flaps from 20 Sprague-Dawley rats were successfully achieved. Pathologic study revealed neovascularization, and abundantly impregnated vascular structures near the pedicle were observed with randomly developed collagen fibers. The skin graft took 100 percent on this newly formed capsular flap; therefore, the capsule structure was able to survive on its own and support skin grafts. This experiment, by using an isolated femoral artery and vein as the main pedicle, led to the formation of a capsule flap through a normal foreign body reaction between two Silastic sheet implants. This new flap can be used as a reliable vascular carrier for various needs with minimal donor morbidity.

Animals↗