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PubMed2002

Image analysis and morphometry in the diagnosis of breast cancer.

Image Analysis, a complicated field still in the early stages of application to Pathology, has the capability of rendering major contributions to the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of malignancies of the breast. The present review summarizes the main problems and the general approach to the use of this technique for quantitating immunohistochemical stain results, obtaining DNA histograms, and making de novo diagnoses in routine materials of the Pathology service. In the case of diagnosis, the main steps are sampling, segmentation, and measures of chromatin texture. Currently, the limiting factor for all routine applications of image analysis is probably the absence of a reliable automatic nuclear segmentation.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2004

Computerized morphometry of the cirrhotic liver: comparative analysis in primary biliary cirrhosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, and posthepatitic cirrhosis.

Fibrosis and nodular regeneration are the hallmarks of liver cirrhosis. To assess the degree of fibrosis and the severity of the structural changes affecting parenchymal and extraparenchymal components in liver cirrhosis, a computerized morphometric model has been applied to liver specimens from patients undergoing liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis, posthepatitic and alcoholic cirrhosis. Fifty-eight hepatectomy specimens from patients undergoing liver transplantation for cirrhosis were analyzed: 17 alcoholic, 28 posthepatitic (HBV-related and HCV-related cirrhosis), and 13 primary biliary cirrhoses. Liver specimens were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Sections were stained with chromotrope-aniline blue method and monoclonal antibodies against cytokeratin 7 and CD31. Volume fractions of parenchymal compartment and fibrosis were stereologically determined on the specimens stained with chromotrope-aniline blue method. Volume fractions of portal bile ducts, proliferated bile ductules, and hepatocytes with biliary metaplasia were measured on cytokeratin 7 stains, while volume fractions of capillary units have been evaluated on CD31 staining. Volume fraction of fibrosis was higher in primary biliary cirrhosis than in the other disease-induced cirrhosis. The main differences were related to immunohistochemical staining. Volume fraction of hepatocytes with biliary metaplasia was higher in HCV-related cirrhosis, whereas volume fractions of biliary structures were more prominent in HBV-related cirrhosis. Primary biliary cirrhosis was characterized by a reduced number of bile ducts and by a wider expression of cytokeratin 7 into periportal hepatocytes. Capillary units were more prominent in primary biliary cirrhosis than alcoholic and posthepatitic cirrhosis. Our computerized morphometric model well describes and quantifies the morphological alterations of the liver and it could represent an adjunctive tool to evaluate the degree of dysplastic phenomena involving parenchymal and extraparenchymal compartments.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Maturation and aging of adult fat body and oenocytes in Drosophila as revealed by light microscopic morphometry.

A morphological and cytometric analysis of the adult fat body cells and oenocytes was made on sections of abdomens from immature, mature and senescent Drosophila melanogaster of both sexes. There are about 18,000 fat body cells in abdomens of female and mature male flies. Immature and senescent males have about 12,000 and 15,000 cells, respectively. The size of the cells is almost the same for immature flies of both sexes and increases about six-fold to approximately 2600 micron2, so that mature flies of both sexes have equivalent amounts of fat body tissue. The proportions of lipid, glycogen, and background cytoplasm of fat body cells also remain relatively constant throughout adult life, but dense, proteinaceous granules are observed in cells of senescent flies. The amounts of cellular components change dramatically due to change of cell size with age; the amount of lipid shows the greatest sexual difference with about 2x more in the females at all stages studied. The oenocytes number about 6,000 in the abdomens of all but immature male flies, which have approximately 4,000. Although the cells of both sexes triple in size to about 700 micron 2, the oenocytes of males reach maximum size earlier than those of females. The major features of oenocytes appear to be dense background cytoplasm, putative lipid droplets found only in mature flies, and pigmented granules first seen in the cells of mature flies which accumulate with age to 33% of the cytoplasm. The number of cells and their anticipated capacity for protein synthesis is discussed in relation to the production of yolk protein precursors.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1990

Morphology and morphometry of motor endings on macaque intrafusal fibers.

The ultrastructural studies have shown three types of motor endings in the macaque intrafusal fibers: 1) unindented axon terminals with smooth or shallowly folded postsynaptic membrane; 2) indented terminals with few postsynaptic folds; and 3) indented terminals with heavily folded postsynaptic membrane. The terminals on bag 1 and chain fibers were generally more indented than those on the bag 2 fibers. Deeply indented terminals with highly folded postsynaptic membranes were noticed on the bag 1 and chain endings in spindles from lumbrical but not the biceps muscle. In the individual intrafusal fibers from the biceps and lumbrical spindles, the degree of indentation did not correlate with the extent of postsynaptic folding (P greater than .01). Endings on bag 1 and chain fibers in the lumbrical spindles showed a positive correlation between indentation of terminals and their distance from the primary sensory endings (P less than .01), whereas the lumbrical bag 2 endings and the biceps intrafusal endings did not (P greater than .01). The shape of the intrafusal motor endings thus is independent of their location but dependent on the type of intrafusal fibers.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Morphometry of Macaca mulatta forelimb. II. Fiber-type composition in shoulder and elbow muscles.

The present study examined the fiber-type proportions of 22 muscles spanning the shoulder and/or elbow joints of three Macaca mulatta. Fibers were classified as one of three types: fast-glycolytic (FG), fast-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG), or slow-oxidative (SO). In most muscles, the FG fibers predominated, but proportions ranged from 25-67% in different muscles. SO fibers were less abundant except in a few deep, small muscles where they comprised as much as 56% of the fibers. Cross-sectional area (CSA) of the three fiber types was measured in six different muscles. FG fibers tended to be the largest, whereas SO fibers were the smallest. While fiber-type size was not always consistent between muscles, the relative size of FG fibers was generally larger than FOG and SO fibers within the same muscle. When fiber CSA was taken into consideration, FG fibers were found to comprise over 50% of the muscle's CSA in almost all muscles.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Ultrastructural morphometry of anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments: an experimental study in rabbits.

This study presents morphometric analyses of collagen subfascicle area fraction and collagen fibril diameter distributions for the anterior cruciate (ACL) and medial collateral (MCL) knee ligaments from transmission electron micrographs of ligament cross sections of five mature, female New Zealand White rabbits. Statistically significant differences in subfascicular area fractions were found between the ACL and MCL (0.89 +/- 0.02, 0.97 +/- 0.01, respectively; p less than 0.001). Mean fibril diameters for the ACL and MCL were also significantly different (0.059 +/- 0.005, 0.085 +/- 0.011 microns, respectively; p less than 0.025). Fibril eccentricity (a measure of parallel alignment of collagen fibrils within the ligaments, defined as the ratio of minor to major axes of elliptical fibril outlines) was 0.89 +/- 0.03 and 0.85 +/- 0.08, respectively, for the ACL and MCL; these data were not significantly different (p greater than 0.1). The relative amount of variation in the pooled fibril diameter data due to variation between animals, ligaments, locations within ligaments, and among fibrils at individual locations are reported. The variation of fibril diameter distributions between the ACL and MCL was substantially greater than the variation between different locations within each ligament cross section as well as between different animals. The structural differences reported may help explain known differences in the biomechanical properties of the ACL and MCL.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Laryngeal morphometry with a new laser 'clip on' device.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Qualitative laryngoscopic investigations belong to diagnostic routine in laryngology. Nevertheless, quantitative morphometric measurements of intralaryngeal structures have been difficult by now. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIAL AND METHODS: The development of a two-point-light projection method for endolaryngeal measurements that works with a double reflecting mirror and green laser light is shown. RESULTS: The laser beams that have a distance of exactly 2 mm are very well visible at the surface of laryngeal structures. The technique can be used during a routine videoendoscopic examination. CONCLUSION: In our opinion this method enables accurate quantitative morphological measurement within the larynx that could be used even in clinical routine. The two-point light projection technique helps to reduce former limitations of endoscopic investigations.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2004

Distribution and morphometry of skeletal muscle fibers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic hypoxemia.

This study was designed to assess the size and distribution of muscle fiber types in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and stable chronic hypoxemia. Brachial biceps biopsies were performed in 8 patients and 12 controls. Histochemistry was used to count and determine the cross-sectional area of the various fiber-types (1, 2a, and 2b). A significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the proportion of type 2a fibers and an increase in the proportion and cross-sectional area of type 2b fibers were seen in hypoxemic patients. These findings suggest an adaptation of the muscle fibers to a low partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Morphometry of intramuscular nerves in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Morphometric analysis of 90 intramuscular nerves from the biopsied biceps muscles of 16 cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) were done and compared with controls. In all fascicles (large and small) of ALS, the total number and the numbers of large and small myelinated fibers were significantly reduced to 52, 16, and 64% of controls, respectively. A histogram of the largest fascicles revealed a unimodal distribution and a shift to the left, showing a single peak at 1 micron diameter. The results indicate proximal and distal involvement of the most remote portions of the nerves to the muscle in ALS and support previous suggestions of a neuronopathy.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion on renal morphology in experimental diabetes. I. Blood glucose levels, body size, kidney weight and glomerulotubular morphometry.

Observations have been made over a period of 16 weeks on three groups of rats: controls, untreated streptozotocin-diabetics and diabetics treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Good control of circadian and diurnal blood glucose levels was achieved in the insulin-treated diabetics. Body weights and tibial lengths were reduced in untreated diabetics and improved, but not normalized, by insulin therapy. Kidney weights were similar in all groups. Glomerular size and number, tubule volume, glomerular basement membrane volume and surface area were essentially the same in all groups. However, the untreated diabetics possessed tubules of larger diameter and shorter length than those in controls. Both variables were preserved at normal values by insulin infusion therapy. These results illustrate the value of early blood glucose control for preventing at least some of the structural alterations associated with experimental diabetic nephropathy.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Gastric intestinal metaplasia type III cases are classified as low-grade dysplasia on the basis of morphometry.

The aim of this study was to try to place gastric intestinal metaplasia, type III (type III IM) in the stepwise chain of events from atrophic gastritis to cancer. A number of dysplastic, periulcer regenerative, and type III IM lesions were qualitatively diagnosed (and graded) blindly and independently by several pathologists. These lesions were further analysed by means of quantitative parameters, with the aim of differentiating dysplastic from regenerative changes. Inconsistencies between the qualitative and quantitative classification (about 7 per cent of cases) were eliminated and homogeneous groups (low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, regenerative changes) were obtained. These cases were taken as the gold standard against which type III IM was compared. The results indicate that the great majority (91.4 per cent) of cases of type III IM fulfil the nuclear and architectural criteria for low-grade dysplasia.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Experimental adriamycin nephropathy. Fine structure, morphometry, glomerular polyanion, and cell membrane antigens.

Two doses of adriamycin (2 mg/kg i.v.) were administered to young adult rats with a 22-day interval and the kidneys were examined 51, 79, and 107 days after the first injection. Light microscopy showed early prominent intraglomerular microcystic spaces and progressive, though not severe, segmental glomerulosclerosis with focal interstitial scarring and round-cell infiltration. The main features of the ultrastructure were widespread fusion of foot processes, focal cytoplasmic rarefaction of podocytes, and non-specific sclerosis of the mesangium without signs of severe degenerative changes or mesangiolysis. The segmental microcystic structures corresponded to agglomerated intrapodocytic vacuoles. The scatter of glomerular polyanion sites visualized by polyethylenimine-phosphotungstic acid resembled that of control animals but the quantitative assessment revealed a significant reduction. CD4-positive cells were the predominant element of the interstitial infiltrates. Most of the infiltrating cells expressed Ia antigens, whereas Ia-positive intraglomerular resident mononuclear cells were depleted. The adriamycin lesion resembles the post-five-sixths nephrectomy ablation nephropathy in the subpopulations of the interstitial infiltrate but differs from it in the reduction of intraglomerular resident macrophages, the absence of destructive mesangial damage, and reduced segmental glomerulosclerosis. The main feature is the prolonged damage of podocytes, especially of their cytoskeletal system.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Growth, morphology, and morphometry of human hypertrophic prostate cells treated with suramin in vitro.

This work studies the effects of suramin on the growth and morphology of cell strain U285, obtained from human prostate hypertrophic tissue and cultured in vitro. The FRAME cytotoxicity test was performed to evaluate the inhibition of growth induced by suramin. Cells were exposed to suramin at the time of seeding and 24 hours later; neutral red was added with and without suramin. An optical microscope connected to a computer-aided system and a scanning electron microscope were used to study morphological changes induced by suramin. Growth inhibition depends on drug concentration and exposure period. Moreover, the effect of suramin on neutral red uptake is reversible. Suramin 1,000 microM causes the cells to become spheroid, and they fail to form a monolayer. Our data indicate that the addition of suramin during the lag phase decreases the rate of cell proliferation.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1995

Nuclear morphometry is of independent prognostic value only in T1 prostatic adenocarcinomas.

A series of 325 patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma followed-up for over 13 years was subjected to histomorphometric analysis for the following prognostic factors: the Gleason score and 10 nuclear morphometric factors (mean nuclear area, nuclear perimeter, shortest and longest nuclear axis, form factor and their SDs), using the IBAS 1&2 image analyzer. Nuclear factors, Gleason score (P = 0.0013-0.0148), and T-category (P = 0.004-0.0107) were significantly interrelated, while the M-category was independent of the morphometric parameters. Nuclear factors (P = 0.0003-0.5), Gleason score (P < 0.0001), T-category (P < 0.0001) and M-category (P < 0.0001) predicted the disease outcome. In T1-2M0 tumors, the T-category (P = 0.0001), Gleason score (P < 0.0001), SD of nuclear area (P = 0.057), SD of nuclear perimetry (P = 0.039), mean shortest nuclear axis (P = 0.030), SD of the shortest nuclear axis (P = 0.0045), SD of the longest nuclear axis (P = 0.009), and nuclear form factor (P = 0.0123) were significant prognostic factors. In the multivariate survival analysis, the nuclear area had independent prognostic significance only in T1 tumors, whereas in other subcategories, the clinical stage, Gleason score, and patient age included all the available prognostic information. The results indicate that nuclear morphometric measurements are of borderline significance only in evaluating the intrinsic malignancy of prostatic adenocarcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2006

Posterior fossa and vermian morphometry in the characterization of fetal cerebellar abnormalities: a prospective three-dimensional ultrasound study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether, by applying a predefined set of morphometric measurements to the posterior fossa and the cerebellar vermis, it is possible to detect and quantify the following parameters, which represent key features of abnormalities of the vermis and posterior fossa: 1) upward rotation of the vermis; 2) upward displacement of the tentorium; 3) underdevelopment of the vermis. Also to assess, in a small subset of cases, the correlation between ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the measurement of these three parameters. METHODS: This was a prospective observational trial. The study population included 51 normal fetuses and 20 abnormal fetuses with Dandy-Walker malformation (n = 5), Dandy-Walker variant (n = 8) or megacisterna magna (n = 7). Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound volumes of the fetal head were acquired from the posterior fontanelle or the posterior part of the sagittal suture and processed offline with dedicated software. The following parameters were analyzed: tentorovermian angle; tentoroclivus angle; clivovermian angle; vermian diameter/biparietal diameter x 100 ratio (VD/BPD ratio). In seven cases, MRI performed on the same day as sonography was available for comparison. Non-parametric statistics were used to assess differences in means and correlations. RESULTS: The tentoroclivus angle was increased only in fetuses with Dandy-Walker malformation (P < 0.001). Upward rotation of the vermis was demonstrated both by the tentorovermian and the clivovermian angles in fetuses with Dandy-Walker variant (P < 0.001), while in those with Dandy-Walker malformation the difference was not statistically significant, probably due to the small number of cases. Finally, the VD/BPD ratio demonstrated that the degree of vermian hypoplasia was higher in Dandy-Walker malformation compared with Dandy-Walker variant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Using 3D ultrasound, we have demonstrated in the fetus the key elements characterizing most anomalies of the posterior fossa, namely the upward displacement of the tentorium, the counterclockwise rotation and the significant hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis. In addition, our observations in a small number of cases indicate that there is a good correlation between MRI- and 3D ultrasound-derived morphometric measurements of the vermis.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1995

Circadian rhythms of thyroid secretion, morphometry, and cell division in prometamorphic and climax Rana tadpoles.

Rhythmicity of thyroid follicle structure, cell division, and T4 secretion in vitro was studied in anuran tadpoles on a 12L:12D cycle with light onset at 0800 hr. Stage XIII Rana pipiens larvae had a significant circadian rhythm of follicle lumen diameter (acrophase 1052 hr). Follicle cell height was higher at 0900 hr than at other times but the rhythm was not significant. At Stage XX, both follicle cell height (acrophase 2318 hr) and cell division (acrophase 1929 hr) were rhythmic while lumen diameter, though highest at 0900 hr, showed no significant daily changes. Thyroids from Rana catesbeiana larvae at Stages XVII to XVIII had a significant circadian rhythm of T4 secretion (acrophase 2034 hr) in vitro as measured by radioimmunoassay of media collected every 6 hr for 24 hr. The findings indicate that the daily sequence of thyroid structure and function in preclimax Rana tadpoles includes larger follicle lumina early in the light and maximum cell division, T4 secretion, and follicle cell height within a 4-hr interval beginning around the onset of dark.

Animals↗