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PubMed2006

Examining subtypes of behavior problems among 3-year-old children, Part I: investigating validity of subtypes and biological risk-factors.

This study examined 3-year-old children who were classified as hyperactive (HYP), oppositional-defiant (OD), hyperactive and oppositional defiant (HYP/OD), and non-problem based on mothers' reports of behavior. Using fathers,' teachers,' and observers' ratings of children's behavior, concurrent validity was excellent for the HYP/OD group, moderate for the HYP group, and poor for the OD group. As predicted, both the HYP/OD and HYP groups reported more prenatal/perinatal birth complications and a greater family history of hyperactivity than did non-problem children. Furthermore, the HYP/OD group showed a greater family history of conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms than did non-problem children; however, the HYP group also showed a greater family history of ODD than did non-problem children. Results suggest that as early as age 3, these behavior subtypes appear to be linked to biologically-based risk-factors in ways that are consistent with theories of the development of ADHD.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2007

Examining subtypes of behavior problems among 3-year-old children, Part II: investigating differences in parent psychopathology, couple conflict, and other family stressors.

This study examined family stressors among 3-year-old children who were classified as hyperactive (HYP), hyperactive and oppositional defiant (HYP/OD), and non-problem based on mothers' reports of behavior. Children with HYP/OD were found to experience higher levels of family stressors than non-problem children on almost every family stressor variable. Compared to children with HYP, families of children with HYP/OD also tended to report more Axis II maternal psychopathology, Axis I paternal psychopathology, and high intensity couple conflict tactics. However, the HYP and HYP/OD group did not significantly differ on maternal Axis I psychopathology, paternal Axis II psychopathology, parental marital status, negative life events, frequency of couple conflict, or use of lower intensity couple conflict tactics. Parents of children with HYP and HYP/OD reported more negative life events, more maternal adult ADHD symptoms, and more maternal avoidance and verbal aggression during marital conflict than parents of non-problem children. Implications for treatment and etiology are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Sensation seeking in psychiatrically disturbed youth: relationship to biochemical parameters and behavior problems.

OBJECTIVE: Relatively little research has been conducted on the relationship of personality traits or behavioral tendencies with biological parameters in youth. This study was intended to determine whether relationships exist between self-reported sensation-seeking tendencies and biochemical parameters in boys. METHOD: Twenty-five male youth aged 8 to 15 years admitted to a residential diagnostic center because of noncompliant, disruptive, and/or antisocial behavior were studied. Biochemical parameters associated with sensation seeking in adults or antisocial behavior were measured along with diagnoses, behavior ratings, and self-reported sensation seeking. RESULTS: High sensation seeking, as assessed on a newly developed sensation-seeking scale for children, was inversely correlated with 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) levels in the older youth (> or = 12.0 years) but not in the younger boys (< 12.0 years) in the group. Elevations on the sensation seeking scale also correlated marginally in these older youth with parent-reported problems on a behavior rating scale, reflecting "delinquent" behavioral tendencies. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support hypothesized noradrenergic dysregulation in some sensation-seeking persons (including youth > or = 12.0 years) and the relationship between high sensation-seeking tendencies and antisocial or disruptive behavioral disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[Problem behavior in dogs].

202 Owners of dogs showing problem behaviour were interviewed during the period from January 1, 1981 to May 31, 1981. The major problem was found to consist in aggressiveness in these dogs, particularly aggressiveness to human individuals (Table 3). An analysis was made to examine whether problem behaviour was specific to breed group or sex. There were not any good grounds for this assumption. Analysis of the ratio between flight and aggressive behaviour (Figure 3) revealed that the male dogs of mastiffs, sheepdogs and bastards showed more aggressiveness than did the bitches of these breeds. The findings in these studies showed that problem behaviour was due to the fact that the dog occupied the wrong place in the hierarchy of the family. This in turn was due to ignorance of the owner. Treatment in the form of basic training in obedience accompanied by enlightenment of the owners on canine behaviour was found to be successful in well over 80 per cent of the cases.

Aggression↗
PubMed2003

Sibling-based association analyses of the serotonin transporter polymorphism and internalizing behavior problems in children.

BACKGROUND: Childhood internalizing problems are often precursors in the development of more serious psychiatric syndromes including anxiety and depressive disorders. Twin studies of the etiology of these disorders suggest that the genetic risk factors underlying anxiety and depression are highly correlated. However, the specific genetic mechanisms responsible for this risk have not yet been identified. METHODS: We examined the association between childhood internalizing problems and a functional polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) in 711 children participating in a longitudinal twin study of behavioral and emotional development. Internalizing problems were measured at ages 4, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 12 years using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) parent report form. We applied a sibling-based methodology for estimating allelic association with quantitative traits, while controlling for population stratification. RESULTS: No associations were found for CBCL Internalizing problems at any age, including the subscales for Somatic Complaints, Withdrawn and Anxiety/Depression. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, although our results did not support the hypothesis that the 5-HTTLPR contributes to a dimensional expression of internalizing behavior problems, this does not rule out the possibility that it is an interesting polymorphism to pursue in the search for genetic risk factors related to major depressive and/or anxiety disorders.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed2007

Examining subtypes of behavior problems among 3-year-old children, Part III: investigating differences in parenting practices and parenting stress.

This study examined parenting of mothers and fathers of 3-year-old children who were classified as hyperactive (HYP), hyperactive and oppositional defiant (HYP/OD), and non-problem based on mothers' reports of behavior. Parents of children with HYP/OD were less warm, showed more negative affect, and more laxness than parents of non-problem children; however, contrary to prediction, they did not differ significantly from parents of children in the HYP group. Compared to mothers of non-problem children, mothers of children in the HYP/OD group reported significantly more parenting stress across all domains, whereas mothers of children in the HYP group only reported elevated levels of stress associated with having a difficult child. Theoretical and treatment implications are discussed.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1997

Addressing behavior problems among school-aged children: traditional and controversial approaches.

Managing children's behaviors is primarily the responsibility of parents, but pediatricians can help parents be more effective managers, especially when the child involved is presenting a particular challenge. Such help can range from providing reading material and brief counseling to referring the family to mental health clinicians. First, the pediatrician must be able to identify and judge the severity of the problems to refer appropriately. Behavioral interventions, commonly based on the principles of behavior modification with an emphasis on improving the positive and reinforcing aspects of parent-child relationships, can be effective. In addition, pediatricians need to be aware of unconventional therapies in the categories of dietary and exercise interventions. They need to know what motivates parents to seek such therapies, how to judge the efficacy of these approaches, and how to help parents become better-informed consumers.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1999

Clinical behavioral problems in day- and night-wetting children.

In this prospective, clinical study of 167 consecutive wetting children, the associations between specific forms of day and night wetting and clinical behavioral symptoms according to a parental questionnaire (Child Behavior Checklist; CBCL), as well as ICD-10 child psychiatric diagnoses are analyzed. For the entire group, the proportion of children with at least one ICD-10 diagnosis was 40.1% and for the CBCL total problems scale 28.2% - three times higher than in the general population. Expansive disorders (21%) were twice as common as emotional disorders (12%). A significantly higher (P<0. 05) proportion of day-wetting children had at least one diagnosis (52.6%) and emotional disorders (19.5%) compared with nocturnal enuretics (33.6% and 8.2%, respectively). Secondary nocturnal enuretics had significantly higher CBCL total problem scores (39.3% vs. 20.0%, P<0.05) as well as psychiatric ICD-10 diagnoses (75% vs. 19.5%, P<0.001) than primary enuretics. Children with primary monosymptomatic enuresis had the lowest rate of CBCL total behavioral symptoms (14.5%) and diagnoses (10%). Of the day-wetting children, those with voiding postponement had more expansive disorders (39.3% vs. 13.6%, P<0.05) and externalizing symptoms (37% vs. 19.%, NS) than those with urge incontinence. In summary, a third of wetting children showed clinically relevant behavioral problems with specific psychiatric comorbidity for the subtypes. A more-detailed differentiation into syndromes rather than into day/night and primary/secondary forms is needed.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Relations of age to cognitive and motivational elements of impulse control in boys with and without externalizing behavior problems.

In a cross-sectional study of 83 unmedicated boys, 6 to 16 years of age (M = 10.6, SD = 2.1), attending public (N = 48) and therapeutic schools for behaviorally disturbed children (N = 35), we examined relations of externalizing psychopathology to age-dependent change in performance on cognitive and motivational dimensions of impulse control assessed by laboratory tasks. When we controlled for internalizing symptoms and IQ or school achievement, all children showed improving competence with increasing age on both dimensions over the age range of the sample. Children with externalizing problems performed more poorly on both dimensions at all ages than children without such problems. Comparing age-dependent competence for the two groups, a model of convergent maturation in cognitive aspects of impulse control, and a model depicting a stable deficit in motivational aspects of impulse control in those children with externalizing behavior problems, relative to those without such problems, emerged. Studies of individual growth in impulse control, together with correlates of growth, are needed to validate these observations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Severity of emotional and behavioral problems among poor and typical readers.

The purpose of this study was to examine the severity of behavioral and emotional problems among adolescents with poor and typical single word reading ability (N = 188) recruited from public schools and followed for a median of 2.4 years. Youth and parents were repeatedly assessed to obtain information regarding the severity and course of symptoms (depression, anxiety, somatic complaints. aggression, delinquent behaviors, inattention), controlling for demographic variables and diagnosis or ADHD. After adjustment for demographic variables and ADHD, poor readers reported higher levels of depression, trait anxiety, and somatic complaints than typical readers, but there were no difference, in reported self-reported delinquent or aggressive behaviors. Parent reports indicated no difference, in depression, anxiety or aggression between the two groups but indicated more inattention, somatic complaints, and delinquent behaviors for the poor readers. School and health professionals should carefully assess youth with poor reading for behavioral and emotional symptoms and provide services when indicated.

Adolescent↗