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PubMedDate not supplied

[Use of partially hydrolyzed and untreated straw meal in the feeding of breeding sows. 3. Nutrient digestibility, feed passage time and mineral balance with the addition of variously treated straw materials compared to concentrate feeding alone].

In studies with 16 breeding sows of the country species the feed value of straw materials and their fitness for use were ascertained in a long-term experiment. On the feeding basis of a concentrate ration (IV) untreated (I), HCl treated (II = HCl treatment without steaming) and partly hydrolysed straw meal (III = HCl treatment with subsequent steaming) were tested. In the course of the experiment and at a nutrient level of 1 (maintenance requirement), the digestibility of the organic matter of the ration and that of some major and trace elements, N and mineral balances as well as feed passage rate and water excretion in faeces were ascertained at selected measuring times. The following mean results were achieved: The integration of all straw materials tested lead to a significant reduction of the digestibility of the organic matter of the total ration, the least negative effect was caused by partly hydrolysed straw meal (III). The fractions crude protein, crude fibre and N-free extracts were mainly affected. Straw meal integration had a gravidity-conditioned influence on the daily N balance. Increased N excretion in faeces could only be compensated by non-pregnant animals by a decreased N excretion in urine. The mineral balance (Ca, P, Na, Cu and Mn) remained largely uninfluenced by the straw supplement. The feed passage rate was reduced by the use of all straw meal variants to ca. 50% of the value measured after the sole feeding of concentrate (IV). Feed passage rate and water excretion in faeces were approximately reciprocal. The digestibility of the organic matter of the straw materials ascertained according to the difference method amounted to 7.4 (I), 18.1 (II) and 27.9% (III); that of the N-free extracts in the same sequence to 10.0, 22.0 and 34.9%. The calculated energetic feed value was for I = 70.7, for II = 154.9 and for III = 240.7 EFUpig/kg DM.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Isoelectric focusing characteristics of the serum albumin of heterosis hybrid chicken].

Using isoelectrical focusing, studies have been made on native and heat denatured plasma albumin in two breeds of hens and in their hybrid. Analysis of isoelectrical spectra indicates that hybrid albumin is more heterogeneous and exhibits a shift of pJ value for the main component to more acid pH values as compared with the protein of the paternal breed; with respect to these properties, hybrid protein is more close to maternal one. Albumin of the hybrids exhibits higher stability to heat denaturation, being similar in this respect also to the maternal protein.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Relationship of natural incidence and radiosensitivity for bone cancer in dogs.

A comparison of the risk coefficients for 239Pu- or 226Ra-induced bone cancer in two canine breeds, one with a relatively low (beagle) and the other with a very high (St. Bernard) natural incidence, indicated only slightly higher risk in the giant breed. The differences in risk for skeletal malignancy in 239Pu and 226Ra dogs were nonsignificant (p > 0.05). Likewise, the values of the 239Pu:226Ra "toxicity ratios" for these respective breeds, using bone cancer as the endpoint, were not significantly different at the 0.05 level. The anatomical distribution of the radiation-induced bone tumors tended to be a function of both the bone mass and the skeletal distribution of the radionuclide, not the site of predilection for naturally occurring bone neoplasia. Although the etiology of the higher natural incidence of bone cancer in the St. Bernard was not determined, several possible factors, including a higher osteoblastic activity level in the St. Bernards, are presented. These data suggest that making extrapolations of radiation-induced bone cancer risk from animals to humans is valid.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The relationship of milk urea nitrogen to urine nitrogen excretion in Holstein and Jersey cows.

The objectives of this study were to assess the relationship between urinary nitrogen excretion (UN, g/d) and milk urea nitrogen concentration (MUN, mg/dl) and whether the types of carbohydrates fed interacts with the dietary CP and the breed (size) of cows to affect this relationship. Eight multiparous cows (four Holstein and four Jersey) were fed four different diets in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of levels of crude protein (13 and 17%) and levels of neutral detergent fiber (30 and 40%). The experimental design was a split plot Latin square with breeds forming the main plots and diets forming the subplots. Experimental periods were 3 wk in length, with d 1 to 14 used for adjustment and d 15 to 19 used for a total collection of urine and feces. Crude protein concentrations had a significant effect on milk, milk fat and protein production, plasma urea N, MUN, and on N balance measurements (N intake, fecal and urinary N excretion, milk N production, N retention, apparent N digestibility, and N efficiency). Neutral detergent fiber levels had no effect on any production parameters or N balance measurements. The relationship between urinary N and MUN was linear over the range of MUN values observed and different for the two breeds. The breed effect on the UN-MUN relationship was no longer significant (P = 0.63) when body weight (BW) was included in the model. The optimal allometric coefficient for BW was 0.96 and was not different from 1.0. Therefore, the following equation is proposed to predict UN excretion based on MUN and BW: UN (g/d) = 0.0259 (+/- 0.0006) BW (kg) x MUN (mg/dl).

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Metabolic indicators in large-scale breeding of goats during various seasons].

Thirty-five biochemical parameters were investigated in 144 clinically healthy goats throughout the seasons of the year from March 1984 to April 1986. The average values and standard deviations of the investigated parameters of metabolic profile which are presented in this paper were obtained from examinations performed throughout the whole period of investigation. The average values of biochemical parameters are presented in Tabs. I and II. Our study of the values of the given parameters in the large-scale breeding of goats throughout the seasons of the year did not show a clear seasonal dependence of any of the investigated parameters with the exception of vitamin A and beta-carotene contents. The average values and standard deviations of vitamin A and beta-carotene contents recorded throughout the year seasons are shown in Tab. III. Based on the average, and also individual values, it can be seen that the lowest levels of vitamin A were recorded at the beginning of the spring season (before the goats began to graze). In the winter seasons of 1984 and 1985 there were only traces of beta-carotene in the blood serum. A relatively great variance of the values mentioned by different authors demonstrates their great variability, which is influenced particularly by different environmental conditions, various methods of investigation, different nutrition and exploitation of the animals.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2026

Towards a Standard Threshold for Genome Wide Significance in Dogs.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are a foundational step in tying phenotype to genotype, relying on statistical significance thresholds to distinguish true- from false-positive signals of association. Dog genomics has long relied on per-study Bonferroni thresholds of significance, basing these on SNP chip levels of markers (~100 k to > 14 M variable sites). However, as the field progresses into whole genome imputation analyses and more powerful meta-analyses, there is a clear need to develop a standard significance threshold for common-variant GWAS. Using 1591 dogs from the broad-ancestry Dog10K dataset, we performed permutation analysis and developed GWAS thresholds for datasets using either 1% or 5% minor allele frequencies. The resultant p-values, 4.2 × 10-7 and 5.0 × 10-7 respectively, are similar to previous Bonferroni levels (p-value ~6 × 10-7), but less restrictive than the standard human p-value, 5 × 10-8, which is sometimes used in dog studies. Given the diverse haplotypes from the > 320 breeds in the Dog10K input dataset, we suggest a p-value of 4 × 10-7 as a standard significance threshold that could be applied to any dog GWAS.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Sister chromatid exchange in chromosomes of cattle from three different breeds reared under similar conditions.

A homogeneous group (same sex, age and environmental conditions) of 35 Italian cattle of the Podolian, Friesian, and Romagna breeds was investigated concerning the spontaneous incidence of sister chromatid exchange (SCE). The mean values of SCEs/cell were 7.9 +/- 3.4, 7.1 +/- 3.3, and 7.3 +/- 3.2 in the Podolian, the Friesian, and the Romagna breeds, respectively, with significant differences between the Podolian and the Friesian breeds. Simultaneous disclosure of SCEs and fluorescent G-bands in the lighter chromatid made possible the identification of chromosome 1, in addition to the biarmed X and Y chromosomes. The inter-chromosomal SCE-distribution revealed a nonrandom pattern due to significantly increased values of SCEs in chromosomes 1 and X, particularly in the Romagna breed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

A standardized gating technique for the generation of flow cytometry data for normal canine and normal feline blood lymphocytes.

Flow cytometry is becoming a commonly used technique to characterize a variety of cells. It provides a powerful application to rapidly determine the relative percentages of T-lymphocyte subsets and B-lymphocytes. The effectiveness of its application, however, is dependent on standardization, especially in a clinical setting. Application of flow cytometry to veterinary diagnostics has been limited by the unavailability of reagents and by the unstandardized characterization of normal values using antibodies not commercially available, but typically provided through the generosity of other researchers. This paper presents a standardized gating protocol, and average values and ranges observed for normal canine and feline blood lymphocytes using commercially available antibodies to cell surface markers for CD5, CD3, CD4, CD8, MHC II, and B lymphocytes. The averages for these markers on gated lymphocytes were as follows: Canine CD5 83.3%, Canine CD4 45.0%, Canine CD8 28.8%, Canine MHC II 98.0%, Canine B Cell 12.9%, Canine CD4/CD8 ratio 1.87, Feline T lymphocytes 77.3%, Feline CD4 44.5%, Feline CD8 25.7%, Feline B Cell 24.1%, Feline CD4/CD8 Ratio 1.75. Normal values were also established for a mixed breed group of dogs, and old versus young dogs. This information will provide researchers and clinicians with a standardized protocol for gating, which establishes a basis for comparison between techniques, and a measure of phenotypic percentages for flow cytometry in normal dogs and cats based on this standardization and commercially available antibodies.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Heat balance characteristics of limit-fed growing pigs of several breeds kept in groups at and below thermal neutrality.

The lower critical temperature (Tcr) and thermoregulatory heat production below Tcr were studied in Norwegian Landrace (N), Finnish Landrace (F), Dutch Landrace (D), and Great Yorkshire (Y) barrows. Animals, weighing 26 kg at the start, were kept in groups for 18, 2-d periods in climate respiration chambers at environmental temperatures (Tenv) between 11 and 26 degrees C. Feeding level of animals in a group was 93 g.kg-.75.d-1 (2.5 times maintenance) and based on mean BW. Great Yorkshire pigs had a higher growth rate and a lower feed to gain ratio than Landrace pigs. Production characteristics of Landrace breeds were similar. The derived Tcr of the breeds was between 18.0 and 20.4 degrees C, the lower value associated with Y pigs and the higher value with F pigs. Thermoregulatory heat production was 6.4 to 11.9 kJ.kg-.75.d-1.degrees C-1 and did not differ between breeds. Radiant surface temperature (Trs) of pigs increased by .4C degrees (= bTrs) when Tenv was raised by 1.0 C degrees between 11 and 26 degrees C. In D pigs, bTrs was higher than in other pigs. Radiant surface temperature was related to backfat thickness; bTrs was increased with greater backfat thickness.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1991

Effect of oral melatonin treatment on the seasonal physiology of pony stallions.

This study tested the role of melatonin in the regulation of seasonal physiological change in the pony stallion. Four 3-year-old, Welsh Mountain pony stallions were housed initially under the prevailing short-day photoperiod in December (8 of light [L]:16 h of darkness [D]) before being transferred to long days (16L:8D) on 13 January for the remaining 22 weeks of the study. On Day 76 (11 weeks later) the stallions began an 11-week period of daily melatonin treatment (20 mg orally, 8 h after lights on). Marked changes in mean plasma testosterone, beta-endorphin and cortisol concentrations occurred in response to long days and to subsequent melatonin treatment. Photostimulation produced a sharp rise in overall mean daily testosterone to a peak of 6.74 nmol/litre by Day 30. Values then fell to a nadir (3.17 nmol/litre) by Day 85, suggesting a role for melatonin in the termination of breeding activity in the horse. Cortisol and beta-endorphin values remained low throughout the first 11 weeks, but by Day 105 (Day 30 of melatonin treatment) concentrations had risen sharply, attaining a peak on Day 125 (510 pg beta-endorphin/ml, 50 ng cortisol/ml). Concentrations of both hormones had fallen by Day 77 of melatonin treatment (Day 152), perhaps as a result of refractoriness. Parallelism between beta-endorphin and cortisol suggests a pituitary origin for peripheral beta-endorphin. Diurnal variation in cortisol was observed under long days but no change in beta-endorphin was detected. Long days and melatonin treatment stimulated shedding of the winter and summer coats respectively, whereas growth rate was increased (2.03 kg/week) during the period of melatonin treatment relative to that of long days only (0.37 kg/week). The study provides evidence that the diurnal pattern of melatonin secretion mediates the reproductive and non-sexual responses to photoperiodic change in pony stallions.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of genetic differentiation in Bos indicus cattle breeds from Marathwada region of India using microsatellite polymorphism.

Elucidation of genetic variability and genetic relationship among breeds has direct relevance with the issues of sustainable use of domestic animal genetic resources. In the present study, genetic polymorphism was evaluated using 22 microsatellite loci in unrelated samples of Red Kandhari and Deoni cattle breeds inhabiting the same geographical area of Marathwada region in Maharashtra state (western India). This work was mainly aimed at assessing the current genetic diversity to understand whether the two zebu populations in question are genetically differentiated. A total of 164 alleles were detected with an average of 5.82 and 5.86 alleles per locus (MNA) in Red Kandhari and Deoni breeds, respectively. The estimated mean observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity were 0.47 and 0.64 in Red Kandhari vs. 0.57 and 0.69 in Deoni cattle, respectively, demonstrating considerable level of genetic variation in both the populations. Mean estimates of F statistics were: F (FIT) = 0.315 +/- 0.035, f(FIS) = 0.231 +/- 0.031, theta(FST) = 0.110 +/- 0.022, with both the breeds exhibiting significant deficit of heterozygotes (FIS = 0.179 in Deoni; 0.278 in Red Kandhari). The multilocus FST values implied that 11.0% of the total genetic variation corresponds to breed and were statistically greater than zero for the two populations, suggesting population division. The evaluation of exact test also indicated that allele frequencies across all the loci differed significantly (P < 0.001) between two zebu breeds, further supporting population differentiation. Different genetic distance measures showed considerable levels of distances between the two cattle breeds (0.318 = Nei's standard DS; 0.250 = Nei's DA; 0.416 = Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards's Dc; 0.164 = Reynold's, and 2.64 = Delta mu square (dmicro)2. Bayesian statistical approach to assign each individual to the population also supported considerable differentiation between the two cattle breeds, possibly reflecting the limited gene flow between the two Marthwada cattle populations. The existence of cohesive breeding structure of both the breeds was further substantiated by allele-sharing distance measures (DAS) among individual animals. The results of this study thus revealed that the two Bos indicus breeds sharing the common breeding tracts are genetically differentiated enough as separate breeds.

Alleles↗
PubMed1994

Variation in size of Ag-NORs and fluorescent rDNA in situ hybridization signals in six breeds of domestic pig.

Variation of the size of silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) of chromosomes 10 and 8 was studied in pigs of six breeds (Sus scrofa L.). The silver deposits were quantified by image analysis and the results were normalized for each Ag-NOR chromosome. In general, normalized values for chromosomes 10 were higher than those for chromosomes 8, suggesting that the NOR activity of chromosomes 10 is dominant as compared to that of chromosomes 8. However, high values for chromosomes 8 were found in the Meishan breed and in some Piétrain pigs, indicating a high transcriptional activity of the rRNA genes on these chromosomes. In some pigs, the relative quantities of rDNA in chromosomes 10 and 8 were investigated by fluorescent in situ hybridization and the results were compared with those of the silver staining procedure. It is concluded that Ag-NOR sizes on chromosomes 10 are relatively well correlated to the number of rRNA genes, whereas the absence or the small size of Ag-NORs on chromosomes 8, often observed in pigs, is the result of low NOR activity rather than of absence of rDNA.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Canine hematology and biochemistry reference values.

Reference hematology and biochemistry values for 53 variables are presented from 51 clinically healthy dogs, 26 female and 25 male, approximately six to 24 months of age and of mixed breed. These dogs were sampled because of their good health status and the opportunity to collect the volume of blood required to complete the variable analysis of interest. Collection of blood specimens and laboratory analysis was done in a standard described manner, the latter including a continuing quality control program. For each variable the data were examined for homogeneity and when present, outliers (n = 9) were excluded. Parametric analysis was used to calculate the reference interval for those variables which had a Gaussian distribution or could be changed to a Gaussian distribution by any of four transformations. For those variables in which Gaussian distribution was not present or attained, nonparametric analysis was used. Due to the small size of the population sample, the uncertainty of breed and the exact age of each dog, breed, age and sex effects were not examined. Reference values should be used to assist interpretation of observations obtained from an animal or animals of comparable origin, i.e. similar subpopulation, and only if the same laboratory techniques are followed. Until each laboratory is able to generate reference values using adequate sample size and current methodology for the numerous subpopulations of interest, reference intervals such as these are useful to clinicians and researchers.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Application of a computer model to predict optimum slaughter end points for different biological types of feeder cattle.

A bioeconomic model was developed to predict slaughter end points of different genotypes of feeder cattle, where profit/rotation and profit/day were maximized. Growth, feed intake, and carcass weight and composition were simulated for 17 biological types of steers. Distribution of carcass weight and proportion in four USDA quality and five USDA yield grades were obtained from predicted carcass weights and composition. Average carcass value for each genotype was calculated from these distributions under four carcass pricing systems that varied from value determined on quality grade alone to value determined on yield grade alone. Under profitable market conditions, rotation length was shorter and carcass weights lighter when the producer's goal was maximum profit/day, compared with maximum profit/rotation. A carcass value system based on yield grade alone resulted in greater profit/rotation and in lighter and leaner carcasses than a system based on quality grade alone. High correlations ( > .97) were obtained between breed profits obtained with different sets of input/output prices and carcass price discount weight ranges. This suggests that breed rankings on the basis of breed profits may not be sensitive to changes in input/output market prices. Steers that were on a grower-stocker system had leaner carcasses, heavier optimum carcass weight, greater profits, and less variation in optimum carcass weights between genotypes than steers that were started on a high-energy finishing diet at weaning. Overall results suggest that breed choices may change with different carcass grading and value systems and postweaning production systems. This model has potential to provide decision support in marketing fed cattle.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1994

[Age-related changes in bone mineral density, mean width and area of the lumbar vertebrae in male African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)].

We were able to measure bone mineral density (BMD), mean bone width and the area of the lumbar vertebrae in male African green monkeys with a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DPX-alpha, Lunar, USA). For analysis of spinal bone mass, mean width and area of the bone, we scanned lumbar vertebrae L3-L5 using a pediatric analysis program. We used restraining bed made of formed polystyrol to support the animal in a supine position. The precision of the measuring technique was calculated by averaging the coefficients of variance of the 5 scans obtained in 5 animals aged from 5 to 7 years. The precision values for BMD, bone width and area were 1.9%, 0.9% and 2.6%, respectively. Furthermore, age-related changes in bone measurements were demonstrated using laboratory-bred males (n = 45) and, additionally, wild-originated males (n = 7, estimated ages over 15 years old). The values of B M D, bone width and area at 6 months old were about 0.3 g/cm2, 1.2cm and 4.5 cm2 respectively. These values increased with aging to about 0.7 g/cm2, 1.5 cm and 11cm2 at 5 years old, respectively, and were judged to reach plateau. However, animals over 10 years old and wild-originated animals which had been kept over 10 years in our breeding colony showed rather smaller BMD and area values than the animals aged 5 to 10 years. The animals aged between 5 and 10 years seemed to have retained a peak bone mass in this primate species.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2001

Recombinant congenic strains derived from A/J and C57BL/6J: a tool for genetic dissection of complex traits.

Complex genetic traits can be dissected in mice, using well-defined sets of recombinant inbred strains, congenic strains, and recombinant congenic strains (RCS). We report the creation of a series of 37 independent RCS derived from the commonly used inbred strains of laboratory mouse A/J (A) and C57BL/6J (B6). These RCS were derived by systematic inbreeding of independent pairs of animals from a (F1 x A) x A and a (F1 x B) x B double backcross (N3), to create AcB and BcA strains, respectively. Fifteen AcB strains and 22 BcA strains at between 18 and 30 generations of inbreeding have been generated, are healthy, and show stable breeding performance. These strains have been genotyped for a total of 625 informative microsatellite DNA markers covering the entire genome, with an average spacing of 2.6 cM. Haplotype analyses indicate that on average, AcB and BcA strains contain 13.25% of the donor genome, a value close to the 12.5% expected from the breeding scheme used in their creation. In the AcB set, approximately 79% of the B6 genome has been transferred in independent strains, while in the BcA set approximately 84% of the A genome is represented on the B6 background. This represents an excellent coverage of congenic segments from both parental genomes in the two sets of strains, which can now be used to map simple and complex traits in a genome-wide fashion. As an example of the power of AcB/BcA strains as a mapping tool, the 37 strains were typed for susceptibility to infection with Legionella pneumophila, a monogenic trait controlled by the Lgn1 locus on Chromosome 13. Analysis of the strain distribution pattern of L. pneumophila susceptibility allowed direct mapping of Lgn1 to a 3-cM interval. The AcB/BcA set should prove a useful tool with which to investigate the complex genetic basis of known interstrain differences between A and B6 for many important diseases.

Animals↗