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PubMed2001

How goal disturbance, coping and chest pain relate to quality of life: A study among patients waiting for PTCA.

This article describes psychological correlates of quality of life (QOL) in patients on a waiting list for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Variables were selected based on a theoretical model describing psychological correlates of QOL in PTCA patients. This model was based on self-regulation and stress-coping theories. The variables in the model are stress appraisal, coping, coping resources, and general and disease-specific QOL variables. Respondents were 122 patients on a 3-month waiting list for a PTCA. Results indicated that PTCA patients had a poorer QOL than matched healthy controls. Using a path analysis approach to regression analysis, it appeared that goal disturbance, avoidant coping, approach coping, and chest pain were related to QOL. More specifically, chest pain and goal disturbance were only related to health-related QOL and negative affect. Both approach and avoidant coping were related to QOL variables. Results could be explained adequately using self-regulation theory. Recommendations for future research and for form and content of rehabilitation programmes were made.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

Incident-related stressors, locus of control, coping, and psychological distress among firefighters in Northern Ireland.

This study was an investigation into the associations between incident-related stressors, locus of control, coping, and psychological distress in firefighters in Northern Ireland during the time of political violence. Among 248 male firefighters, greater psychological distress was associated with greater frequency of incident-related negative emotions, external locus of control, less task- and emotion-focused coping, and greater avoidance coping. It was also found that the frequency of exposure to incident-related stressors moderated the association between locus of control and psychological distress and that avoidance coping mediated the relationship between locus of control and psychological distress. Avoidance coping accounted for most of the explained variance in psychological distress. These results point to the potential value of coping-skills training in emergency personnel.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

The effects of dyadic strength and coping styles on psychological distress in couples faced with prostate cancer.

Dyadic adjustment and coping styles have been shown to predict levels of psychological distress following cancer diagnoses. This study examined the relationship between coping and distress in couples faced with prostate cancer, considering dyadic functioning as a third variable that potentially moderated or mediated the relationship. To investigate its influence on the success of patients' and spouses' coping efforts, both moderational and mediational models were tested using couples' composite dyadic adjustment scores. Only the moderational model was supported for patients: dyadic strength moderated the effects of avoidant coping and intrusive thinking on mood disturbance. Despite maladaptive coping, patients that were members of stronger dyads reported less distress than those in more dysfunctional relationships. Findings suggest that the relationship between coping and distress depends on the quality of dyadic functioning. Being part of a strong dyad may serve as a buffering factor, implying the need for psychosocial intervention for couples in maladjusted relationships.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

Family histories of breast cancer, coping styles, and psychological adjustment.

Although women with family histories of breast cancer (FHBC+) have been reported to have higher levels of cancer-specific and general distress than have women without such histories (FHBC-), there has been considerable variability in levels of distress found. This study examined individual differences in the use of coping strategies as likely moderators of the relationship between FHBC and psychological outcomes. One hundred and sixteen healthy women (47 FHBC+ and 69 FHBC-) participated. Results revealed that passive coping style was associated with higher levels of cancer-specific distress among FHBC+, but not among FHBC-. This interaction was not found for negative or positive affect. The passive coping style was associated with higher levels of negative affect across both groups. These results suggest that passive coping has negative implications for FHBC+ women and imply that individualized coping training programs targeting this coping strategy may prove useful for these women.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1999

Bus commuters' coping strategies and anxiety from terrorism: an example of the Israeli experience.

This study examined the use of three coping strategies: (1) emotion-focused coping (calming-distraction); (2) problem-focused coping (checking-behavior); and (3) denial (reduced perceived vulnerability), and their relationship to anxiety from terrorism among 50 Israeli bus commuters. Their mean age was 31 years (60% females). Commuting frequency was negatively correlated, and problem-focused coping was positively correlated with anxiety from terrorism. Ratios of problem-focused coping/denial and of problem-focused/emotion-focused coping were each positively correlated with anxiety from terrorism. Coping ratios accounted for 15% of the variance in anxiety from terrorism, after considering commuting frequency. Combining minimal problem-focused preventative acts with distraction and reduced perceived vulnerability may be beneficial.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Pitfalls of the peer world: how children cope with common rejection experiences.

This study examines the reliability and validity of a newly developed self-report measure designed to assess children's coping strategies in response to everyday rejection experiences. The Survey for Coping with Rejection Experiences (SCORE) was administered to 225 children and factor analysis of responses resulted in the conceptually meaningful subscales of active, aggressive, denial, and ruminative coping. A subset of 95 children also completed a battery of self- (depression, social anxiety), parent- (internalizing and externalizing problems), and peer- (social preference, aggression, withdrawal) ratings of socioemotional adjustment. Children's coping strategies were meaningfully associated with adjustment measures, although these associations differed for boys and girls in several instances. Importantly, both aggressive and ruminative coping strategies were positively associated with internalizing problems even after controlling for the effect of children's actual sociometric status. In addition, denial coping emerged as a significant moderator of the relation between status and adjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2001

Coping strategies in patients following subarachnoid haemorrhage.

OBJECTIVES: To assess psychological coping strategies and their relationship with outcome in patients after primary subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 51 unselected patients (24 males, 27 females; mean age 46 years) in an average 15.7+/-12.0 months after SAH usage of coping strategies were assessed by means of Estonian COPE-D test with 15 four-items scales and compared to those obtained from 51 age-, sex- and education-matched healthy persons. The data were analysed according to age, sex and education of the patients, initial severity of disease, localization of aneurysm and outcome characteristics. RESULTS: Patients after SAH reported using social support strategy less than control persons (P<0.05) with a tendency of using acceptance-oriented strategy. Task-oriented coping styles were less used (P<0.05) by patients with severe initial state, who had more marked late disability and dependence in daily living. Healthy women used social support more than men; patients and control persons 50 years or older used task-oriented strategies less than younger persons (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The structure of coping strategies used by patients after SAH differs compared to healthy persons. The differences in using coping strategies are related to age of the patients, functional state and degree of adaptation after SAH.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

Religious coping and psychological wellbeing in carers of relatives with schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the use of religious coping and its relation to psychological wellbeing in carers of relatives with schizophrenia. METHOD: Sixty carers of patients with an ICD-10 diagnosis of schizophrenia, were assessed on strength of religious belief, perceived burden, religious and other coping strategies and psychological wellbeing. RESULTS: Coping strategies of denial and problem solving, strength of religious belief and perceived burden were significant predictors of wellbeing. CONCLUSION: Strength of religious belief plays an important role in helping family members to cope with the stress of caring for a mentally ill relative. In addition to psychoeducation and problem solving coping, the role of religious coping in enhancing wellbeing of carers needs to be considered in family intervention programmes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

Never the Twain shall meet? Closing the gap between coping research and clinical intervention research.

Two distinct literatures have contributed to a tremendous growth of interest in coping. The 1st consists of descriptive studies that have used coping checklists. This literature is in crisis because of its failure to yield substantive findings concerning the role of coping in adaptation that cannot be dismissed as truisms, trivia, or the product of a confounding of stress, coping, and distress. The 2nd literature concerns interventions to improve adaptation by enhancing coping. It provides evidence of the efficacy of intervention but provides little understanding of crucial ingredients, mechanisms of change, or barriers to maintaining gains. Both literatures would benefit from cross-fertilization. Process studies of interventions designed to improve coping provide an alternative to fruitless and potentially misleading correlational studies using checklists. Such studies might also aid in understanding and refining intervention strategies.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1996

Depressive symptomatology in new mothers: a stress and coping perspective.

The aim of the present research was to test the utility of a stress-coping model of postpartum depression. Data were collected during the last trimester of pregnancy (n = 197) and twice after the birth (4 weeks, n = 180, and approximately 5 months, n = 163). Coping resources and depressive symptomatology were assessed at Time 1, stress and coping were assessed at Time 2, and depressive symptomatology and partner ratings of coping effectiveness were assessed at Times 2 and 3. After control of the effects of initial depression, there was evidence of significant effects of levels of stress and coping responses on the Time 2 and Time 3 outcome measures. There were also some evidence linking coping resources (particularly self-esteem and family support) to postpartum depressive symptomatology.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1989

Coping styles in youths with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

The relationships between two coping styles (i.e., use of personal and interpersonal resources; ventilation and avoidance) and two health outcomes (i.e., adherence and metabolic control) were evaluated in 135 youths with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Individual characteristics (i.e., age, duration of illness) and contextual variables (i.e., stress, family relations) were used to predict coping styles. Poor adherence to treatment, older adolescent age, and long duration of IDDM were correlated with ventilation and avoidance coping. Youths with short duration of IDDM were more likely to cope through the use of personal and interpersonal resources, although this strategy was not associated with health outcomes. A multiple regression analysis indicated that high ventilation and avoidance coping was predicted by high stress, low family cohesion, and older adolescent age. In addition, the interaction between family adaptability and duration of IDDM significantly predicted ventilation and avoidance coping.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1990

Self-esteem, social support, internalized homophobia, and coping strategies of HIV+ gay men.

The relationship was examined between self-esteem, social support, internalized homophobia, and coping strategies used by HIV-positive (HIV+) gay men (N = 89) and between the use of coping strategies and mood state. Multiple regressions were conducted with avoidant (escape avoidance, accepting responsibility) and proactive (seeking social support, planful problem solving) coping serving as criterion variables. Greater homophobia and less self-esteem predicted avoidant coping, whereas less homophobia and less time since diagnosis predicted proactive coping. Greater time since diagnosis, less avoidant coping, less homophobia, and greater self-esteem predicted better mood state and accounted for 50% of the total variance.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1995

Coping with treatment-related stress: effects on patient adherence in hemodialysis.

With a modified version of the Ways of Coping Checklist, the relation of coping to adherence among 57 hemodialysis patients was examined. The association of a particular type of coping to adherence was predicted to depend on the specific type of stressful encounter being considered. As predicted, coping efforts involving planful problem solving were associated with more favorable adherence when used in response to stressors involving a relatively controllable aspect of the hemodialysis context. For less controllable stressors, coping efforts involving emotional self-control were associated with more favorable adherence. The seeking of informational support in response to an uncontrollable encounter was associated with poorer fluid-intake adherence. Confrontive coping was associated with poorer adherence for both high- and low-control situations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2001

Appraisals of controllability and coping in caregivers and HIV+ men: testing the goodness-of-fit hypothesis.

The authors examined goodness of fit between controllability appraisals and coping in 82 HIV+ and 162 HIV-gay men experiencing the chronic stress of caregiving and 61 HIV+ gay men who were not caregiving. Multiple assessments of each individual over a 2-year period allowed replication of prior cross-sectional research examining goodness of fit, as well as the creation of intraindividual goodness-of-fit scores that were then used to examine within-person fluctuations in goodness of fit over time and goodness of fit as an individual difference variable related to adjustment. Results indicate that the importance of goodness of fit varies for different kinds of coping: The concept was supported for problem-focused coping and, to a lesser extent, for emotion-focused coping but not for meaning-focused coping. Within-subject variation in goodness of fit was related to within-subject variation in depressed mood, but between-subjects variation (individual differences) in fit was not associated with depressed mood, suggesting that goodness of fit is better understood as a transactional variable than as a personality or "coping style" variable.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

Adjustment to a dyadic stressor: a longitudinal study of coping and depressive symptoms in infertile couples over an insemination attempt.

In a study designed to examine how intimate partners' coping processes with regard to infertility predicted depressive symptoms across the course of a treatment cycle, 43 couples completed assessments in the week prior to and the week after receiving a negative pregnancy result from an alternate insemination attempt by the partner. Depressive symptoms in both partners increased significantly after the pregnancy result receipt. As hypothesized, avoidant coping predicted increased distress over time. and approach-oriented coping (e.g., problem-focused coping, emotional processing, and expression) predicted decreased distress. Coping strategies engaged in by both individuals and partners predicted depressive symptoms, and for women, interactions also emerged between their own and their partners' coping.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

Coping skills and treatment outcomes in cognitive-behavioral and interactional group therapy for alcoholism.

In the present study 128 alcohol dependent men and women received 26 weeks of group treatment in one of two modalities: Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) intended specifically to develop coping skills or interactional therapy intended to examine interpersonal relationships. Coping skills and drinking were assessed prior to and after treatment and up to 18 months after intake. Results indicated that both treatments yielded very good drinking outcomes throughout the follow-up period. Increased coping skills was a significant predictor of outcome. However, neither treatment effected greater increases in coping than the other. Specific coping-skills training was not essential for increasing the use of coping skills. The results raise questions about the efficacy of specific treatment elements of CBT in treatment of alcohol dependence.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1998

Personal resilience, cognitive appraisals, and coping: an integrative model of adjustment to abortion.

We hypothesized that the effects of personality (self-esteem, control, and optimism) on postabortion adaptation (distress, well-being, and decision satisfaction) would be fully mediated by preabortion cognitive appraisals (stress appraisals and self-efficacy appraisals) and postabortion coping. We further proposed that the effects of preabortion appraisals on adaptation would be fully mediated by postabortion coping. Results of a longitudinal study of 527 women who had first-trimester abortions supported our hypotheses. Women with more resilient personalities appraised their abortion as less stressful and had higher self-efficacy for coping with the abortion. More positive appraisals predicted greater acceptance/reframing coping and lesser avoidance/denial, venting, support seeking, and religious coping. Acceptance-reframing predicted better adjustment on all measures, whereas avoidance-denial and venting related to poorer adjustment on all measures. Greater support seeking was associated with reduced distress, and greater religious coping was associated with less decision satisfaction.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMed1998

A comparison of coping assessed by ecological momentary assessment and retrospective recall.

Recent research suggests that retrospective coping assessments may not correspond well with day-to-day reports. The authors extended this work by examining the correspondence between short-term (within 48 hr) retrospective coping reports and momentary reports recorded via a palm-top computer close in time to when the stressor occurred. There was relatively poor correspondence between the 2 assessments. Some reports of momentary coping were not reported retrospectively, and some coping reported retrospectively was not reported at the time the stressor occurred. Cognitive coping was more likely to be underreported retrospectively; behavior coping was overreported. Participants were consistent in their discrepancies, but there was no correspondence between discrepancy rates and demographic or personality variables.

Adaptation, Psychological↗