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PubMed2003

Development of casting investment preventing blackening of noble metal alloys Part 2. Application of developed investment for type 4 gold alloy.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the developed investment for the prevention of blackening of a cast Type 4 gold and to analyze the oxides on its surface in relation to the blackening of the alloy. The experimental investments were prepared using a gypsum-bonded investment in which boron (B) or aluminum (Al) was added as a reducing agent. A Type 4 gold alloy was cast into the mold made of the prepared investment. The effect of the additives was evaluated from the color difference (deltaE*) between the as-cast surface and the polished surface of the cast specimen. B and Al were effective to prevent the blackening of a Type 4 gold alloy and the color of the as-cast surface approached that of the polished surface with increasing B and Al content. The prevention of the blackening of the gold alloy can be achieved by restraining the formation of CuO.

Aluminum↗

PubMed2003

Development of casting investment preventing blackening of noble metal alloys part 1. Application of developed investment for Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy.

The objective of this study is to develop a casting investment that prevents the blackening of the cast surface of noble metal alloys. The experimental investments were prepared using a gypsum-bonded investment in which the metallic powders such as boron (B), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al) and titanium (Ti) were added as oxidizing agents. An Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy was cast into the mold made of the prepared investment. The effect of the addition of each metal powder was evaluated from the color difference between the as-cast surface and the polished surface of the cast specimen. The color of the as-cast surface approached that of the polished surface with increasing B and Al content. A lower mean value in the color difference was obtained at 0.25-1.00 mass% B content. B and Al are useful as an additive in a gypsum-bonded investment to prevent the blackening of an Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy. The effects of Si and Ti powder addition could not be found.

Aluminum↗

PubMed1976

[Development of neuronal structure in the hippocampus during pre- and post-natal ontogenesis in the albino rat. II. Neurohistological demonstration of the development of interneurons and of the relationship between long- and short-axonal neurons].

In this paper qualitative results are presented from GOLGI preparations by light microscopic evaluation about the appearance and the ontogenetic changes on GOLGI-II-type neurons of the rat hippocampus from 15 stages of age between the 20th embryonic and the 20th postnatal day. Interneurons are already detectable in all the hippocampal regions in the prenatal period. Their postnatal growth expresses above all in lengthening rather than in multiplication of the amount of dendrites. Cells predetermined for developing spines show already early in the postnatal period a rather large amount of spines. The further multiplication of the spine density remains minimal that never values of adult pyramids will be reached. The form of the dendritic and axonic fields of neurons with short axons is very variable. Nevertheless three main categories of GOLGI-II-type neurons can be distinguished: 1. neurons, the axonic and dendritic ramifications of which strongly remain within the layer (do not exist within the stratum pyramidale), 2. neurons, which are able to contact afferent fibres in other layers by means of ascending and/or descending dendrites, 3. basket cells, the axons of which have direct influence on the perikarya of pyramidal neurons. Within the region CA4b interneurons of the 2nd group could be found, dendrites of which penetrate into layers of the fascia dentata. Such a fact does not exist at the multipolare, efferent neurons of the same region and could never be seen at any axonic ramification. In the presented paper aspects of influencing the maturation of pyramides by interneurons are discussed. Also has been tried to summarize the results about the neuronal structure of the rat hippocampus by schemes of frontal sections from four selected stages of age.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1999

Apoptosis during development of the human retina: relationship to foveal development and retinal synaptogenesis.

Apoptosis in the ganglion cell (GCL) and inner nuclear (INL) layers of human fetal retinae aged 14-35 weeks of gestation (WG) was investigated in relation to synaptogenesis and foveal depression formation. Terminal transferase dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) was used to identify apoptosis, and synapse development was demonstrated by synaptophysin immunoreactivity (-IR). The distribution of apoptotic cells and synaptophysin-IR was studied as a function of eccentricity. Between 14 and 23-24 WG in the GCL, rates of apoptosis were relatively low in central retina. A shallow fovea was detected at 23-24 WG. In the central GCL, the rate of apoptosis was 0.21% of viable cells compared with a higher incidence of 0.79-1.64% peripherally. Apoptosis in the INL was 2-8 times greater than that in the GCL. At 14-15 WG, peak death occurred at the incipient fovea; however, by 20 WG the distribution was bimodal, with peaks at more eccentric locations on either side of the incipient fovea with increasing age. Approximately 90% of INL apoptotic cells were in the middle and outer regions, suggesting that bipolar cells formed the majority of dying neurons. Synaptophysin-IR was present in cones, bipolar cells, and processes in the inner and outer plexiform layers at the incipient fovea at 14 WG and spread peripherally with increasing age. The peripheral margin of synaptophysin-IR coincided with areas of peak INL apoptosis. This pattern suggests that bipolar cell elimination is associated with the onset of synaptogenesis. Apoptosis in the GCL and INL is not a significant factor in foveal depression morphogenesis.

Apoptosis↗

PubMed2000

[Clinical development of antitumor agent in Europe and USA--experience on CPT-11 development].

Irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11) was approved first in Japan in January 1994, then in France in May 1995 and in the USA in June 1996. These approvals were given based on Japanese non-clinical data and the clinical data from phase I and II studies conducted independently in each country. It took almost 3 years in Japan to gain approval; however, six months were sufficient for approval in France and the USA. Systems are well established in Europe and the USA for clinical studies and the development of antitumor agents. It appears that, in Europe and the USA, cancer patients are well supported by society and that cancer chemotherapies are well understood in society as well.

Antineoplastic Agents↗

PubMed2001

[Development and developmental disorders of the human brain. II. Development of the cerebral cortex and major tract systems].

In the development of the cerebral cortex, two phases can be distinguished: (a) the formation of the preplate, a superficial layer essential for a normal lamination of the cerebral cortex; (b) the formation of the cortical plate. The cortical plate divides the preplate into a superficial marginal zone (the future layer I) and the subplate. The transient subplate is important for the formation of thalamocortical projections. Most cortical neurons arise in the ventricular zone of the pallium and migrate along radial glial cells (radial migration) to the cortical plate. The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic cortical interneurons, however, originate from the ganglionic eminences and reach the cerebral cortex through tangential migration.

Brain↗

PubMed1975

Growth and development of the fetal Rhesus monkey. VI. Morphometric analysis of the developing lung.

Groups of fetal monkeys were studied at 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 days gestational age, and postnatal monkeys were studied at 175 days gestational age and in adult life (full term gestation is 168 plus or minus 4 days). The ratios between the various tissues of which lung is composed were determined by light and electronmicroscopy. Characteristic changes in ratios were noted at each developmental age. Primitive bronchioles increased from 50 to 75 days, decreased as permanent bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli developed, and were absent after 150 days. Mesenchymal tissue decreased progressively from 50 to 150 days. Alveoli were present at 100 days gestational age; alveolar lumens accounted for approximately 1/2 the volume of peripheral lung by 150 days, and 2/3 the volume of lung in adult animals. By 150 days alveolar epithelial cells could be identified as Type I (membranous) or Type II (granular) on the basis of the characteristic cytoplasmic lamellar inclusion bodies of the latter. The ratios of the Type II/Type I cells were .21-.23 at 150 and 175 days, and fell to approximately half that value in adult lungs.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Premature cessation of breastfeeding in infants: development and evaluation of a predictive model in two Argentinian cohorts: the CLACYD study, 1993-1999. Córdoba Lactation, Feeding, Growth and Development study.

UNLABELLED: The objective of this study was to develop a model to predict premature cessation of breastfeeding of newborns, in order to detect at-risk groups that would benefit from special assistance programmes. The model was constructed using 700 children with a birthweight of 2000 g or more, in 2 representative cohorts in 1993 and 1995 (CLACYD I sample) in Córdoba, Argentina. Data were analysed from 632 of the cases. Mothers were selected during hospital admittance for childbirth and interviewed in their homes at 1 mo and 6 mo. To evaluate the model, an additional sample with similar characteristics was drawn during 1998 (CLACYD II sample). A questionnaire was administered to 347 mothers during the first 24-48 h after birth and a follow-up was completed at 6 mo, with weaning information on 291 cases. Premature cessation of breastfeeding was considered when it occurred prior to 6 mo. A logistic regression model was fitted to predict premature end of breastfeeding, and was applied to the CLACYD II sample. The calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow C statistic) and the discrimination [area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve] of the model were evaluated. The predictive factors of premature end of breastfeeding were: mother breastfed for less than 6 mo [odds ratio (OR) = 1.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-2.70], breastfeeding of previous child for less than 6 mo (OR = 4.01, 95% CI 2.58-6.20), the condition of the firstborn child (OR = 2.75, 95% CI 1.79-4.21), the first mother-child contact occurring after 90 min of life (OR = 1.88; 95% CI 1.22-2.91) and having an unplanned pregnancy (OR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.05-2.15). The calibration of the model was acceptable in the CLACYD I sample (p = 0.54), as well as in the CLACYD II sample (p = 0.18). The areas under the ROC curve were 0.72 and 0.68, respectively. CONCLUSION: A model has been suggested that provides some insight onto background factors for the premature end of breastfeeding. Although some limitations prevent its general use at a population level, it may be a useful tool in the identification of women with a high probability of early weaning.

Argentina↗

PubMed1975

Nutritional correlates of child development in southern Tunisia. IV. The relation of deciduous dental eruption to somatic development.

Deciduous dental eruption in a group of 658 children below 3 years of age in Southern Tunisia was found to be correlated with the general somatic development. On the other hand, this association was less close than that among the different components of somatic growth, suggesting that dental eruption is less affected by the factors which delay somatic growth in that area. Attempts were made to obtain methods of estimating the ages of children using the number of erupted deciduous teeth, both by means of regression equations and by a table of the median age of children with different numbers of pairs of teeth. In both cases the estimates obtainable are not accurate enough to do more than divide the children into coarse age groups. It is concluded that in anthropometric work there is no substitute for accurately known chronological ages.

Age Determination by Teeth↗

PubMed2001

[Comparison of the newly developed MYCOACID system with mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT) and newly developed 2% Ogawa medium (S) for recovery of mycobacteria in clinical specimens].

The detection rate of mycobacteria from patients' specimens and the time required to get positive culture were compared among newly developed MYCOACID SYSTEM, MGIT, Ogawa K medium and 2% Ogawa medium (S). A total of 249 sputum samples taken from patients were used as the study subjects and 124 kinds of mycobacteria were isolated. For 135 cases clinically diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis, the detection rate was 44.4% for MYCOACID, 47.4% for MGIT and 38.5% for Ogawa K medium, showing that there are no significant differences in the detection rate between MYCOACID and MGIT, and MYCOACID and Ogawa K medium but the differences was significant between MGIT and Ogawa K medium (p = 0.02). The mean days needed for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex was 12.3 days for MYCOACID, 13.4 days for MGIT, and 26.8 days for Ogawa K medium, indicating significant differences in the time to get positive culture between Ogawa K medium and either of both liquid media (p < 0.001). Furthermore, 2% Ogawa medium (S) was used only for the detection of mycobacteria among previously untreated tuberculosis and there were no significant differences in the detection rate between 2% Ogawa medium (S) and either of both liquid media. The time to get positive culture for 2% Ogawa medium (S) was 18.2 days, which was longer than that for either of liquid media, MYCOACID and MGIT, but it was significantly shorter (7.9 days) than that for Ogawa K medium (p = 0.003). These results demonstrate that the liquid culture systems both MYCOACID and MGIT were very useful for the detection of mycobacteria compared with Ogawa K medium.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed2003

Summary and conclusions from the SIWI seminar for young water professionals water and sustainable development--how to ensure development without compromising sustainability?

There is a need to create a balance between development and conservation in order to find a way to mitigate the conflicting interest of water for society, the environment and the economy. Apart from finding a solution to this there is a need to get the mesaage across to the decision makers. How do we make good ideas permeate policy and translate into concrete programs? The Young Water Professionals gave their view through presentations and discussions. It was argued that the answer was not to be found only in environmental science but also in the political and social arena. It was argued that the sanctioned discourse is a powerful force in water allocation and management. How can a balance be struck? Many argued for a unique design of a policy for the whole catchment, acknowledging ecology and existing institutions. Furthermore, many argued in favor of building on existing institutions and steward groups for sustainability and increase their adaptive capacity.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗

PubMed1992

Developing in a family way. Transforming Growth Factor Type beta and Related Proteins in Development: the Sixth Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology/Iowa State University Symposium, Ames, IA, USA September 20-23, 1991.

We are left with the impression that members of the TGF-beta family are critically positioned in a cascade of events regulating complex developmental processes. Roberts described the TGF-betas as providing the cells with cues to their temporal positions in a developmental program, that is, telling the cells "where they were, where they are, and where they're going." The broad diversity of cellular and tissue responses to TGF-betas and the widespread expression of their receptors suggest the TGF-betas may act as a "common currency," enabling diverse cell types to communicate with each other. Other members of the family are more restricted in their expression and the expression of their receptors, and may have a more limited and well-defined developmental role. The complex regulation of the members of the TGF-beta family is consistent with their importance as directors and coordinators of complicated physiological processes such as those occurring in the development of multicellular organisms. Their expression is highly regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, and their localization and activation can be affected by binding proteins and matrix proteins. We still have much to learn about the receptors for this family of growth factors, but the recent cloning of the activin and TGF-beta receptors and the discovery of their enzymatic nature has dramatically opened the way for future studies to resolve the signal transduction pathway(s) used by members of this family.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Immunization coverage in India for areas served by the Integrated Child Development Services programme. The Integrated Child Development Services Consultants.

The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) programme was launched by the Indian government in October 1975 to provide a package of health, nutrition and informal educational services to mothers and children. In 1988 we studied the impact of ICDS on the immunization coverage of children aged 12-24 months and of mothers of infants in 19 rural, 8 tribal, and 9 urban ICDS projects that had been operational for more than 5 years. Complete coverage with BCG, diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) and poliomyelitis vaccines was recorded for 65%, 63%, and 64% of children, respectively, in the ICDS population. By comparison, the coverage in the non-ICDS group was only 22% for BCG, 28% for DPT, and 27% for poliomyelitis. Complete immunization with tetanus toxoid was recorded for 68% of the mothers in the ICDS group and for 40% in the non-ICDS group. Coverage was greater in the urban and lower in the tribal projects. Scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, backward communities, and minorities (groups that have a high priority for social services) had immunization coverages in ICDS projects that were similar to those of higher castes.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1976

Development of spontaneous motility in chick embryos. Normal development and the activating effect of strychnine and picrotoxin.

The longitudinal development of spontaneous motility in chick embryos was studied by Kovach's method (Kovach 1970) from the 10th day of incubation up to hatching, in completely intact eggs. From the 10th to 12th day of incubation, very low amplitude movements of a burst character predominated in spontaneous motility. From the 13th day, both low and high amplitude movements could be distinguished. From the 18th day, high amplitude movements alternating with intervals of motor inactivity preponderated. This discontinuous motility, which was most pronounced on the 20th day of incubation, changed to periodic strong hatching movements. Reduction of spontaneous motility after the 17th day of incubation was not confirmed. Strychnine already activated spontaneous motility in 11-day embryos, but typical convulsions did not appear until the 15th incubation day. With picrotoxin, motility was likewise stimulated in 11-day embryos and paroxysmal activation did not occur until the 15th incubation day. In older embryos, convulsions were gradually succeeded by a continuous increase in spontaneous motility. The effect of picrotoxin had a much longer latent period than the effect of strychnine.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[A concept of the public health service development--strategy for the development of the branch reformation].

A consideration is given to the issue of adoption of the conception of the health service development; its objectives are highlighted together with strategic lines of activity and tasks in the field of State policy, economics, organization and management of the branch, the decisions on which items are to be made on the programme basis. Main achievements at the routes of reforming the branch are described.

Health Policy↗

PubMed1979

[Development of neuromuscular spindles in the muscles of the floor of the human oral cavity during intrauterine development].

By means of histological, neurohistological, histochemical and morphometrical techniques the development, number and histotopography of neuromuscular spindles have been studied in 860 muscles of the mouth cavity fundus obtained from 108 human embryos, fetuses and newborns. In genioglossal and in geniohyoid muscles, the spindles are layed down at the 7th week of gestation. Their differentiation starts at the 9th week -- with forming the first sensitive endings, nuclear bursa and cellular elements of the spindle capsule. By the 14th week, the subcapsular space becomes evident, and by the 20th week of embryogenesis neuromuscular spindles resemble definitive structures. In the anterior belly of the digastric muscle, the foundation and initial differentiation of the spindles is retarded. The mylohyoid muscle has no spindles. Morphogenesis of neuromuscular spindles has been studied with special reference to the beginning of functional activity of the fundal muscles in the mouth cavity during embryogenesis in view of the theory of systemogenesis.

Cholinesterases↗

PubMed2005

[Implementation of State Policy in healthy nutrition of the population of the Russian Federation on the regional level: building-up regional policy and programs. Methodical aspects of development and implementation. Part 2. Recommendations were made development and realization of regional policy and programs in the healthy nutrition of the population].

Recommendations were made development and realization of regional policy and programs in the healthy nutrition of the population.

Food Supply↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The WOMAC Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis Indices: development, validation, globalization and influence on the development of the AUSCAN Hand Osteoarthritis Indices.

Clinical measurement in both clinical research and clinical practice requires tools and techniques that are valid, reliable and responsive. Patient-centred self-reported measures provide opportunity to evaluate consequences of osteoarthritis, that are important and relevant to patients with the condition. The WOMAC and AUSCAN Indices are health status measurement questionnaires that are valid, reliable and responsive, easy to complete, simple to score and available in multiple language forms and scaling formats. They provide opportunities to capture patient relevant information, relating to the impact of interventions, in clinical research and clinical practice environments. WOMAC data have also contributed to the development of proposed definitions for responder criteria and state-attainment criteria in osteoarthritis.

Biomedical Research↗