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PubMed1995

Tissue immunoglobulin G subclasses observed in immune-mediated dermatopathy, deep pyoderma and hypersensitivity dermatitis in dogs.

A panel of monoclonal antibodies has been used to define three of the four subclasses of canine immunoglobulin G (IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) in formalin-fixed tissues. These reagents, together with a polyclonal antiserum specific for the Fc region of canine IgG, were used in an immunohistochemical study of biopsies of skin from five normal dogs and from the lesions of canine pemphigus foliaceus in seven dogs, discoid lupus erythematosus in eight dogs, bullous pemphigoid in one dog, cutaneous drug eruption in two dogs, deep pyoderma in 13 dogs and hypersensitivity dermatitis in eight dogs. IgG autoantibody was identified in the skin of all the dogs with immune-mediated dermatoses by using the polyclonal reagent, and antibody of the IgG2 and/or IgG4 subclass was identified in the epidermis of three of the dogs with pemphigus foliaceus, two of those with discoid lupus erythematosus and in the dog with bullous pemphigoid. In all the lesions, the infiltrate of dermal plasma cells consisted of similar numbers of IgG2 and IgG4 bearing cells, with relatively few IgG3 positive cells. The total number of these cells was generally approximately the same as or greater than the number of cells labelled with the polyclonal reagent. There was no significant difference between the IgG-bearing plasma cell infiltrate in German shepherd dogs with deep pyoderma and that in dogs of other breeds. The infiltration of IgG2 and IgG4 bearing plasma cells into the skin of dogs with a range of cutaneous disorders was related to the selectively enhanced serum levels of these subclasses in the diseased dogs.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Safety and efficacy of a modified-live canine coronavirus vaccine in dogs.

The safety and the efficacy of a modified-live (ML) canine coronavirus (CCoV) vaccine strain 257/98-3c was evaluated in 14 dogs seronegative and virus negative for CCoV. For the safety test, four dogs were inoculated, two by intramuscular and two by oronasal route, with 10 times the vaccinal dose. During the observation period (28 days) all dogs did not display any local or systemic reaction. For the efficacy test, eight dogs were vaccinated by intramuscular (four dogs-group A) or by oronasal route (four dogs-group B). Two dogs were maintained as non-vaccinated controls. In the dogs of group A, vaccinal virus was not detected in faecal samples by virus isolation (VI) and by PCR assay, while in the dogs of group B, the virus was revealed for six median days only by PCR. Twenty-eight days later, the vaccinated and control dogs were challenged with a field CCoV strain. After the challenge, the vaccinated dogs did not display clinical signs and the dogs of group A shed virus for 5.5 median days, evaluated by VI, and for 10 median days evaluated by PCR. Virus shedding was not observed, both by VI and PCR assay, in the dogs of group B. The two control dogs displayed moderate clinical signs and the virus was detected by VI for 14.5 median days starting from day 3 post-challenge (dpc 3) and by PCR assay for 23 median days starting from dpc 1.

Administration, Intranasal↗

PubMed2003

Ehrlichiosis in anemic, thrombocytopenic, or tick-infested dogs from a hospital population in South Brazil.

Ehrlichia canis has a worldwide distribution, but clinical manifestations may vary geographically. We selected 129 dogs to determine prevalence of ehrlichiosis in dogs with anemia, thrombocytopenia, or ticks presented to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in South Brazil. Of the 129 dogs, 68 carried the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus), 61 had thrombocytopenia (platelet count <150,000/microl), and 19 had anemia (PCV < 22%). Twenty dogs fulfilled more than one inclusion criteria. Ehrlichiosis was diagnosed by positive amplification of ehrlichial DNA by PCR using primers ECC and ECB that amplify a sequence of the 16S rRNA gene. Presence of E. canis was confirmed by cleavage of the amplified DNA using endonucleases HaeIII and AvaI. Fourteen of 68 (21%) dogs with ticks had ehrlichiosis, whereas 12 of 61 (20%) dogs presented with thrombocytopenia and 4 of 19 (21%) anemic dogs had ehrlichiosis. Similar results were obtained in dogs with thrombocytopenia and anemia (one of eight positive) and in dogs with thrombocytopenia and ticks (two of seven positive). All four dogs with anemia and ticks, and the dog that fulfilled all inclusion criteria yield no amplification of ehrlichial DNA by PCR. Based on our results, one in each five dogs infested by the brown dog tick, with anemia or thrombocytopenia had ehrlichosis. Contrary to widespread believe, ehrlichiosis was not the main cause for thrombocytopenia in our region.

Anemia↗

PubMed2006

Serological survey of Neospora caninum in dogs in the Czech Republic and a long-term study of dynamics of antibodies.

The main aim of the present study was to establish the prevalence of antibodies against Neospora caninum dogs from the Czech Republic and to examine the dynamics of antibody titers during a long-term period. For this purpose, sera of 858 dogs were examined for the presence of anti-N. caninum antibodies using an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Four groups of dogs of various origins were included in the survey: the first group (A, n=470) comprised dogs purchased by the Czech Army from the civilian sector throughout the Czech Republic, with 22 (4.7%) N. caninum-positive dogs, second group (B, n=115) represented police dogs with no seropositive animal, third group (C, n=195) were pet dog sera collected for veterinary clinic with 5 (2.6%) anti-N. caninum sera and the fourth group (D, n=78) of canine shelter dogs with the seroprevalence of 19.2%. The differences in seroprevalence were significant (P< or =0.01) between groups B and A, and between D and A. None of the serologically positive animals had clinical signs of neurological disorders. Coprological examination did not reveal any dog shedding N. caninum oocysts. The seropositivity rates for N. caninum were analyzed in relation to other data, such as age, breed and gender. Increased prevalence rates of anti-N. caninum antibodies were found in the older age strata of the dog population sample tested in the present study. We found significantly higher (P=0.02) prevalence in 3-3.5-year-old dogs (11.1% of 36), as compared to 1-1.5-years-old dogs (2% of 98). A longitudinal study of antibody dynamics was carried out in 19 initially seropositive dogs over a period of 4 years. The second and third examinations revealed that antibody titers decreased in majority of positive dogs (10, 52.6%), of which in seven cases (36.8%) the titers fell to levels that are currently considered as being seronegative (titer <1:50), or even became undetectable (titer <1:25).

Age Factors↗

PubMed1999

Seroepidemiological evidence for a relationship between Neospora caninum infections in dogs and cattle.

Dogs from dairy farms with a known prevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in the cattle were examined for the presence of N. caninum antibodies using an ELISA. Data of farm dogs were compared with those of dogs examined at a university clinic, which originated mainly in urban areas. Of the 152 farm dogs, 36 (23.6%) were seropositive to N. caninum, which was significantly higher than the proportion of seropositives in the clinic dog population (19 of 344, 5.5%). Seroprevalence was significantly higher (P = 0.01) in female dogs than in male dogs. Seroprevalence in dogs increased with age, indicating postnatal infection. Seropositivity to N. caninum in farm dogs was strongly correlated with a high prevalence of N. caninum antibodies in the cattle. At farms where no dogs were present, the seroprevalence to N. caninum in the cattle was significantly lower (P = 0.0002) than in farms where dogs were present. These findings suggest that there is a relationship between N. caninum infection of farm dogs and cattle. Since dogs have been shown to be definitive hosts of N. caninum, cattle may be infected by exposure to canine oocysts. Further research is needed to find out whether and how dogs may acquire the infection from cattle.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Efficacy and safety of selamectin against fleas and heartworms in dogs and cats presented as veterinary patients in North America.

A series of randomized, controlled, masked field studies was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of selamectin in the treatment of flea infestations on dogs and cats, and in the prevention of heartworm infection in dogs. In addition, observations were made on the beneficial effect of selamectin treatment on dogs and cats showing signs of flea allergy dermatitis (FAD). In all studies selamectin was applied topically, once per month, in unit doses providing a minimum dosage of 6mgkg(-1). Dogs and cats with naturally occurring flea infestations, some of which also had signs associated with FAD, were assigned randomly to receive three months of topical treatment with selamectin (220 dogs, 189 cats) or a positive-control product (dogs: fenthion, n=81; cats: pyrethrins, n=66). Selamectin was administered on days 0, 30, and 60. Day 0 was defined as the day that the animal first received treatment. Flea burdens were assessed by flea comb counts and clinical evaluations of FAD were performed before treatment, and on days 14, 30, 60, and 90. On days 30, 60, and 90, mean flea counts in selamectin-treated dogs were reduced by 92.1, 99.0, and 99.8%, and mean flea counts in fenthion-treated dogs were reduced by 81.5, 86.8, and 86.1%, respectively, compared with day 0 counts. Also, on days 30, 60, and 90, mean flea counts in selamectin-treated cats were reduced by 92.5, 98.3, and 99.3%, and mean flea counts in pyrethrin-treated cats were reduced by 66.4, 73.9, and 81.3%, respectively, compared with day 0 counts. Selamectin also was beneficial in alleviating signs in dogs and cats diagnosed clinically with FAD. A total of 397 dogs free of adult heartworm infection from four heartworm-endemic areas of the USA were allocated randomly to six months of treatment with selamectin (n=298) or ivermectin (n=99). Selamectin achieved a heartworm prevention rate of 100%, with all dogs testing negative for microfilariae and adult heartworm antigen on days 180 and 300. Selamectin was administered to a total of 673 dogs and 347 cats having an age range of 6 weeks to 19 years (3954 doses). The animals included 19 purebred or crossbred Collies (Bearded, Border, and unspecified). There were no serious adverse events. Results of these studies indicated that selamectin was highly effective in the control of flea infestations in dogs and cats without the need for simultaneous treatment of the environment or of in-contact animals and also was beneficial in alleviating signs associated with FAD. Selamectin also was 100% effective in preventing the development of canine heartworms and was safe for topical use in dogs and cats.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Immunological determination of faecal haemoglobin concentrations in dogs.

Faecal haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations in apparently healthy experimental Beagle dogs and in dogs of various breeds kept in private households or at breeders were measured by reversed passive latex agglutination (RPLA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in an effort to define the physiological concentrations of faecal Hb in the dog. In 88% (53) of 60 experimental Beagle dogs (30 males and 30 females), the RPLA titres were 1:2 and 1:8 and the faecal Hb concentrations ranged from 40.0 to 431.5 (mean 184.1 +/- 92.6) micrograms/g faeces by ELISA. No significant difference was found in Hb levels or RPLA titres between males and females. Seven dogs (12%) had significantly greater RPLA titres and Hb concentrations by ELISA than the remaining dogs. In 84% (45) of the 53 dogs kept in private households or at breeders, the RPLA titres were < 1:1 to 1:8 and the faecal Hb concentrations ranged from 7.1 to 456.7 (mean 137.5 +/- 128.7) micrograms/g faeces in ELISA. Eight of these dogs (15.1% of 53 dogs) had significantly greater RPLA titres and Hb concentrations by ELISA than the remaining dogs. There were no significant differences between the Beagles and dogs kept in private households or at breeders. In conclusion, in 98 (86.7% of 113) dogs the physiological concentrations of RPLA titres were < 1:1 to 1:8 and the faecal Hb concentrations were 143.5-185.1 micrograms/g (95% confidence level). Approximately 13.3% of apparently healthy dogs had higher faecal Hb concentrations, suggesting the presence of subclinical haemorrhages. Four dogs suffering from colorectal cancer also had high faecal Hb concentrations.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Serum levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in dogs with hypercalcaemia.

1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2-D3) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) were measured among dogs with hypercalcaemia (total serum calcium > 3.01 mmol/L) due to various causes. All values were compared to those of healthy control dogs. Serum 1,25-(OH)]2-D3 was measured by a radioimmunoassay test and serum 25-OH-D3 was measured by a protein binding assay. 1,25-(OH)2-D3 ranged from 26 to 332 pmol/L (median 110.0) in dogs with lymphoma (n = 12); from 61 to 398 pmol/L (median 248.0) in dogs with primary hyperparathyreoidism (n = 5); from 28 to 310 pmol/L (median 88.5) in dogs with chronic renal failure (n = 10); and from 60 to 239 pmol/L (median 157.5) in control dogs (n = 24). There was no significant difference in 1,25-(OH)2-D3 among dogs with different causes of hypercalcaemia. 25-OH-D3 ranged from 64 to 291 nmol/L (median 101.5) in dogs with lymphoma; from 66 to 298 nmol/L (median 91.0) in dogs with primary hyperparathyreoidism; from 35 to 184 nmol/L (median 67.0) in dogs with chronic renal failure; and from 48 to 350 nmol/L (median 306.5) in control dogs. 25-OH-D3 was significantly lower in dogs with lymphoma, primary hyperparathyroidism and chronic renal failure than in control dogs. 1,25-(OH)2-D3 and 25-OH-D3 are not predictable in dogs with hypercalcaemia.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Clinicopathologic findings, sensitivity to house dust mites and efficacy of milbemycin oxime treatment of dogs with Cheyletiella sp. infestation.

Twenty-three dogs with positive skin scrapings for Cheyletiella sp. were treated with milbemycin oxime using a protocol approximating 2 mg kg-1 orally once weekly for three weeks. Nineteen of these dogs belonged to a household of 41 dogs and two dogs were in households with one other dog. All in-contact dogs were treated. Pre-treatment intradermal skin tests showed positive reactions to D. farinae in 13 dogs and to D. pteronyssinus in 12 dogs; these became negative post-treatment in four and seven dogs, respectively. All dogs showed a dramatic reduction in clinical signs one week after the third treatment. Eighteen dogs no longer had mites on skin scrapings, three had dead mites and two had deformed eggs. Recurrence of clinical signs necessitated two additional courses of the protocol in the multiple dog household and for a dog receiving immunosuppressive treatment for pemphigus foliaceus. Possible adverse reactions to the milbemycin (vomiting, lethargy) were noted once in two dogs.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Causes of uveitis in dogs: 102 cases (1989-2000).

Uveitis is one of the most common ocular diseases and one of the most common causes of blindness in dogs. The purpose of this retrospective study was to correlate the signalment, history, clinical signs and ophthalmic findings of dogs with uveitis with the underlying etiology. We conducted a retrospective study of 102 dogs presented to the NCSU-VTH from 1989 to 2000 with clinical signs of uveitis. Medical records of dogs presented for uveitis were reviewed. Dogs were included in the study only if a complete diagnostic work-up database was collected, if sufficient follow-up was documented, and if the uveitis was not secondary to trauma or a hypermature cataract. The mean age +/- SD of all dogs in this study was 6.2 +/- 3.6 years. There were 33 intact and 16 castrated males, and 14 intact and 27 neutered females. Fourteen breeds were represented, with the Golden Retriever (n = 14) most common. Fifty-nine dogs (58%) were diagnosed with idiopathic/immune-mediated uveitis, neoplasia was diagnosed in 25 dogs (24.5%) and 18 dogs (17.6%) were diagnosed with infectious causes of uveitis. Aqueous flare was the most common clinical sign, occurring in 88 dogs (86%). The most common infectious organisms associated with uveitis in the dogs of this study were Ehrlichia canis (n = 7). Lymphosarcoma (n = 17) was the most common neoplasm. In approximately 60% of dogs presenting for uveitis an underlying cause was not found, and a diagnosis of immune-mediated or idiopathic uveitis was made. However, approximately 25% of dogs had ocular and/or systemic neoplasia (with 17% of cases having lymphosarcoma) and 18% with an underlying infectious cause for uveitis. Because of the high percentage of systemic disease associated with uveitis in dogs, extensive diagnostic testing is recommended before instituting symptomatic anti-inflammatory therapy.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Bartonella henselae IgG antibodies are prevalent in dogs from southeastern USA.

In contrast to the large body of literature regarding Bartonella henselae in humans and cats, there is little information about B. henselae as an infectious agent in dogs. Due to the paucity of information regarding the B. henselae serology in dogs, we performed a cross-sectional serosurvey using B. henselae antigen in order to compare the seroprevalence between sick and healthy dogs from the south-eastern USA. Ninety-nine sera were collected from clinically healthy dogs. Three hundred and one sera from sick dogs were submitted to North Carolina State University for serologic screening against a panel of arthropod-transmitted organisms. Serological tests were performed using B. henselae (Bh), Rickettsia rickettsii (Rr), Ehrlichia canis (Ec), Bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii (Bvb), Babesia canis (Bc) and Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) antigens. Serum B. henselae IgG antibodies were detected in 10.1% of healthy dogs and in 27.2% of sick dogs. The difference in seroprevalence between the two groups was statistically significant. The majority of seroreactive dogs (80%) had low titers of 1:64 or 1:128. In healthy dogs, seroprevalence for Rr was 14.1% and for Bvb was 1%. In sick dogs, Rr seroprevalence was 29.7%, Ec 6.5%, Bvb 4.7%, Bb 1.7% and Bc was 0.85%. Of the sick dogs that were seroreactive to B. henselae antigens, 40.6% were also seroreactive to Rr, 15.0% reactive to Bvb antigens, 14.8% reactive to Ec antigens, 1.8% reactive to Bc antigens and 1.75% reactive to Bb antigens. Sera from dogs experimentally infected with B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, E. canis or R. rickettsii did not cross react with B. henselae antigens, by IFA testing. This study indicates that B. henselae IgG antibodies are prevalent in healthy and sick dogs living in the south-eastern USA. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to evaluate the epidemiological, clinical and zoonotic relevance of B. henselae infection in dogs.

Angiomatosis, Bacillary↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of primary breed-related cataracts in the dog in North America.

The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of cataracts in dogs presented to veterinary medical teaching hospitals in North America between 1964 and 2003. A retrospective study of all dogs presented with cataracts to veterinary medical teaching hospitals in North America between 1964 and 2003 was conducted to determine cataract prevalence. The different decades, breeds, gender, and age at time of presentation with cataract were compared. The prevalence of dogs presented with cataract varied by decade and ranged from 0.95% (1964-73), 1.88% (1974-83), 2.42% (1994-2003), to 3.5% (1984-93). The total number of dogs presented with cataracts over the 40-year period was 39,229. From 1964 to 2003 the prevalence of cataract formation in this patient population increased by about 255%. Fifty-nine breeds of dogs were affected with cataracts above the baseline prevalence of 1.61% seen in mixed-breed/hybrid dogs. The breeds with the highest cataract prevalence included: Smooth Fox Terrier (11.70%), Havanese (11.57%), Bichon Frise (11.45%), Boston Terrier (11.11%), Miniature Poodle (10.79%), Silky Terrier (10.29%) and Toy Poodle (10.21%). The breeds with the largest number of cataractous dogs during the entire four decades were the Boston Terrier (11.11%), Miniature Poodle (10.79%), American Cocker Spaniel (8.77%), Standard Poodle (7.00%), and Miniature Schnauzer (4.98%). Gender ratios of cataractous dogs seemed to affect limited breeds. Age of presentation with cataract diagnosis varied among several breeds. In the mixed-breed/hybrid baseline population, cataract formation appeared to be age related with a higher frequency of cataract formation in dogs after 4-7 years. Cataract formation is one of the most prevalent eye diseases in the dog population, and in about 60 breeds of dogs the prevalence of cataract exceeds that of the baseline mixed-breed/hybrid group. The prevalence of cataract is also influenced by age in most purebred dogs and affects 16.80% of the 7-15+-year-old mixed-breed/hybrid dog population. Total and age-related cataract prevalence in dogs seems very similar to that in man.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Keratoconjunctival effects of diabetes mellitus in dogs.

OBJECTIVES: To compare Schirmer tear test (STT) values, corneal sensitivity, tear film break up times (TFBUTs), and tear glucose concentrations in relation to conjunctival microflora, and conjunctival cytologic and histologic findings among diabetic cataractous, nondiabetic cataractous, and nondiabetic noncataractous dogs. Procedures Fifteen dogs in each category underwent neuro-ophthalmic examination; aerobic, anaerobic and fungal conjunctival cultures; assessment of corneal touch threshold (CTT), STT, tear glucose, TFBUT; and conjunctival cytology and histology (in certain cases only). Degree of cataract and uveitis were critically graded. Glycemic control was estimated using serum fructosamine and glycosylated hemoglobin. RESULTS: STT values were significantly lower in diabetic cataractous than nondiabetic noncataractous dogs. CTT of diabetic cataractous dogs was significantly lower than that of nondiabetic noncataractous dogs. Mean TFBUTs were significantly less in diabetic cataractous dogs than nondiabetic cataractous and nondiabetic noncataractous dogs. Tear glucose concentrations were significantly higher in diabetic cataractous dogs than nondiabetic cataractous and nondiabetic noncataractous dogs. Conjunctival microbial isolates did not differ among groups. There were no significant differences in degree of cataract or uveitis between diabetic cataractous and nondiabetic cataractous groups. There was mild submucosal inflammatory infiltrate in conjunctival specimens from diabetic dogs. Conjunctival epithelial dysplasia and/or squamous metaplasia was/were detected in conjunctival biopsies of 5/7 diabetic dogs. Reductions in conjunctival goblet cell (GC) densities were noted in 4/7 diabetic dogs; there were no significant differences in mean GC densities among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic cataractous dogs have significantly altered keratoconjunctival characteristics compared to nondiabetic cataractous and nondiabetic noncataractous dogs.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of topical 0.02% tacrolimus aqueous suspension on tear production in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of 0.02% tacrolimus in aqueous suspension on tear production in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). Animals studied One hundred five dogs diagnosed with KCS [Schirmer tear test (STT) < or = 10 mm/min and clinical signs of dry eye]. Eyes with marginally decreased STT (11 < or = 15 mm/min) and clinical signs of dry eye were also evaluated. PROCEDURE: The investigation was conducted in two parts: an initial efficacy study and a subsequent double blinded controlled study. In the efficacy study, the effect of topical tacrolimus (formerly FK-506) on tear production in dogs with primary KCS was evaluated. Dogs were divided into four categories: 1) 59 eyes (38 dogs) naïve to tear stimulation therapy with initial STT < or = 10 mm/min; 2) 28 eyes (21 dogs) naïve to tear stimulation therapy with initial STT 11 < or = 15 mm/min; 3) 30 eyes (15 dogs) maintained successfully on CsA therapy; 4) 47 eyes (24 dogs) unresponsive to CsA therapy. STT and clinical signs were evaluated prior to and after 6 to 8 weeks of twice daily tacrolimus administration. Tacrolimus was substituted for CsA therapy in categories 3 and 4. The controlled study compared the effect of topical tacrolimus in aqueous suspension to administration of the aqueous carrier alone on tear production in 20 dogs with primary KCS. RESULTS: In the efficacy study, STT increased by 5 mm/min in 84.7%, 25.0%, 26.7% and 51.1% of eyes in categories 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively after tacrolimus administration. Eighty-three percent of eyes with extremely low initial STT (< or = 2 mm/min), increased 5 mm/min after tacrolimus. In the controlled study, STT increased by 5 mm/min in 7/10 dogs (14/20 eyes) that received tacrolimus and in none of the 10 dogs that received aqueous carrier alone. Dogs receiving just the aqueous carrier were subsequently treated with tacrolimus, and STT increased 5 mm/min in 9 dogs (18/20 eyes) after administration. CONCLUSIONS: Twice daily administration of 0.02% tacrolimus in aqueous suspension effectively increased tear production in dogs with KCS. Topical tacrolimus is a promising alternative to topical CsA for treatment of KCS and may be beneficial in patients with less than optimal response to topical CsA.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Ureterocolonic anastomosis in ten dogs with transitional cell carcinoma.

Ureterocolonic anastomosis (UCA) was performed in 10 dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder trigone or the urethra, or both. All grossly visible tumor was excised. All of the dogs recovered from anesthesia and surgery and had anal continence with no urine leakage. One dog died of undetermined causes 7 days after surgery. Nine dogs survived 1 to 5 months. The owners of eight of the dogs considered their dog's quality of life to be acceptable. Four dogs were euthanatized because of neurologic disease, three of which also had nausea and vomiting. The neurologic and gastrointestinal signs may have been caused by hyperammonemia, metabolic acidosis, and uremia. Blood ammonia levels were elevated in two dogs with neurologic signs. Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis that was reversible with bicarbonate therapy was diagnosed in five dogs. All of the dogs were azotemic because of intestinal recycling of urea. Serum creatinine concentrations increased in four dogs after surgery. Drug-induced renal disease may have developed in two dogs. Pyelonephritis developed in five kidneys, two of which had outflow obstruction and two had bilateral hydroureteronephrosis before the UCA. In this small number of dogs, surgical excision of transitional cell carcinoma was not curative with six dogs having confirmed metastatic lesions at the time of death.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Results of partial mandibulectomy for the treatment of oral tumors in 142 dogs.

Partial mandibulectomy was performed for the treatment of benign or malignant oral tumors in 142 dogs. Forty-two dogs with a benign tumor (ameloblastoma) had a 22.5 month (range, 6 to 74 months) median disease-free interval, with a 97% 1-year survival rate; there was local recurrence in one dog. Twenty-four dogs with squamous cell carcinoma had a disease-free interval of 26 months (range, 6 to 84 months), with a 91% 1-year survival rate; recurrence and metastasis developed in two dogs and metastatic disease in one dog. Based on survival curves, 37 dogs with a melanoma had a median survival time of 9.9 months (range, 1 to 36 months), with a 21% 1-year survival rate; 20 dogs died or were euthanatized for recurrent or metastatic disease. Twenty dogs with osteosarcoma had a median survival time of 13.6 months (range, 3 to 28 months), with a 35% 1-year survival rate; nine dogs died or were euthanatized for recurrent or metastatic disease. Nineteen dogs with fibrosarcoma had median survival time of 10.6 months (range, 3 to 32 months), with a 50% 1-year survival rate; 12 dogs died or were euthanatized for recurrent or metastatic disease. Results of this and previous studies demonstrated that partial mandibulectomy was effective in prolonging survival and decreasing recurrence for squamous cell carcinoma and ameloblastoma. Progressive disease and corresponding low survival times were common in dogs with melanoma, osteosarcoma, and fibrosarcoma. There were no differences in survival times or the progression of disease among five partial hemimandibulectomy procedures. The high rates of recurrence and metastasis in dogs with these tumors suggest a need for evaluation of ancillary chemotherapy and local radiation therapy to decrease the prevalence of progressive disease.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Surgical treatment of pheochromocytoma: technique, complications, and results in six dogs.

Six dogs were diagnosed with pheochromocytoma and staged according to the World Health Organization's system for tumor classification. Two dogs had benign tumors (T1, N0, M0) and four dogs had malignant tumors (T2, N0, M1 or T3, N0, M0). All dogs had adrenalectomy, two dogs had concurrent nephrectomy, and three dogs had concurrent resection of a tumor thrombus from the vena cava. Anesthetic complications occurred in five dogs, including wide variations in heart rate (four dogs), blood pressure (five dogs), and cardiac arrhythmias (one dog). One dog died 12 hours after surgery from partial dehiscence of the suture line and hemorrhage from the vena cava, and one dog died 6 days after surgery during general anesthesia for treatment of laryngeal paralysis. Four dogs survived from 3 to 23 months (median, 15 months). One dog remained hypertensive after surgery. Benign and malignant pheochromocytomas seem to be amenable to surgical resection.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Oxytocin content of the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs and its relationship to pain induced by spinal cord compression.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether oxytocin exists in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of dogs and whether the amount of oxytocin in the CSF of dogs with neck or back pain caused by spinal cord compression is significantly different than that in the CSF of clinically normal dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective controlled study. ANIMAL POPULATION: A total of 15 purpose-bred beagles and 17 client-owned dogs. METHODS: CSF was collected by needle puncture of the cerebellar medullary cistern after induction of general anesthesia. Oxytocin levels within the samples were determined through radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Dogs with spinal cord compression had significantly more oxytocin in their CSF than the clinically normal dogs (13.76 +/- 2.0 pg/mL and 3.61 +/- 0.63 pg/mL, respectively; P < .0001). Dogs with chronic signs (>7 days) had significantly more oxytocin in their CSF than dogs with acute signs (<7 days) (21.60 +/- 0.86 pg/mL and 6.80 +/- 0.81 pg/mL, respectively; P < .0001). Both acutely and chronically affected dogs had significantly more oxytocin in their CSF than the controls (P < .005 and P < .0001 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Dogs with neck and back pain caused by spinal cord compression have significantly more oxytocin in their CSF than clinically normal dogs. Dogs with chronic clinical signs have significantly more oxytocin in their CSF than dogs with acute clinical signs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In humans, intrathecal injection of oxytocin is effective in treating low back pain for up to 5 hours. Intrathecal oxytocin may be a logical choice for perioperative analgesia in dogs undergoing myelography because the intrathecal space is accessed for injection of contrast agent.

Animals↗