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PubMed1986

Alcohol consumption, female sexual behavior and contraceptive use.

To examine the effects of alcohol consumption on female sexuality and contraceptive use, 69 sexually active women between the ages of 18 and 34 completed daily logs of their drinking behavior, sexual activity and contraceptive use over three consecutive menstrual cycles. In addition, participants completed a post-study questionnaire that assessed personal beliefs regarding alcohol use and sexual behavior. Although the results from the daily logs failed to show any significant effects of alcohol on subsequent sexual arousal, sexual pleasure or orgasm, female-initiated sexual activity appeared to be inversely related to alcohol use with women initiating significantly fewer sexual activities following the consumption of alcohol. On the contrary, the retrospective questionnaire data indicated that women believed alcohol enhanced sexual desire, enjoyment and activity. The findings further indicated that alcohol consumption immediately prior to sexual intercourse did not significantly alter the use of coitus-dependent contraceptives. These data suggest that women view alcohol as an aphrodisiac despite their physiological and reported behavioral responses.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Hypothalamic circuits and circadian rhythms: effects of knife cuts vary with their placement within the suprachiasmatic area.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and its efferent projections are necessary for the generation of circadian rhythms. To further investigate the role of SCN connections in the generation of behavioral rhythms, intact and blinded-castrated male rats housed in constant conditions were given horizontal knife cuts aimed dorsal to the SCN, or sham surgery. Rhythms of locomotor activity and drinking behavior were monitored using a microcomputer. Cuts that spared the SCN failed to abolish rhythms. Effects of cuts that damaged the SCN ranged from changes in period length of the rhythms to abolition of drinking rhythms. These and previous results indicate that connections between the SCN and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus are not necessary for the expression of behavioral rhythms.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

The rules of drug taking: wine and poppy derivatives in the ancient world. III. Wine as an instrument of aggressive behavior and of ritual madness.

Wine-induced facilitation of aggressive behavior was well known by the Ancients but, being considered a sign of cowardice, its exploitation on the battlefield was attributed to barbarians only. Aspects of drinking behavior considered particularly negative, such as drinking undiluted wine or getting drunk, were also attributed to barbarians. Drunkenness was, however, condoned during Dionysian feasts, when wine became, along with dance, the instrument of enthusiasm, the possession by the god. Similarities between Dionysian feasts and Sciamanic rites are discussed.

Aggression↗

PubMed2005

Habit formation and college students' demand for alcohol.

This research investigates whether the positive association between college students' current and high-school drinking is due to habit formation or whether it is solely due to the influence of unobserved individual characteristics that are correlated over time. The empirical investigation is based on individual level data from the 1997 and 1999 waves of the Harvard School of Public Health's College Alcohol Study (CAS). Amemyia's generalized least squares is used to address the heterogeneity issue in examining the relationship between past and current drinking. The results suggest that after controlling for correlation in unobserved characteristics that influence alcohol use, high-school drinking has a significant and positive impact on college drinking, indicating the existence of habit formation. Both structural evidence of habit formation and reduced form results reveal that stricter drunk driving laws faced while in high-school have a long lived effect, reducing drinking while in college. The results also highlight the importance of access to alcohol, both on campus and in the college neighborhood, as a determinant of college students' drinking behavior.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Binge drinking in the context of romantic relationships.

This study examined consequences of binge drinking on relationship conversation qualities (positive tone, general disagreements, drinking disagreements, and talks about drinking) among romantically involved college students. Conversation qualities were predicted with three binging variables: (a) same day binging, (b) prior day binging, and (c) total amount of binging reported. The participants (N=156) completed 10 daily diaries of relationship conversations as well as drinking behaviors. Same day binging increased the occurrence of both drinking disagreements and talks about drinking. However, prior day binging was not associated with any of the four conversation qualities examined. Greater numbers of binges over the duration of the study were associated with less overall positive tone, and more general disagreements, drinking disagreements, and talks about drinking. The implications of the findings for student drinking patterns and relational quality are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Longitudinal examination of underage drinking and subsequent drinking and risky driving.

INTRODUCTION: Alcohol use, alcohol misuse, and risky driving from adolescence into young adulthood were compared by drinking onset age. METHODS: Surveys were administered in Grades 5/6, 6/7, 7/8, 10, 12, and at approximately age 23. Participants were placed into Drinking Onset groups based on self-reported alcohol use frequency on the adolescent surveys. Driving records were examined in three age periods: under 21, 21-25, and 26+. RESULTS: The earliest drinking initiators reported higher alcohol use and misuse on each survey, and were more likely to have risky driving offenses before age 21 and to have alcohol driving offenses in all three age periods. DISCUSSION: The earliest drinking initiators engaged in risky drinking behavior and risky driving behavior that was consistently higher than those with later drinking initiation, beginning in adolescence and persisting well into young adulthood.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of ethanol drinking and naltrexone on subsequent drinking in rats.

The effects of several days of oral ethanol drinking paired with naltrexone (NTX) on subsequent ethanol drinking were investigated in rats. We hypothesized that repeated pairings of NTX combined with forced oral ethanol intake would extinguish ethanol drinking so that when NTX injections were terminated, voluntary oral ethanol drinking would be suppressed. Thirty-two male. Long-Evans rats were provided with alternate days of either 8% ethanol solution or water as the sole source of fluid. Intraperitoneal injections of 0, 2.5, or 5.0 mg of NTX hydrochloride were administered on the ethanol days. Following the termination of injections, rats were returned to unrestricted access to water and ethanol and 24-h measurements of fluid intake were recorded. NTX decreased ethanol intake 4 h, but not 24 h, after NTX injections. Despite the consumption of significant amounts of ethanol during NTX treatment, there was no change in voluntary oral ethanol intake patterns after NTX injections were terminated (reinstatement of voluntary ethanol drinking). Thus, NTX's reduction in ethanol intake was limited in duration and did not result in long-term extinction of ethanol drinking behavior.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2006

Drivers within natural drinking groups: an exploration of role selection, motivation, and group influence on driver sobriety.

Young people consume alcohol almost exclusively in social contexts, but natural drinking group dynamics are poorly understood. Our research focuses on the drivers' role within natural drinking groups. We conducted breath-test surveys of existing groups of young people at the US/Mexico border crossing before they headed to Tijuana bars, and surveyed them again upon their return. Results indicated an individual's perception of other group member's drinking plans predicts drinking intentions to a greater degree for passengers than drivers. Additionally, drivers who anticipated heavy drinking among other group members returned to the United States with BACs nearly identical to drivers who reported that other group members would not drink at all. This suggests drivers were resistant to normative pressures to drink. Evidence that group-dynamic variables may impact drinking behavior underscores the importance of systematic exploration of natural drinking groups. Furthermore, the knowledge gleaned from studying the dynamics and decision making processes of natural drinking groups could be used to design intervention designed to increase designated driver use and to reduce drinking among designated drivers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

The utility of collateral informant assessment in college alcohol research: results from a longitudinal prevention trial.

OBJECTIVE: Collateral informants have been used to assess independently the validity of college student self-report data. However, it is unclear under what conditions collateral reports might be valid and useful in college research. We present two studies that examine aspects of these issues using data from 1,264 college student participants in a brief intervention prevention trial conducted at a public university. METHOD: The first study describes the characteristics and predictors of agreement on reports of alcohol use and problems from 219 student-collateral informant pairs. The second study investigates potential "pipeline effects"; that is, whether collateral verification resulted in changes in student self-reports on two subsequent survey assessments over 1 year using longitudinal data from 1,264 students. RESULTS: Little support was found for the assumption that nondependent college drinkers underreport drinking behaviors and consequences. Collaterals who reported more occasions of drinking together, higher confidence in the report and a close relationship with the participant provided reports that were more consistent with participant drinking reports. No evidence was found that pipeline effects of collateral verification improve the accuracy of college student self-reports at future assessments. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study are consistent with much of the published literature showing that using collateral reports to verify the self-reports of college students (and adults) may result in increased, not decreased, misclassification error. These findings suggest that the time and expense required to collect collateral data in the college setting has limited utility and may be better spent on establishing the proper assessment conditions that will foster accurate and honest self-reporting.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

The effects of restraint using self-locking stanchions on dairy cows in relation to behavior, feed intake, physiological parameters, health, and milk yield.

Holstein cows (n = 64) ranging from peak to end lactation were restrained in self-locking stanchions (i.e., head locks) for approximately 4 h/d for four periods in a modified switchback design. Milk yield, milk fat percentage, somatic cell count, and dry matter intake and dry matter intake were unaffected by restraint. Milk protein percentage was significantly lower for cows that were restrained. Plasma cortisol concentrations and the ratio of neutrophils to mononuclear cells were not significantly different between restrained and unrestrained (control) cows. No difference in the incidence of mastitis or other health concerns was noted. Behaviorally, cows that were locked in the stanchions spent significantly more time lying after release from restraint. For cows that were locked up, eating frequency over 24 h was significantly reduced, but dry matter intake was not affected. Total rumination frequency over 24 h was not significantly different for cows that were restraubed; however, cows that were restrained ruminated less during the day following release. Grooming was considered to be a behavioral need and was significantly increased during all times when cows were not locked up. Grooming was also one of the first behaviors performed following release. Acts of aggression were elevated during all periods following restraint, but oral behaviors, such as tongue playing and chewing on objects, drinking behavior, and resting postures were not affected. The use of self-locking stanchions did not appear to affect substantially the overall well-being of the cow.

Aggression↗

PubMed2006

Alcohol use in the elderly: beyond the CAGE. Part 2: Screening instruments and treatment strategies.

Recognition of the prevalence of alcohol problems in older patients has led researchers to develop and standardize screening instruments specifically intended for use in the elderly. While the CAGE questionnaire is the most commonly used screening instrument for alcohol use disorders, its usefulness in the geriatric patient has been questioned. Other tools, such as the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Michigan Alcohol Screening Test-Geriatric Version (MAST-G), and the Alcohol-Related Problems Survey (ARPS) may have additional use in this population. Brief interventions have been shown to be effective in producing sustained abstinence or reducing levels of consumption, thereby decreasing hazardous and harmful drinking. Clinicians may identify specific changes in the medical management of the individual that will reduce risk regardless of drinking behavior.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

VTA dopamine neuron activity distinguishes alcohol-preferring (P) rats from Wistar rats.

The mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system is innately deficient in rats selectively bred for high alcohol drinking behavior compared with rats selectively bred for low alcohol drinking and unselected rats. In alcohol-preferring (P) rats, compared with alcohol-nonpreferring (NP) rats, this is evidenced by fewer DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) projecting to the nucleus accumbens (ACB). Yet, despite this deficiency, DA release in the ACB is similar in P, NP, and Wistar rats. DA release is regulated by DA neuronal activity, and DA neurons fire tonically as well as in bursts. Burst firing has been shown to substantially enhance DA release compared with tonic firing. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that the remaining VTA DA neurons in P rats have faster firing frequencies and/or burst fire more frequently than VTA DA neurons in Wistar rats. The spontaneous activity of VTA DA neurons was recorded in unanesthetized alcohol-naive P and Wistar rats. A conventional burst analysis on 500 consecutive action potentials revealed that P rats had a significantly (p < 0.05) greater percentage of action potentials in bursts when compared with Wistar rats (P: 50.9%, Wistar: 34.4%). Firing frequency and other burst parameters (burst interspike interval, burst length, interburst interval, and the number of action potentials per burst) did not distinguish the two groups of rats. The increased burst activity in P rats may represent a compensatory mechanism to maintain adequate basal levels of DA despite the deficiency in the mesolimbic DA system.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1994

Health and behavioral consequences of binge drinking in college. A national survey of students at 140 campuses.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the extent of binge drinking by college students and the ensuing health and behavioral problems that binge drinkers create for themselves and others on their campus. DESIGN: Self-administered survey mailed to a national representative sample of US 4-year college students. SETTING: One hundred forty US 4-year colleges in 1993. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 17,592 college students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reports of drinking behavior, alcohol-related health problems, and other problems. RESULTS: Almost half (44%) of college students responding to the survey were binge drinkers, including almost one fifth (19%) of the students who were frequent binge drinkers. Frequent binge drinkers are more likely to experience serious health and other consequences of their drinking behavior than other students. Almost half (47%) of the frequent binge drinkers experienced five or more different drinking-related problems, including injuries and engaging in unplanned sex, since the beginning of the school year. Most binge drinkers do not consider themselves to be problem drinkers and have not sought treatment for an alcohol problem. Binge drinkers create problems for classmates who are not binge drinkers. Students who are not binge drinkers at schools with higher binge rates were more likely than students at schools with lower binge rates to experience problems such as being pushed, hit, or assaulted or experiencing an unwanted sexual advance. CONCLUSIONS: Binge drinking is widespread on college campuses. Programs aimed at reducing this problem should focus on frequent binge drinkers, refer them to treatment or educational programs, and emphasize the harm they cause for students who are not binge drinkers.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

[Effect of beta-lipoprotein derivatives on the drinking and feeding behavior of rats].

The effects of some previously unexplored beta-lipotropin derivatives (fragments of beta-MSH 4-7 and 5-8 corresponding to fragments of beta-lipotropin 40-43, 41-44; an enkephalin analog--an enkephalin-like tetrapeptide Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phen-NH2) on drinking and food behavior of rats were studied and compared. beta-MSH 5-8 was found to possess a remarkable dipsogenic action but to produce no effect on food intake in rats. At the same time a structurally related analog beta-MSH 4-7 and enkephalin-like tetrapeptide did not alter drinking behavior of animals, exerting, however, a substantial satiating action on hungry rats and initiating food behaviour in fed animals. The effects of the peptides on drinking and food behavior appeared long-term, persisting for 14-16 days and even up to 4-4.5 months upon administration of the enkephalin-like tetrapeptide. The data obtained suggest that the structural similarity of peptides does not always determine the common characteristics of their physiological effects which depend to a considerable degree on the initial food motivation.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Psychosocial determinants of perceived vulnerability to harm among adult drinkers.

OBJECTIVE: Perceived vulnerability to harm is widely acknowledged as a determinant of behavior change, but little is known about why some drinkers believe that they are personally "at risk" for problems while others do not. This study examined perceived vulnerability to alcohol-related harm in relation to epidemiological risk status on a standardized problem-drinking measure and two psychosocial measures of drinking context: (1) typical reasons for drinking and cutting down and (2) social network influences related to alcohol use. We evaluated the general hypothesis that these psychosocial variables would independently affect perceived vulnerability to alcohol-related harm, over and above epidemiological risk status. METHOD: Adults between the ages of 18 and 79 (N = 430; 249 women, 173 men, 8 gender unknown) completed a questionnaire about drinking behavior and drinking-related social and motivational context. RESULTS: There was a positive relationship between problem-drinking status and perceived risk of experiencing harm, and no support for the idea that objectively "at-risk" drinkers believe that they are less likely to personally experience harm than comparable peers. Drinking motives and social network variables each significantly improved the prediction of perceived vulnerability when epidemiological risk status was controlled. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions designed to alter drinkers' risk perceptions should take into account the reasons that people have for drinking and the social network context of alcohol use, in addition to whether or not individuals are "problem drinkers."

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Angiotensin II induces water absorption behavior in two species of desert anurans.

The octapeptide, angiotensin II (A-II), induces drinking behavior in several vertebrate species; however, relatively little is understood about A-II-induced thirst in amphibians. Scaphiopus couchii and Bufo cognatus were dehydrated to 90% of their ad libitum weight. This level of dehydration was sufficient to induce water absorption response (WR) behavior in both species. Fully hydrated toads injected intraperitoneally with A-II exhibited a significant amount of WR behavior. The minimum effective dose for inducing WR behavior was 10 micrograms/100 g-animal for S. couchii and 100 micrograms/100 g-animal for B. cognatus. When dehydrated toads were treated with the A-II receptor antagonist, Thr8-saralasin, S. couchii, exhibited a significant increase in WR behavior, while B. cognatus did not respond behaviorally. Finally, treatment of dehydrated toads with captopril, a compound that inhibits conversion of angiotensin I to A-II, did not significantly affect WR behavior in either species. These results support other findings that A-II may be involved in WR behavior in amphibians. However, the failure of Thr2-saralasin or captopril to inhibit WR behavior in dehydrated toads suggests that the receptor mechanisms involved in thirst regulation in toads may be different from those in mammals, and the renin-angiotensin system may not be the only potential mediator of WR behavior in these species.

Angiotensin II↗

PubMed1984

[A chronobiological study of behavioral changes in rats].

A chronobiological study of behavioral changes in Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) was undertaken. Attention was focused on changes in ambulatory activity and drinking behavior using an Ambulo-Drinkometer, the effects of centrally acting antihypertensive drugs, and the relationship between behavioral changes and humoral factors. (1) The experiment was performed during a light-dark alternation cycle. Approximately 10 days were required for rats to acclimate to new cages. (2) Using power spectral analysis, a 24 hr periodicity was dominant in both sexes of WKY and SHRSP. A 120 hr periodicity was demonstrated in female SHRSP. This long periodicity may have been due to a female sexual rhythm. (3) Ambulatory activity of WKY and SHRSP tended to decrease with age. (4) After abrupt cessation of clonidine administration, an ambulatory ultradian rhythm was demonstrated. Guanfacine treated SHR showed less change in ambulatory ultradian rhythm than clonidine treated SHR. (5) Using a Drinkometer with attached metabolic cages, drinking counts, urinary volumes, urinary aldosterone and catecholamine excretion rates were higher during the dark phase than during the light phase. It was demonstrated that analysis of rhythmicities and measurement of behavioral amplitude are both needed in the study of behavioral pharmacology.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed2003

Role of Fyn tyrosine kinase in ethanol consumption by mice.

BACKGROUND: Mice deficient for the intracellular protein Fyn tyrosine kinase (fynZ/fynZ mice) have been reported to show increased alcohol sensitivity and lack of tolerance to the effects of ethanol. To further study the involvement of Fyn in neurobehavioral effects of alcohol, we examined ethanol consumption and relapse drinking behavior in fynZ/fynZ mice. METHODS: FynZ/fynZ and wild-type mice were given a free choice between water and increasing concentrations of ethanol (2-16%). Once a stable baseline of 16% ethanol consumption was established, access to ethanol was withdrawn for 2 weeks and then reinstated, to measure the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE). Forced swim stress was performed thereafter on 2 consecutive days. In a final experiment we studied alcohol sensitivity by measuring ethanol-induced loss of righting reflex (LORR). RESULTS: The concentration of available ethanol had a significant effect on ethanol consumption and preference; however, there was no significant effect of genotype on these measures. Deprivation from ethanol led to a significant increase in ethanol consumption by all mice with no significant impact of genotype on ethanol consumption or water consumption during the ADE. Two consecutive days of forced swim stress led to a significant increase in ethanol consumption; again however, genotype had no effect on stress-associated ethanol consumption. Surprisingly, however, FynZ/fynZ mice showed no differences in alcohol sensitivity when compared to wild-type animals, in contrast to previously reported results ( Miyakawa et al., 1997). CONCLUSIONS: Deletion of the Fyn tyrosine kinase gene may be involved in ethanol sensitivity but this effect may depend on a gene-environment interaction. Fyn does not influence ethanol consumption, neither under basal conditions nor following a deprivation period or stress. This finding indicates that phosphorylation and activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors through Fyn is not a critical mechanism in alcohol drinking or relapse behavior.

Alcohol Drinking↗