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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources

PubMed1986

Class and subclass antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae type b capsule: comparison of invasive disease and natural exposure.

Recently, the role of immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses in the immune responses to organisms with polysaccharide capsules, particularly Haemophilus influenzae type b, has been of interest. We developed assays to measure IgG2- and IgG4-specific antibodies to the polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) polysaccharide antigen of H. influenzae type b and demonstrated that these assays were subclass specific. Relative levels of subclass-specific antibody were assayed in serum from 30 Alaskan Eskimo children who had invasive H. influenzae type b disease and 30 healthy controls that were matched for age and village of residence. We also measured total PRP antibody and total serum IgG4. The group with invasive H. influenzae type b disease had a significantly higher mean level of IgG4-specific PRP antibody than did the controls (P = 0.0006). However, we found no significant difference between cases and controls for IgG2-specific PRP antibody, total IgG4, or total PRP antibody. The data suggest that IgG4-specific PRP antibody is elicited by invasive H. influenzae type b disease, independent of age. The IgG4 subclass thus may be a critical determinant of the immune response to invasive infection caused by H. influenzae type b, especially for young infants who generally have a weak immune response to this organism.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1979

Survey of ophthalmic conditions in a Labrador community. I. Refractive errors.

Of the 745 available members of the population of Nain in Labrador 650 (87%) were screened for refractive errors and ocular disease. Refraction by retinoscopy was done in 553 and axial length measured by an optical method in 514. The results showed that the incidence of low degrees of myopia was higher in Inuit (Eskimos) and those of Mixed Inuit-Caucasian blood in the age groups 10 to 40 than in those over 40. 75% of the myopes came from 20 families in which myopia was present in 2 or more generations. Although there was no significant correlation between the refraction of parents and offspring, there were significant correlations between them for axial length. The axial lenths of the myopic eyes of the Inuit and Mixed populations were significantly longer than emmetropic and hypermetropic eyes. The younger memebers of the population were taller than their parents, and except in female Caucasians axial length showed a significant positive correlation with height. More myopes than emmetropes and hypermetropes achieved grade 8 or more in school. It is suggested that the increased incidence of myopia in the younger age groups might be due to environmental factors interfering with the process of emmetropisation in eyes with a genetic predisposition to myopia by virtue of inheriting a slightlt longer eye. Better nutrition resulting in an increase in stature may also have had some influence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Incidence of salivary gland tumours in Scotland: accuracy of national records.

Statistics on discharge diagnoses in Scotland during 1968-74 show the incidence of all tumours of major salivary glands to exceed 40/million population yearly. This is higher than in any other nationality except Canadian Eskimos. Studies in two hospitals showed that numerous errors occurred in reporting these tumours, but the figures were more likely to be too low than too high. Probably eastern Scotland at least has an unusually high incidence, although in other countries using different methods of analysis the reported figures are likely to be low. Statistics based on discharge diagnoses will continue to be neglected in research until the standard of completion of discharge diagnoses improves.

Diagnostic Errors↗

PubMed1972

Sucrose malabsorption in Greenland.

In a population study on the western coast of Greenland the incidence of sucrose malabsorption was estimated by means of sucrose tolerance tests in 190 persons. Small-intestinal disaccharidase activity was estimated in 19 patients. Sucrose malabsorption was present in 10.5% of the cases studied-a surprisingly high figure and much higher than the incidence reported elsewhere in the world. This incidence is, however, lower than that of lactose malabsorption in Greenland Eskimos (54%). In contrast to lactose malabsorption, sucrose malabsorption is present from birth; this may have important clinical implications since chronic diarrhoea and malnutrition are fairly common during infancy in Greenland.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Obstetric care in the central Canadian Arctic.

All pregnancies that occurred during 1971-5 among 4000 Canadian Eskimos living in isolated settlements in a district of the North-west Territories were reviewed. Obstetric care was provided in settlement nursing stations, at a base hospital manned by general practitioners, and at a teaching hospital in Winnipeg. Of the 622 infants delivered in 1971-5 218 were delivered in nursing stations by midwives, 338 in the base hospital, and 54 in the teaching hospital. Caesarean sections were performed in 10 cases, and the perinatal mortality was 25.7 per 1000 births. Though it is hard to defend patients delivering their babies in remote areas with no medical help, the results seemed to be acceptable. The credit for this goes to experienced midwives, a liberal evacuation policy, close co-operation from general practitioners, and the specialist visiting and consulting service.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Beneficial effect of fish oil on blood viscosity in peripheral vascular disease.

Reports suggest that the low incidence of ischaemic heart disease in Greenlandic Eskimos is related to the effect of a diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid on platelet reactivity and plasma lipid concentrations. A double blind randomised investigation was therefore conducted of the effects on blood viscosity of dietary supplementation with an oil rich in this fatty acid (1.8 g/day, given as fish oil) and an eicosapentaenoic acid poor oil (as corn/olive oil) in patients with peripheral arterial disease. A statistically significant reduction in whole blood viscosity was observed at seven weeks in those patients receiving the eicosapentaenoic acid rich oil. No changes in plasma viscosity, haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, or platelet count were seen. A significant fall in plasma triglyceride concentration was also noted only in the patients receiving oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid; plasma concentrations of cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol were unchanged. It is concluded that rheological changes that result from a diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid may contribute to the suggested protective effects of such a diet against arterial disease and that such changes are of potential therapeutic importance in established arterial disease.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Ionization and photoelectric smoke alarms in rural Alaskan homes.

OBJECTIVE: To compare rates of nuisance alarms and disconnection between ionization and photoelectric smoke alarms. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. SETTING: Four Inupiat Eskimo villages in the Northwest Arctic Borough region of Alaska, 48 km (30 mi) above the Arctic Circle. SUBJECTS: Households in 4 communities with similar populations, number of homes, mean income, size of household, and square footage per home. INTERVENTION: Two villages had photoelectric alarms installed (58 homes), and 2 other villages had ionization alarms installed (65 homes) in standard locations. Follow-up household surveys were conducted after 6 months to determine rates of false alarms and detector disconnection. All of the households that could be contacted 104/123 agreed to participate in the follow-up surveys. Main outcome measures The proportion of households experiencing false alarms and the proportion of disabled alarms in households in each of the test communities. RESULTS: Homes with ionization alarms had more than 8 times the rate of false alarms as those with photoelectric alarms. Eleven of the ionization alarms (19%) were disconnected compared with 2 of the photoelectric devices (4%). CONCLUSIONS: In small rural residences, photoelectric smoke alarms have lower rates of false alarms and disconnection. Photoelectric alarms may be the preferred choice for dwellings with limited living space or frequent false alarms.

Alaska↗

PubMed1986

Malignant epithelial tumours associated with autoimmune sialadenitis.

Malignant epithelial tumours associated with autoimmune sialadenitis are rare in white races but occur more often in those of Eskimo or oriental descent. Ultrastructurally these tumours are squamous in origin, and they may arise from the epithelial component of autoimmune sialadenitis. The two cases reported are the first described in natives of this country, and in one, a case of parotid tumour, autoimmune sialadenitis preceded the development of undifferentiated carcinoma by 12 years; the other, a submandibular lesion, indicates some diagnostic difficulties that were found. This condition deserves wider recognition, as adequate primary treatment may result in long term survival.

Aged↗

PubMed1975

Respiratory gas exchange ratio and prediction of aerobic power.

The Issekutz procedure for the prediction of maximum oxygen intake from the respiratory exchange ratio (R) has been evaluated on a diverse group of 308 subjects, including "whites" and Eskimos, men and women ranging in age from 16 to 65 yr. When applied to young white men performing 12 min of progressive step or treadmill exercise, the prediction procedure has a coefficient of variation of less than 10%, without systematic error. Unfortunately, the standard equation lacks generality, and erroneous predictions can arise from a change of test protocol, the use of a different exercise modality, or application to older subjects. If a brief exercise format is used, low R values may be reported during an early phase of relative hypoventilation. At a given metabolic loading, bicycle ergometry yields a higher respiratory minute volume than other modes of exercise. A heavy loading of one muscle group seems responsible, and the results is a high R value in submaximum effort. Aging is associated with a lowering of maximum blood lactate levels and thus maximum figures for R.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Autonomic nervous system and adaptation to cold in man.

The responses to cold hand test (blood pressure increase and tachycardia) and to a cold face test (blood pressure increase and bradycardia) were used to study the role of the autonomic nevrous system in cold adaptation in humans. The Eskimos (men, women, children) were shown to have a very weak sympathetic response to cold but the vagal response (bradycardia) was identical to that of white people. A group of mailmen from Quebec city living outdoors approximately 30 h/wk throughout the year was also studied. A significant decline in the cold pressor response and an enhanced bradycardia (cold face test) were observed at the end of the winter. Similarly the fall in skin temperature of the cheek was not as pronounced when the measurements were made in May compared to those made in October. A group of soldiers was also studied before and after an Arctic expedition. It was found that the bradycardia of the cold face test was also more pronounced after sojourning in the cold. These results indicate that repeated exposures to severe cold in men activate some adaptive mechanisms characterized by a diminution of the sympathetic response and a concomitant enhancement of the vagal activation normally observed when the extremities and the face are exposed to cold.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2006

Differences in cancer incidence among Indians in Alaska and New Mexico and U.S. Whites, 1993-2002.

Cancer incidence for American Indians and Alaska Natives is typically reported as a single rate for all U.S. indigenous populations combined. Previously reported combined rates suggest that American Indians and Alaska Natives have lower cancer incidence rates compared with the U.S. population. Alaska Native people comprise three major ethnic groups: Eskimo, Indian, and Aleut people. We examined cancer incidence from only Alaska Indians and compared incidence rates with an American Indian population living in New Mexico. These data indicate striking differences in cancer patterns between two American Indian populations. Cancer data for the years 1993 to 2002 for American Indians of New Mexico and U.S. Whites are from the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program Public-use data set. Data for Alaska Indians are from the Alaska Native Tumor Registry, which is also a Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Program participant. Overall, cancer incidence rates for all sites combined in New Mexico Indian men and women were lower than U.S. White rates, whereas Alaska Indian men and women exceeded U.S. rates. In comparing Alaska and New Mexico Indians, we observed a 2.5-fold higher incidence of cancer among Alaska Indians. The largest differences between the two Indian populations were noted primarily in cancers associated with tobacco use, including cancers of the oral cavity/pharynx, esophagus (only in men), colon and rectum, pancreas, larynx (men), lung, prostate, and urinary bladder (men). Lung cancer rates in Alaska Indian men and women were 7 and 10 times those of New Mexico Indian men and women.

Alaska↗

PubMed2001

Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on urinary calcium excretion in calcium stone formers.

OBJECTIVES: The low incidence of atherosclerosis and other degenerative disease, including urolithiasis, in the Greenland Eskimo has been attributed to their high consumption of oily fish with its high concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). With a westernized diet, the oxygenated products of renal prostaglandin synthesis are metabolites of the n-6 series and these are known to play important roles in several pathophysiological processes involved in calcium stone formation. Buck's group presented a hypothesis that the initiating factor for lithiasis triggers prostaglandin synthesis, and showed that this influenced by EPA treatment. METHOD: In order to ascertain the effects of EPA on plasma lipids and urinary parameters, we undertook a clinical study whereby a highly purified preparation was administrated (1,800 mg/day) to 88 patients with urinary stones for 3 months (short term) and 18 months (long term). RESULTS: Hyperlipemia improved the affected individuals and urinary calcium was significantly reduced in the hypercalciuric but not in the normocalciuric group. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that EPA by reducing urinary calcium might favorably affect urine composition in a way that possibly reduces the risk of calcium stone formation.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Placental enzyme polymorphisms in Canadian populations.

Phenotype distributions and allele frequencies of adenylate kinase and esterase D were determined for four Canadian populations. In two population samples from south-western Ontario, allele frequencies at both loci were similar to those of European populations. In two northern, indigenous populations, the allele AK2 was not detected. There was variation at the EsD locus with EsD2 having a frequency of 0.176 in an Indian population, and 0.156 in an Eskimo population.

Adenylate Kinase↗

PubMed1983

Alpha 1-antitrypsin phenotypes in Canadian Metis.

Alpha 1-antitrypsin phenotyping was performed on serum of 344 Metis living in an isolated northern Saskatchewan community. Only PiM and PiMZ phenotypes were observed with phenotype frequencies of 98.5 and 1.5 respectively. Gene frequencies were 0.993 for PiM and 0.007 for PiZ. The low frequency of non-M phenotypes is similar to that in another population of North American natives, the Eskimos of Igloolik as well as Finnish and Norwegian Lapps.

Canada↗

PubMed1992

BF and C3 genetic polymorphisms in Kaingang Indians from southern Brazil.

The distribution of C3 and BF variants was determined in a sample of 239 Kaingang Indians. The corresponding gene frequencies were as follows: BF*S = 0.9393, BF*F = 0.0356, BF*S05 = 0.0251, C3*S = 0.9769, C3*F = 0.0231. The presence of the BF*S05 allele, which has previously been found only in a Brazilian population, suggests that this allele originated in Amerindians. The comparatively low degree of polymorphism with high frequencies of BF*S and C3*S is in accordance with the relatedness of the Kaingang with other Amerindians, Eskimos and Asian populations.

Alleles↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Linkage studies of cholestasis familiaris groenlandica/Byler-like disease with polymorphic protein and blood group markers.

In Greenland, and especially East Greenland (Tasiilaq), a common recessive disease, cholestasis familiaris groenlandica (CFG)/Byler-like disease, occurs in Eskimo children [1]. In a period from 1964-1991, at least 22 children out of about 2,121 newborns were born with this disease (gene frequency q = 0.102). Samples from 126 persons, from a large pedigree in East Greenland including 7 affected and from two families in West Greenland with a total of 3 affected children, have been collected for studying 45 polymorphic markers and for mapping the CFG disease. Polymorphisms and exclusion data were found for the following markers: A1BG, ABO, ACP1, AHSG, C1R, C6, FY, GC, GLO1, GPT, HP, ITIH1, JK, GYPA, GYPB, ORM, P1, PGM1, PI, PON, RH and TCN2. Small positive lod scores (Z < 1.5) were found to the following markers: ITIH1, JK and TCN2. The following markers were nonpolymorphic in this material: ADA, AK1, ALAD, APOA4, APOH, BF, C3, BCHE, CHE2, CO, ESD, FUCA2, F13A1, F13B, KEL, LE, FUT1, LU, PEPD, PGD, PGP, PLG, FUT2, SOD1 and TF.

Blood Group Antigens↗

PubMed1987

[Standard values for serum esterified fatty acids in adult women in good health].

Serum was obtained from two groups of 23 healthy female volunteers to determine the standard values of esterified fatty acids (EFA) contained in phospholipids, triglycerides and cholesterol. One group consumed an 'optimal' diet in regard to lipid and caloric content, under strictly controlled conditions, the other a free diet. All lipid fractions in serum from both groups were in the physiologic range so that the levels of EFA could be expected to be in the normal range. These data are comparable to those obtained from other series but they differ strongly from values established among the Eskimos, who have very low serum levels of arachidonic acid due to their traditional diet and probably to genetic factors. Determination of the standard values of EFA in healthy caucasian women may contribute to a better assessment of role of the therapeutic intervention on lipid parameters considered as atherogenic risk factors.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Fish oil modifies lipids and reduces platelet aggregability in haemodialysis patients.

Haemodialysis patients have an exceptionally high incidence of death from cardiovascular causes, related in part to abnormalities of lipids and platelets. Eskimos, however, have a low incidence of myocardial infarction and have a high dietary intake of fish, rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. We have, therefore, studied the effect of a fish oil MaxEPA, containing 3.6 g of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid on lipids and platelet function in haemodialysis patients. Following 8 weeks of therapy there was a 35% fall in triglycerides, a 10% rise of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, a 36% rise of HDL2 cholesterol fraction and a 54% rise of the HDL2:HDL3 cholesterol ratio. The platelet aggregation to adenosine diphosphate and collagen was significantly reduced. The activated whole-blood clotting time was prolonged from 141 to 153 s, and 69% of patients showed a reduction of factor VIII related antigen which is usually elevated in haemodialysis patients and is thought to be a marker of endothelial damage. The blood pressure fell from 147/82 to 124/74. We have thus shown that a dietary supplement of eicosapentaenoic acid produces potentially beneficial effects on lipids, platelets, and blood pressure and may help to protect against atheroma and thus cardiovascular mortality in high-risk haemodialysis patients.

Adolescent↗