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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Inhaled and oral bronchodilator therapy in exercise induced asthma.

Measurements of peak expiratory flow rate during serial exercise tests were used to assess the efficacy of the beta adrenergic stimulants oral terbutaline (5 mg) and fenoterol aerosol (400 micrograms), in preventing post-exercise bronchoconstriction in 18 asthmatic subjects. While both compounds significantly elevated resting levels of peak expiratory flow rate for at least four hours, there were qualitative and quantitative differences in the effects of the two drugs on exercise induced bronchoconstriction. Oral terbulation did not significantly alter the pattern of response to exercise. However, the peak expiratory flow rates before during and after exercise were significantly higher compared with placebo at two, four and six hours after the drug. The importance of examination of actual values for peak expiratory flow rates as well as percentage changes when testing oral bronchodilators is emphasised. Aerosol fenoterol completely blocked post-exercise bronchoconstriction immediately after inhalation and for up to four hours in most subjects. Bronchodilatation occurred in all subjects during exercise in the presence of both the active and placebo drugs. It is postulated that the superiority of the aerosol in blocking exercise induced bronchoconstriction may be function of its activity at the surface of the bronchial mucosa.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1996

Long-term follow-up of avascular necrosis of the femoral head in the dog.

In a clinical study of 35 dogs with avascular necrosis of the femoral head, 60 per cent were Yorkshire terriers; the mean age of 33 of the dogs at onset of clinical signs was seven months. The dogs had the following signs: muscle atrophy (n = 25), shortening of the affected leg (n = 14), pain on passive movement of the hip joint (n = 28), and crepitation of the hip joint (n = 8). Radiographic findings were irregular density and flattening of the femoral head in combination with degenerative joint disease. Conservative treatment consisted of exercise therapy, and surgical treatment of a standard femoral head and neck excision. In 17 of the dogs the results of therapy were evaluated with the help of a questionnaire. It is concluded that femoral head and neck excision is indicated when conservative treatment fails to lead to clinical improvement within four weeks. Femoral head and neck excision has a good long term prognosis; however, slight intermittent lameness may remain.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diuretic therapy and exercise performance.

Drugs that induce an increased urine flow are used both legitimately (treatment of hypertension and oedema) and otherwise (rapid weight loss) in sports and exercise. There are 5 major categories of diuretic drugs based on their mechanisms and loci of action. Common to all classes is hypohydration, which has been shown to have an array of adverse effects on performance, including impaired strength, power and endurance. Postural hypotension can be particularly troublesome in the elderly. Also common to all diuretics, except those interfering with the aldosterone mechanism in the distal nephron, is hypokalaemia. Severe symptomatic hypokalaemia (serum K+ concentration less than 3.0 mmol/L) is rare except in clinical situations in which additional hypokalaemic factors are present. Moderate levels of hypokalaemia (serum K+ concentration 3.0 to 3.5 mmol/L) can increase the risk of adverse reactions as has been shown in a variety of prospective clinical studies. Hypokalaemia has effects on cardiac rhythm, muscle function and integrity, local blood flow, carbohydrate metabolism, and the blood lipid profile. Performance studies generally show diminished exercise tolerance in direct proportion to the degree of hypohydration induced. This is not the case, however, in a clinical setting of compromised cardiopulmonary function, in which diuresis has direct and indirect inotropic effects which augment exercise tolerance and decrease symptoms. The ability of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, acetazolamide, to induce a hyperventilatory response to the obligatory metabolic acidosis is taken advantage of in mountaineering to prevent or ameliorate the symptoms of acute mountain sickness, thereby improving exercise performance at high altitude. It is suggested that in clinical situations in which the use of a diuretic is considered appropriate, every effort be made to maintain or restore the serum concentration and the total body store of potassium to normal. To some degree this can be accomplished through diet, although potassium chloride supplements or potassium-sparing diuretics or diuretic combinations may be necessary.

Diuretics↗