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PubMedDate not supplied

Serial cognitive testing in temporal lobe epilepsy: longitudinal changes with medical and surgical therapies.

Cognitive testing was repeated at intervals ranging from 1 to 8 years in 47 adult patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Each patient underwent standardized batteries, including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Revised (WAIS-R), and Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS). Both surgically treated and nonsurgical patients were examined. The nonsurgical group underwent serial testing for clinical indications, usually for complaints of memory dysfunction. Longitudinal testing could not verify any mean deterioration of intellect or memory in this group; variance over time was similar to test-retest norms in healthy controls. WAIS-R scores before and after resection in the surgical group were similar to our serial WAIS-R data in nonsurgical patients. When we divided surgical patients according to side of epileptogenesis, we noted the expected differences in verbal and visual memory. Right-sided surgery patients improved significantly in Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) and tended to improve in logical memory on postoperative testing. Patients undergoing left resections had no retest improvement and tended to show decrease in several measures of verbal memory. Our findings should stimulate continued investigation into the natural history of lateralized memory and intellectual function in epilepsy, particularly to clarify long-term cognitive outcome in nonsurgical patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Wada memory disparities predict seizure laterality and postoperative seizure control.

We examined the efficacy of a memory difference score (DS: right minus left hemisphere memory) during the Wada test (intracarotid amobarbital procedure, IAP) for predicting seizure laterality and postoperative seizure outcome in 70 left speech dominant patients from two epilepsy centers. DS > or = 2, after addition of 1 point to the left hemisphere injection score to account for aphasia, were noted in 71.4% of patients and correctly predicted surgery side for 98.0% of these patients. The DS related significantly to seizure outcome at 1-year follow-up (p < 0.002) and correctly predicted 80% of patients who were seizure-free. Patients whose DS did not correctly predict seizure laterality more frequently required invasive studies to establish seizure onset. The relationship of the DS to laterality did not differ significantly by class of IAP memory stimuli. When seizures originate from the temporal lobe, the IAP memory DS predicts seizure laterality by assessing the functional adequacy of the involved hemisphere and is predictive of seizure control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Clinical characterisation of a family with retinal dystrophy caused by mutation in the Mertk gene.

BACKGROUND/AIM: MERTK, a tyrosine kinase receptor protein expressed by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), is mutated in both rodent models and humans affected by retinal disease. This study reports a survey of families for Mertk mutations and describes the phenotype exhibited by one family. METHODS: 96 probands with retinal dystrophy, consistent with autosomal recessive segregation, were screened by direct sequencing. A family homozygous for a likely null allele was investigated clinically. RESULTS: A novel frame shifting deletion was identified in one of 96 probands. Other polymorphisms were detected. The deletion allele occurred on both chromosomes of four affected family members. Electrophysiology demonstrated early loss of scotopic and macular function with later loss of photopic function. Visual acuities and visual fields were preserved into the second decade. Perception of light vision was present in a patient in the fourth decade. A "bull's eye" appearance and a hyperautofluorescent lesion at the central macula were consistent clinical findings. CONCLUSIONS: Mutations in Mertk are a rare cause of ARRP in humans. The study extends the phenotypic characteristics of this retinal dystrophy and shows distinctive clinical signs that may improve its clinical identification. The moderate severity and presence of autofluorescence implies that outer segment phagocytosis is not entirely absent.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Facial nerve paralysis and mandibular fracture].

The authors describe three cases of peripheral facial nerve paralysis in patients with a mandibular fracture. In two cases, in which the onset of palsy was uncertain, the facial nerve injury was contralateral to the fractured side. Topodiagnostic tests showed neural damage at the third intrapetrosal portion and at the genicular ganglion. In one of the two patients tomography revealed a fracture line through the anterio-superior wall of the external auditory canal homolateral to the facial palsy. In the third subject palsy set in immediately after the trauma and was ipsilateral to the mandibular fracture; the facial lesion was localized at the genicular ganglion. In the first two cases, functional recovery was spontaneous (40 and 0 days after the trauma respectively). In the third subject, the nerve was decompressed surgically with a complete functional recovery two months later. The functional and clinical findings of these three cases show that a contralateral facial palsy secondary to a mandibular fracture resolves spontaneously while the traumatic displacement of the mandibular condyle may determine a temporal bone fracture sometimes followed by a lesion in the intratemporal portion of the facial nerve. An event such as the latter may delay functional recovery and thus warrant surgery such as in cases of Bell's palsy.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1988

Enhancement of c-fos expression is associated with activated macrophages.

Unique hybrids (HINS and CANS lines) between macrophages and a myeloma cell line, NS1 initially expressed myeloma functions but later expressed active macrophage functions together with constitutive expression of c-fos gene. Enhancement of c-fos transcription was also observed in activated mouse peritoneal macrophages, and a range of macrophage-stimulating substance was found to induce c-fos transcription kinetic unique to each stimulator including immediate, delayed and prolonged responses in aged HINS-B3 cells, which displayed low levels of steady-state c-fos transcription. It was also found that a significant enhancement of c-fos transcription followed restimulation with either interferon gamma (IFN gamma) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) after an initial IFN gamma stimulation. Thus it appeared that enhanced c-fos expression was closely connected with macrophage activation. On the other hand, macrophage stimulators suppressed [3H]thymidine incorporation into aged HINS-B3 cells. These results may simply suggest that c-fos expression contributes to macrophase activation but not to cell proliferation. However, it is also possible to speculate that c-fos expression contributes to cell proliferation as a salvage system operating to overcome the suppression during the macrophage activation.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Physiopathology of left ventricular hypertrophy].

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an early complication of hypertension. To a certain degree, this process counteracts the parietal stress induced by high blood pressure. Genetic factors, obesity, high salt diet and different growth factors, notably angiotensin II and noradrenaline, can also predispose to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Left ventricular mass is increased on echocardiography in about 20% of hypertensive subjects. LVH is initially associated with a change in myocardial diastolic function and later with abnormal systolic function. It is a major risk factor, a cause of cardiac failure, reduction in coronary reserve and of ventricular arrhythmias. Treatment of hypertension is associated with regression of LVH and preservation or improvement in myocardial diastolic and systolic functions. The decrease in left ventricular mass could reduce the incidence of cardiovascular complications in hypertension.

Electrocardiography↗
PubMed1999

Effect of lateral boundaries on contrast functions in time-resolved transillumination measurements.

The method of images is employed to insert the effects of the presence of a single lateral boundary on contrast functions previously derived for an infinite slab using a random walk model of photon transport. The predictions of the model for zero and extrapolated boundary conditions are compared with Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and with experimental results obtained using a homogenous phantom with tissue-like optical properties. As expected, the extrapolated boundary condition yields better agreement between the theoretical predictions and results obtained from MC and experiments. This indicates that the random walk model has potential as a forward model in iterative imaging schemes developed for optical tomography.

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMed1984

Functional activity in the lateral habenular and dorsal raphe nuclei following administration of several dopamine receptor antagonists.

2-[14C]deoxyglucose autoradiography was used to show regional functional activity in the rat brain following administration of the dopamine antagonists, cis-flupenthixol, metoclopramide, and pimozide. Elevation of functional activity was observed in the lateral habenula (LHb) following administration of all antagonists. The dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) exhibited decreased functional activity following cis-flupenthixol, which exerts effects at both the D1 and D2 receptors, but not following pimozide or metoclopramide, which primarily act at the D2 receptor. These results converge with previous reports suggesting that the functional status of the LHb is regulated by dopaminergic systems, and that LHb efferents may exert a major influence upon DR neurons. These data further suggest that an influence of the LHb upon DR neurons may be affected via the D1 receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Young children's cardiovascular stress responses predict resting cardiovascular functioning 2 1/2 years later.

BACKGROUND: Since the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease (CHD) has its origins in childhood, researchers have increasingly evaluated CHD risk factors in youth. In this study we examined the hypothesized behavioral risk factor of cardiovascular responsivity as a predictor of very young children's resting cardiovascular functioning 2 1/2 years later. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: During an initial visit to the laboratory, 97 children (30 blacks and 67 whites, 45 boys and 52 girls) aged 6-7 years completed three laboratory stressor tests (forehead cold pressor, postural change, and treadmill exercise). A comprehensive cardiovascular assessment was conducted during the tests. Resting cardiovascular activity (baseline values) was also assessed. Follow-up resting cardiovascular parameters were measured in the laboratory 2 1/2 years later. RESULTS: Cardiovascular stress responses were predictive of cardiovascular follow-up resting levels 2 1/2 years later. Multiple regression was used to evaluate the independent predictive power of stress responses after controlling for traditional risk factors. Follow-up resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) was predicted by the SBP response to postural change and treadmill exercise. Follow-up resting diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was predicted by the DBP response during treadmill exercise, particularly for blacks. The follow-up resting heart rate was predicted by the heart rate response to the forehead cold pressor and treadmill exercise. CONCLUSION: These results show that in very young children, stress responses are predictive of resting cardiovascular functioning 2 1/2 years later. Further developmental and longitudinal investigations will determine whether such responses are predictive of later preclinical manifestations of cardiovascular disease. If so, incorporation of stress testing in a standardized risk identification protocol might aid the design and practice of cardiovascular preventive medicine.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of acute swelling and function in subjects with lateral ankle injury.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective correlational study involving a convenience sample. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationships among figure-of-eight girth measurements and functional level in patients with acute lateral ankle sprains to determine the appropriate use of these clinical measures. BACKGROUND: Research has shown that subjective scales of perceived athletic ability and measurements of swelling are useful in assessing clinical improvement following an acute ankle sprain; however, the relationship between ankle swelling and level of function is not known. METHODS AND MEASURES: Twenty-nine subjects (20 men, 9 women) varying in age from 18-59 years of age (mean age, 30.8 +/- 11.37) with acute lateral ankle sprains were included in this study. Each subject was evaluated by 1 of 3 raters for ankle girth, weight-bearing status, and functional level as determined by a modified Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale (AOS) and the Foot and Ankle Ability Index (FAAI). This study also investigated the relationship between these measures and the sport subscale of the FAAI (FAAI sport). This is an 8-item subscale which includes questions on running, jumping, landing, quick starts and stops, cutting or lateral movements, low impact activities, ability to perform an activity with normal technique, and ability to participate in desired sports. RESULTS: No significant correlations were found between figure-of-eight girth measurements and functional level. However, we did find moderate to good correlations between the FAAI vs. weight-bearing (rho = 0.73), FAAI vs. AOS (rho = -0.79), FAAI sport vs. weight-bearing (rho = 0.68), FAAI vs. FAAI Sport (rho = 0.73), weight-bearing vs. AOS (rho = -0.57), and FAAI Sport vs. AOS (rho = -0.50). CONCLUSIONS: The figure-of-eight method is highly reliable and is appropriate for measuring ankle swelling; however, it does not correlate with functional level as determined by the modified AOS, FAAI, or observed weight-bearing status during gait. Therefore, clinicians should refrain from making assumptions about function based on ankle swelling.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

The role of the lateral line and vision on body kinematics and hydrodynamic preference of rainbow trout in turbulent flow.

The ability to detect water flow using the hair cells of the lateral line system is a unique feature found in anamniotic aquatic vertebrates. Fishes use their lateral line to locate prey, escape from predators and form cohesive schooling patterns. Despite the prevalence of complex flows in nature, almost nothing is known about the function of the lateral line and its relationship to other sensory modalities for freely swimming fishes in turbulent flows. Past studies indicate that under certain conditions the lateral line is not needed to swim steadily in uniform flow. This paper examines how the lateral line and vision affect body kinematics and hydrodynamic habitat selection of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to vortices generated behind a cylinder. Trout Kármán gaiting (i.e. exploiting vortices to hold station in a vortex street) with a pharmacologically blocked lateral line display altered kinematics; body wavelength and wave speed increase compared to control animals. When visual cues are withheld by performing experiments in the dark, almost all Kármán gait kinematics measured for fish with and without a functional lateral line are the same. The lateral line, rather than vision, plays a larger role in affecting body kinematics when trout hold station in a vortex street. Trout show a preference to Kármán gait in the light but not in the dark, which may be attributed to physiological state rather than hydrodynamic or sensorimotor reasons. In the dark, trout both with and without a functional lateral line hold station near the downstream suction region of the cylinder wake (i.e. entraining) and avoid the vortex street. Vision therefore plays a larger role in the preference to associate with a turbulent vortex street. Trout in the light with a blocked lateral line show individual variation in their preference to Kármán gait or entrain. In the dark, entraining trout with an intact lateral line will alternate between right and left sides of the cylinder throughout the experiment, showing an ability to explore their environment. By contrast, when the lateral line is blocked these fish display a strong fidelity to one side of the cylinder and are not inclined to explore other regions of the flow tank. Both entraining and Kármán gaiting probably represent energetically favorable strategies for holding station relative to the earth frame of reference in fast flows. The ability to decipher how organisms collect and process sensory input from their environment has great potential in revealing the mechanistic basis of how locomotor behaviors are produced as well as how habitat selection is modulated.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Cerebral asymmetry and behavioral lateralization in rats chronically lacking n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

BACKGROUND: Anatomic and functional brain lateralization underlies hemisphere specialization for cognitive and motor control, and deviations from the normal patterns of asymmetry appear to be related to behavioral deficits. Studies on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deficiency and behavioral impairments led us to postulate that a chronic lack of n-3 PUFA can lead to changes in lateralized behavior by affecting structural or neurochemical patterns of asymmetry in motor-related brain structures. METHODS: We compared the effects of a chronic n-3 PUFA deficient diet with a balanced diet on membrane phospholipid fatty acids composition and immunolabeling of choline acetyltransferase (ChAt), as a marker of cholinergic neurons, in left and right striatum of rats. Lateral motor behavior was assessed by rotation and paw preference. RESULTS: Control rats had an asymmetric PUFA distribution with a right behavioral preference, whereas ChAt density was symmetrical. In deficient rats, the cholinergic neuron density was 30% lower on the right side, associated with a loss of PUFA asymmetry and behavior laterality. They present higher rotation behavior, and significantly more of them failed the handedness test. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that a lack of n-3 PUFA is linked with a lateral behavior deficit, possibly leading to cognitive disturbances.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1982

Note on criteria for writing posture used to test Levy and Reid's cerebral organization hypotheses.

Apparent ambiguities in Levy and Reid's writing posture criteria and dissimilar criteria used by other investigators are discussed. Classification of inverted writing postures by a diagram which, as Levy and Reid indicated in 1976, depicts typical writing positions is questioned because their 1978 paper suggests that these diagrammed positions were only an intermediary stage in the classification of some inverters. Results of studies using dissimilar criteria for writing posture appear to be difficult to compare because subjects who may differ in cerebral organization might be placed in the same category. Some of these studies introduced another possible source of confounding because different tasks were used to test lateralization of function. Since different tasks seem to study distinctive facets of language, lateralization of one function in sinistrals, thought to be less lateralized than dextrals, does not predict lateralization of any other function. These considerations suggest that an adequate test of Levy and Reid's ideas concerning the relationship among handedness, hand posture during writing, sex, and cerebral organization requires the development of a standard set of valid criteria for writing posture.

Dominance, Cerebral↗
PubMed1978

The spatiotemporal transfer function of the Limulus lateral eye.

The dynamics of the Limulus retina may be well described by the spatiotemporal transfer function, which measures the response of the eye to moving sinusoidal gratings. We consider a model for this system, which incorporates an excitatory generator potential, and self- and lateral inhibitory processes. Procedures are described which allow estimation of parameters for the model consistent with the empirical transfer function data. Transfer functions calculated from the model show good agreement with laboratory measurements, and may be used to predict accurately the response of the eye to arbitrary moving stimuli. The model allows convenient interpretation of the transfer function measurements in terms of physiological processes which underly the response of the Limulus retina.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A functional MRI study: cerebral laterality for lexical-semantic processing and human voice perception.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Language dominance research using functional neuroimaging has made important contributions to clinical applications. Nevertheless, although recent neuroimaging studies demonstrated right-lateralized activation by human voice perception, the influence of voice perception in terms of language dominance has not been adequately studied. We aimed to accurately clarify language dominance for lexical-semantic processing in the temporal cortices by focusing on human voice perception. METHODS: Thirty normal right-handed subjects were scanned by functional MR imaging while listening to sentences (SEN), reverse sentences (rSEN), and identifiable nonvocal sounds (SND). We investigated cerebral activation and the distribution of individual Laterality Index under 3 contrasts: rSEN-SND, SEN-SND, and SEN-rSEN. RESULTS: The rSEN-SND contrast, including human voice perception, revealed right-lateralized activation in the anterior temporal cortices. Both SEN-SND and SEN-rSEN contrasts, including lexical-semantic processing, showed left-lateralized activation in the inferior and middle frontal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus. The SEN-rSEN contrast, without the influence of human voice perception, showed no temporal activation in the right hemisphere. Symmetrical or right-lateralized activation was observed in 22 of 27 subjects (81.4%) under the rSEN-SND contrast in the temporal cortices. Although 9 of 27 subjects (33.3%) showed symmetrical or right-lateralized activation under the SEN-SND contrast in the temporal cortices, all subjects showed left-lateralized activation under the SEN-rSEN contrast. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that right-lateralized activation by human voice perception could mask left-lateralized activation by lexical-semantic processing. This finding suggests that the influence of human voice perception should be adequately taken into account when language dominance is determined.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Functional magnetic resonance imaging of lateral geniculate nucleus at 1.5 tesla.

Although activation of the lateral geniculate nucleus has been detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging with magnetic field strengths higher than 2.0 Tesla, there have been no reports of functional magnetic resonance imaging of the lateral geniculate nucleus with the more widely available 1.5 Tesla scanner. The authors used functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques at 1.5 Tesla to detect lateral geniculate nucleus activation in five of seven healthy subjects. This study shows that visual activation of the lateral geniculate nucleus can be obtained with functional magnetic resonance imaging using conventional 1.5 Tesla scanners.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Fixture stability and nerve function after transposition and lateralization of the inferior alveolar nerve and fixture installation.

Twenty-four posterior mandibular segments in 18 patients were operated on placing implants after mobilisation of the neurovascular bundle. Two different surgical techniques, transposition and lateralization was used. The overall survival rate of fixtures was 92.1%. Performing lateralization resulted in 100% success, while transposition resulted in 80% stable fixtures in the involved segments. The mean time to full restoration of nerve function was 3.8 weeks after lateralization and 5.7 weeks after tranposing the nerve. Three patients exhibited persisting slight hyposthesia, but all, subjectively negligible disturbances in nerve function.

Dental Implantation, Endosseous↗