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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources

PubMed2007

Gambling behavior of student-athletes and a student cohort: what are the odds?

This study investigated the prevalence of gambling, gambling related NCAA violations, and disordered gambling in student-athletes (n = 736) with a comparison cohort of students (n = 1,071) at four universities. Student-athletes reported similar rates of gambling frequency, use of a bookmaker, and disordered gambling as students. After accounting for demographic differences, student-athletes were less likely to engage in sports wagering than students. Several risk factors for disordered gambling were identified, including being male and reporting at least one parent with a history of gambling problems. These findings suggest that problems associated with gambling are a university-wide issue with student-athletes meriting additional attention because of implications for the integrity of intercollegiate sports. Improved prevention and intervention efforts for collegiate gambling are recommended.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Alcohol, injury, and risk-taking behavior: data from a national sample.

The association of alcohol consumption and injury is well documented in the literature. It has also been suggested that alcohol consumption is associated with risk-taking behaviors. No studies have reported the association of alcohol consumption and risk-taking behaviors with injury across all injury types, however. Data were collected (1990) from a national probability household sample (n = 2058; weighted n = 1150) on: injuries that required treatment during the last year; quantity and frequency (Q-F) of drinking; and behaviors associated with risk perception, risk-taking/impulsivity, and sensation seeking. The injured (12% of the sample) were more likely to be male, younger, and to report moderate and heavy drinking and more frequent drunkenness compared with those with no injuries. They were also less likely to score high on risk perception and more likely to score high on risk-taking/impulsivity and sensation seeking than those with no injuries. However, using logistic regression analysis to predict a treated injury during the last year, only the interaction term of gender by Q-F was significant, with Q-F a significant predictor of injury among males but not among females.

Accident Proneness↗

PubMed2001

[Hyperactive behavior in adults; possibly attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)].

Two men aged 34 and 41 years, respectively, displayed hyperactive and chaotic behaviour. On the basis of the symptoms and their effect on the patients' functioning during childhood and adulthood, the diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was made. The patients became calmer with methylphenidate treatment, but a few months later they chose to stop taking the medication and to accept their hyperactive behaviour. To establish the diagnosis of ADHD in adults, it is essential that some of the symptoms started before seven years of age and that the symptoms and resulting impairment persist over time from childhood into adulthood. To investigate this, it is necessary to obtain heteroanamnestic information from the parents or other people who knew the patient at that age. Treatment with medication and psychoeducation is effective and can prevent further suffering.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Atomoxetine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children with pervasive developmental disorders: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: This pilot study examined the effects of atomoxetine on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and autistic features in children with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). METHOD: Twelve children (aged 6-14 years) with PDD accompanied by ADHD symptoms entered a 10-week open-label study with atomoxetine (1.19 +/- 0.41 mg/kg/day). Response was assessed by using parent and clinician rating scales with change in the ADHD-Rating Scale (ADHDRS) as primary outcome measure. RESULTS: Atomoxetine reduced ADHD-symptoms as measured by the ADHDRS (44% decrease vs. baseline, p < 0.003), the Conners' Parent Rating Scale-R:S (CPRS-R) (25% in the subscale "Cognitive Problems," p < 0.028; 32% in "Hyperactivity," p < 0.030; and 23% in "ADHD index," p < 0.023). We found a reduction of 21% (p = 0.071) for changes in the subscale "Hyperactivity" of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC). No change was found in any of the other ABC subscales, nor in the subscale "Oppositional" of the CPRS-R. Five patients (42%) discontinued because of side effects. Gastrointestinal symptoms, irritability, sleep problems, and fatigue were the most frequent side effects. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings indicate that atomoxetine may be a promising new agent in the treatment of ADHD symptoms in children with PDD. However, children with PDD may have a higher vulnerability for some of the known side-effects of atomoxetine.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Environmental influences on safer sex in young gay men: a situational presentation approach to measuring influences on sexual health.

Environmental influences on sexual behavior are difficult to examine given their temporal distance from the sexual act and the cost of long-term longitudinal studies. We examined environmental influences on risky sexual behavior in young gay men using the Situational Presentation (Sitpres) methodology, where situations in which relevant environmental variables are presented as computer vignettes with the variables randomly allocated, and participants rate the likelihood of their engaging in unsafe sexual behavior. A total of 100 gay men aged between 18 and 26 years of age completed 20 situational presentations with the outcome being the likelihood of engaging in unprotected anal intercourse. On regression analysis, 3 environmental variables significantly predicted safer sex: perceived gay/bisexual men's norms toward condom use; availability of HIV prevention messages; and what one's religion says about gay sex. Not significant were family, media, legal, and work/school attitudes to homosexuality. Demographic variables that were predictors included education, age, sexual orientation, and degree of being "out" about sexual orientation. These data suggest that environmental factors can be approximated using the Sitpres methodology, and that more proximal environmental variables have a stronger impact than distal ones.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Are pervasive developmental disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder distinct disorders?

We studied the relationship between patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and those with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), using the High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) and ADHD Rating Scale-IV. The ASSQ scores of the PDD group and the ADHD group were significantly higher than the control group. Furthermore, the PDD group scored higher than the ADHD group. Both groups also showed higher scores than the control group in all three domains, that is, restricted and repetitive behavior, social interaction, and communication problem. The PDD and the ADHD group showed no significant difference in the domains of communication problem, and restricted and repetitive behavior. The PDD group had a higher score than the ADHD group only in the social interaction domain. In total score, inattention score, and hyperactivity/impulsivity score on the ADHD Rating Scale-IV, both groups were significantly higher than the control group. Between the ADHD and the PDD groups, there was no significant difference in the three scores. The patients with strictly diagnosed ADHD had many PDD-related symptoms, and the patients with PDD had many ADHD-related symptoms. It therefore seems difficult to make a distinction between ADHD and PDD by using the present diagnostic criteria in the DSM-IV. We should evaluate each patient in terms of both sets of criteria.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

[Callosal dementia: behavioral disorders related to central and extrapontine myelinolysis].

We report the behavioral symptoms presented by a 57-year-old man as the first sign of a Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome and by a 44-year-old woman with centro and extrapontine myelinolysis. These observations define a clinical entity, that we named callosal dementia characterized by: 5) fronto-limbic signs with coarse interjections, repetitive and antisocial behavior, alternation of lack of incitation and agitation; 6) elements of a Balint syndrome (suggestive of a posterior callosal involvement), with a pseudo-hallucinated look and a gaze apraxia; 7) signs of callosal dysconnection and; signs of adjacent white matter involvement, with paucity of vocal and facial expression modulation. Early recognition of these features of callosal dementia may be very helpful for diagnosis of suspected myelinolysis, leading to a more careful research of clinical signs of callosal dysconnection and prompting neuroimaging with MRI. A rapid confirmation of the diagnosis may prevent progression to centro or extrapontine myelinolysis, that may sometimes still be lethal, by adequate supportive measures (slow correction of electrolytes imbalance, correction of deficiencies, total alcohol withdrawal).

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Is there evidence for neural compensation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? A review of the functional neuroimaging literature.

This article reviews evidence for the presence of a compensatory, alternative, neural system and its possible link to associated processing strategies in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The article presents findings on a region by region basis that suggests ADHD should be characterized not only by neural hypo-activity, as it is commonly thought but neural hyperactivity as well, in regions of the brain that may relate to compensatory brain and behavioral functioning. In this context studies from the functional neuroimaging literature are reviewed. We hypothesize that impaired prefrontal (PFC) and anterior cingulate (ACC) cortex function in ADHD reduces the ability to optimally recruit subsidiary brain regions and strategies to perform cognitive tasks. The authors conclude that healthy individuals can recruit brain regions using visual, spatial or verbal rehearsal for tasks as needed. In contrast, individuals with ADHD may be less able to engage higher order executive systems to flexibly recruit brain regions to match given task demands. This may result in greater reliance on neuroanatomy that is associated with visual, spatial, and motoric processing rather than verbal strategies. The authors speculate that this impaired flexibility in recruiting brain regions and associated strategies limits adaptation to new cognitive demands as they present and may require more effortful processing.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗

PubMed1998

Differences in whole blood serotonin levels based on a typology of parasuicide.

Suicidal behavior has to be considered as a multifactorial phenomenon, which can be analyzed in a classifying-phenomenological manner. We have examined the relation of parasuicide typology to whole blood concentrations of serotonin, HVA, and tryptophan in 58 patients classified into 4 groups of parasuicide typology compared to 22 nonsuicidal depressed patients and 20 healthy subjects. Suicidal patients classified as impetuous, desperate and ambivalent types had significantly reduced whole blood 5-HT levels in comparison with the appealing type as well as nonsuicidal subjects. No differences were detected in the HVA content, but whole blood tryptophan concentrations were significantly reduced in impetuous suicidal patients and depressed patients compared to healthy subjects. This study provides evidence for reduced whole blood serotonin content based on different types of parasuicide.

Adult↗

PubMed1974

Hyperactivity: a lead-induced behavior disorder.

Mice were exposed to lead from birth by substituting solutions of lead acetate for the drinking water of their mothers. The suckling mice were thus exposed to lead through their mother's milk and, at weaning, directly through the drinking water. Controls received equal concentrations of sodium acetate. No deaths of offspring or mothers occurred during the first 90 days of exposure. It has been suggested recently that lead exposure may account for some incidences of behavior disorders in children. Levels of motor activity of individual offspring were measured from weaning until 70 days of age in specially designed activity cages. Lead-treated mice were more than three times as active as age-matched or size-matched controls. Treated and control animals were administered drugs currently used in the treatment and diagnosis of hyperactivity in children. All control animals responded as expected to all drugs used in this study. However, lead-treated mice responded paradoxically to d- and l-amphetamine, methylphenidate, and phenobarbital. That is, the CNS stimulants suppressed their hyperactivity while phenobarbital exacerbated the lead-induced hyperactivity. These findings suggest that lead produces an animal model of hyperactivity which may have clinical relevance and which may explain some cases of hyperactivity in children.

Amphetamine↗

PubMed2005

A multicenter study about Neurobiology of Suicidal Behavior: design, development, and preliminary results.

The subproject 1.5 "Neurobiology of Suicidal Behavior" is a multicenter study assessing peripheral parameters of the serotonergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic transmitter systems. Additionally, stress hormones and the lipid system as well as inhibitory and excitatory amino acids will be investigated. The different parameters are collected in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), blood, and saliva. Patients with a depressive spectrum disorder with and without a suicide attempt (during the last three weeks) and being medication free for two weeks are included in the study. So far, 103 patients and controls have been recruited. The design and development of this project as well as interconnections with the others subprojects are described. Preliminary results about the stress hormone system and suicidality are presented.

Aggression↗

PubMed1998

Biological, psychological and environmental predictors of the alcoholism risk: a longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: This article reviews results from an ongoing prospective study of 453 sons of alcoholics and controls, and presents new data from the 15-year follow-up. METHOD: Drinking, but not alcohol dependent, 20-year-old sons of alcoholics and controls were evaluated for their level of response (LR) to alcohol and were subsequently followed, through personal interviews, 10 years and 15 years later. RESULTS: The 10-year follow-up of 450 (99.3%) men and provisional analyses from the first 127 subjects at 15 years revealed that a low LR at about age 20 predicted subsequent alcoholism, even after considering the original quantity and frequency of drinking and six additional domains of influence. Regarding the latter, behavioral undercontrol and work stress appear to interact with LR, with alcohol expectancies, coping mechanisms and aspects of the drinking in the environment also appearing to add to the model, while other aspects of life stress and the social support network do not. CONCLUSIONS: The prospective evaluation of subjects at higher risk for alcoholism is a potentially powerful tool in identifying the relationships among a broad range of moderators and mediators of the alcoholism risk. The present tentative results based on the first 127 subjects are primarily heuristic as findings might change in the full sample. These data set the stage for completion of the 15-year follow-up and for a subsequent 20-year evaluation which will focus on the same domains in the projected almost 560 sons and daughters of the original sample.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Ownership of high-risk ("vicious") dogs as a marker for deviant behaviors: implications for risk assessment.

This study examined the association between ownership of high-risk ("vicious") dogs and the presence of deviant behaviors in the owners as indicated by court convictions. We also explored whether two characteristics of dog ownership (abiding licensing laws and choice of breed) could be useful areas of inquiry when assessing risk status in settings where children are present. Our matched sample consisted of 355 owners of either licensed or cited dogs that represented high or low-risk breeds. Categories of criminal convictions examined were aggressive crimes, drugs, alcohol, domestic violence, crimes involving children, firearm convictions, and major and minor traffic citations. Owners of cited high-risk ("vicious") dogs had significantly more criminal convictions than owners of licensed low-risk dogs. Findings suggest that the ownership of a high-risk ("vicious") dog can be a significant marker for general deviance and should be an element considered when assessing risk for child endangerment.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Impulsivity and prefrontal hypometabolism in borderline personality disorder.

Prefrontal hypoperfusion and decreased glucose uptake in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are found in violent criminal offenders, murderers and aggressive psychiatric patients. These abnormalities may be independent of diagnosis and associated with impulsive-aggression as a personality trait. Impulsive-aggression is a clinical characteristic of borderline personality disorder (BPD) where it is associated with assaultive and suicidal behaviors. We conducted FDG-PET studies in 13 non-depressed, impulsive female subjects with BPD and 9 healthy controls to look for abnormalities in glucose metabolism in areas of the PFC associated with regulation of impulsive behavior. Statistical Parametric Mapping-99 (SPM99) was used to analyze the PET data with Hamilton depression scores as covariate. Significant reductions in FDG uptake in BPD subjects relative to healthy controls were found bilaterally in medial orbital frontal cortex, including Brodmann's areas 9, 10 and 11. There were no significant areas of increased uptake in BPD subjects compared to control subjects. Covarying for measures of impulsivity or impulsive-aggression rendered insignificant the differences between groups. Decreased glucose uptake in medial orbital frontal cortex may be associated with diminished regulation of impulsive behavior in BPD.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Clinical characteristics of a family with chromosome 17-linked disinhibition-dementia-parkinsonism-amyotrophy complex.

We studied the clinical features, pathology, and molecular genetics of a family (Mo) with an autosomal dominant disinhibition, frontal lobe dementia, parkinsonism, and amyotrophy. We examined seven affected members and gathered clinical information on another six. The mean onset was at age 45 years. Personality and behavioral changes (disinhibition, withdrawal, alcoholism, hyperphagia) were the first symptoms in twelve. There was early memory loss, anomia, and poor construction with preservation until late of orientation, speech, and calculations. All affected members examined had rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. Mean duration to death was 13 years. We studied the neuropathology of six individuals, five of whom had been examined in life. There was atrophy and spongiform change in the frontotemporal cortex, and neuronal loss and gliosis in the substantia nigra and amygdala. Two individuals, including one with fasciculations and muscle wasting, had anterior horn cell loss. There were no Lewy bodies, neurofibrillary tangles, or amyloid plaques. We call this disorder the "disinhibition-dementia-parkinsonism-amyotrophy complex" (DDPAC), based on the clinical syndrome found in this family and linkage to chromosome 17.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

ERPs and behavioral inhibition in a Go/No-go task in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

In order to study the behavioral responses and the brain inhibition process in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 30 scalp electrodes in 21 ADHD and 21 normal boys during performing a Go/No-go task. ADHD children made fewer correct responses to both Go and No-go stimuli than normal controls. The frontal N2 amplitude was larger for No-go stimuli than Go stimuli in both groups, reflecting inhibition of responding. Smaller N2 amplitudes to No-go stimuli were found in ADHD children, but only when the Go/No-go task was performed after a first stimulus-response compatibility (SRC) task. In addition, the controls exhibited a prolonged N2 only when the Go/No-go task was performed second. However, the ADHD subjects exhibited this prolonged N2 when the task was first, but not when it was second. These results suggest an inhibitory regulation problem rather an inhibition deficit in ADHD children.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗

PubMed2006

Warriors versus worriers: the role of COMT gene variants.

Behavioral phenotypes are generally complex, reflecting the action of multiple different genes. Nevertheless, there is growing evidence that key gene variants can alter activity within specific neuronal circuits and, therefore, influence particular cognitive-affective phenomena. One example is the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene, which has a common variant at codon 158. Those with valine (Val158) alleles have increased greater COMT activity and lower prefrontal extracellular dopamine compared with those with the methionine (Met158) substitution. Val158 alleles may be associated with an advantage in the processing of aversive stimuli (warrior strategy), while Met158 alleles may be associated with an advantage in memory and attention tasks (worrier strategy). Under conditions of increased dopamine release (eg, stress), individuals with Val158 alleles may have improved dopaminergic transmission and better performance, while individuals with Met158 alleles may have less efficient neurotransmission and worse performance. Some evidence suggests that Val158 alleles are associated with schizophrenia, while Met158 alleles are associated with anxiety.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Self-control behavior in hyperactive and nonhyperactive children.

This study was aimed at evaluating the self-control behaviors of hyperactive (HA) and nonhyperactive ( NHA ) first-grade pupils under conditions of repeated failure on a previously learned concept formation task. Subjects were divided into HA and NHA groups on the basis of their scores on the Conners (1969) Teacher Rating Scale. During the training stage of the experiment the children learned a concept formation task under a schedule of contingent positive reinforcement. In the test stage they performed the same task but under a negative noncontingent reinforcement schedule. The results revealed no differences in initial rate of learning the task between the groups. After the introduction of the negative noncontingent reinforcement schedule, however, the HA group showed a marked decrease in the use of effective problem-solving strategies. The HA children's performance on the concept formation task was accompanied by the emission of negative self-evaluations and solution-irrelevant statements. The NHA group used significantly more statements showing useful goal-directed cognitive mediations than the HA children. The results suggested that HA children may have deficits in self-control skills.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗