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PubMed1984

The pattern of lung function abnormalities in cotton textile workers.

Reversible airway obstruction has been shown to be a characteristic finding of early byssinosis. In the chronic phase of this disease, the patterns of respiratory abnormalities have not been well defined. We examined the lung function of a cohort of 383 older (45 yr of age or more), active and retired, cotton textile workers seen both in 1973 and in 1979 in Columbia, South Carolina. A group of control subjects consisted of 277 white community residents of comparable age from Lebanon, Connecticut. Using data at follow-up, 25% of the male and 14% of the female cotton textile workers had moderate to severe obstructive airway abnormalities, as opposed to 13 and 5% for male and female control subjects (p less than 0.01). There were fewer persons with restrictive than with obstructive lung patterns among cotton textile workers and control subjects, but again, abnormalities were more prevalent among cotton textile workers. Overall, 50% of male cotton textile workers and 37% of female cotton textile workers had some abnormality of lung function, as opposed to 29% of male and 20% of female control subjects (p less than 0.001). More abnormalities were present in cotton textile workers than in control subjects when only lifetime nonsmokers were examined. We conclude that there is an increased prevalence of both obstructive and restrictive lung function abnormalities among cotton textile workers when compared with control subjects, with the most common pattern being obstructive.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2000

Lung function over the first 3 years of a professional diving career.

OBJECTIVES: To characterise diving exposure and pulmonary function in professional divers at the start of their formal education and during the first 3 years of their professional career. METHODS: The study included 87 men at the start of their education as professional divers. At follow up 1 and 3 years after the school 83 and 81 divers respectively were re-examined. Assessment of lung function included dynamic lung volumes and flows and transfer factor for carbon monoxide (Tl(CO)). RESULTS: 69 Divers had preschool SCUBA diving experience and had a median number of 70 dives (range 2-3000) to a median maximal depth of 40 (range 10-73) metres. During the 15 week introductory diving course, they had 44 dives (range 38-50) in the depth range 10-50 metres. The median number of dives over the follow up period was 95 (range 0-722) to a maximal median depth of 38 (range 0-98) metres. At the start of the diving course there were no differences in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV(1)), and in Tl(CO) between the 69 pre-exposed divers and the 18 never exposed divers. The FVC was significantly larger than predicted in both groups. At follow up at 3 years there was a significant reduction in mean (SD) FEV(1) of 1.8% (6.5), in forced mid-expiratory flow rate (FEF(25-75%)) of 6.5% (11.7) and in forced expiratory flow at 75% of FVC expired (FEF(75%)) of 10.4% (16. 8). There was no change in FVC. The Tl(CO) was significantly decreased by 4.6% (8.8). No significant effects were found of cumulative diving exposure, including the number of dives, on the relative changes of any of the lung function variables. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that divers initially belong to a selected group with large FVC. Exposure to diving may contribute to changes in pulmonary function, mostly affecting small airways conductance.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Effect of 3 weeks' rehabilitation on neutrophil surface antigens and lung function in cystic fibrosis.

Neutrophil leukocytes have been shown to be the predominant cells in inflammatory airway infiltrates of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rehabilitation on neutrophil surface antigen expression and lung function in healthy controls and stable CF patients with moderately severe disease. The absolute number of neutrophils and the level of surface marker expression on neutrophils were elevated in 12 CF patients compared with eight healthy controls. The level of neutrophil surface marker expression was similar in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from CF patients who underwent bronchoscopy for diagnostic or therapeutic reasons. After 3 weeks' rehabilitation, there was a significant reduction in the expression of CD11b (complement receptor type 3), CD13 (aminopeptidase N), CD32 (low-affinity Fc gamma chain receptor II), and CD35 (complement receptor type 1) in only the CF patients. At the same time, lung function improved significantly. The increase in forced vital capacity correlated significantly with the decrease in CD32 level. These results demonstrate that rehabilitation in a specialized clinic can reduce the neutrophil-dominated inflammation and improve the lung function of stable CF patients with moderately severe disease even without changing any medications.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[Evaluation of 3H-paroxetine as a radiopharmaceutical for lung function].

The potential of 3H-paroxetine as a radiotracer for in vivo study of the function in mouse lung was examined. A high accumulation of radioactivity in the mouse lung was observed after intravenous administration of 3H-paroxetine. However, the distributions of radioactivity in the mouse lung were not significantly decreased by treatment with paroxetine or other monoamine uptake inhibitors (6-nitroquipazine, desipramine and GBR 12909). It was found that the radioactivity in the mouse lung at 1 hr after intravenous administration of 3H-paroxetine was due to unmetabolized 3H-paroxetine from TLC and HPLC analyses. Furthermore, 3H-paroxetine exhibits both saturable and high affinity binding sites in mouse lung with a maximal number of binding sites (Bmax) of 303 fmoles/mg protein and a dissociation constant (Kd) of 92.2 pM. These results suggest that 3H-paroxetine would be a suitable radiopharmaceutical for in vivo study of the function of lung as a metabolic organ of serotonin.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Lung function in retired coke oven plant workers.

Lung function was studied in 354 coke oven plant workers in the Lorraine collieries (Houillères du Bassin de Lorraine, France) who retired between 1963 and 1982 and were still alive on 1 January 1988. A spirometric examination was performed on 68.4% of them in the occupational health service. Occupational exposure to respiratory hazards throughout their career was retraced for each subject. No adverse effect of occupational exposure on ventilatory function was found. Ventilatory function was, however negatively linked with smoking and with the presence of a respiratory symptom or discrete abnormalities visible on pulmonary x ray films. The functional values were mostly slightly lower than predicted values and the most reduced index was the mean expiratory flow, FEF25-75%. The decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was often parallel to that in forced vital capacity (FVC), but it was more pronounced for subjects who had worked underground, for smokers of more than 30 pack-years, and for subjects having a respiratory symptom. Pulmonary function indices were probably overestimated because of the exclusion of deceased subjects and the bias of the participants.

Aged↗

PubMed1985

The assessment of lung function in children with scoliosis.

Abnormalities of lung function in 92 children with idiopathic or congenital scoliosis are described. The changes are restrictive in type with reduction in vital capacity and total lung capacity but normal residual volume. In children whose curves had an early onset, the amount by which vital capacity was reduced depended on the severity of the deformity; in those whose curves began in adolescence this severity had little or no effect on vital capacity. Most adolescents with idiopathic curves had normal or near normal lung volumes and measurement of vital capacity proved to be a reliable screening test. We therefore advocate a simple approach to the pre-operative pulmonary investigation of scoliotic patients; only a few require full spirometry.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Functional lung unit in the pig.

To study the size of the vessels supplying the functional lung unit, polystyrene beads of uniform diameter were injected intravenously in anaesthetised pigs and subsequent gas exchange abnormalities were studied using the multiple inert gas elimination technique. Beads of different sizes, ranging from 63 to 262 microm, were used, each pig receiving beads of only one size. Successive 0.25 g boli of beads (cumulative dose 1.0-1.5 g) increased shunt (from 3% baseline to 20% of cardiac output) and pulmonary artery mean pressure (from 26 to 45 mmHg) and decreased arterial P(O(2)) (from 96 to 43 mmHg) and cardiac output from 2.8 to 2.2 L min(-1) with no differences according to bead sizes. The dispersion of the ventilation dist ribution (log SDV), normal at 0.39 before beads, increased progressively with bead size from 0.48 (63 microm to 0.91 (262 microm). The 63 microm beads were lodged in vessels associated with respiratory bronchioles and smaller airways, whereas larger beads were positioned in vessels associated with non-respiratory airways. A linear correlation analysis between log SDV and bead size showed that 59 microm beads produce a log SDV that is 2 SEM above mean baseline log SDV. These findings suggest that the functional lung unit in this species (with no collateral ventilation) is smaller than in a species of the same size and with collateral ventilation (dog) in whom occlusion of 124 microm or larger diameter vessels is required to increase log SDV.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Exposure to naphthalene-diisocyanate in a rubber plant: symptoms and lung function.

Twenty-three subjects exposed to naphthalene-diisocyanate (NDI, [mean air concentration 0.002-0.007 mg/m3]) were examined with regard to symptoms and pulmonary function. Irritation of the eyes, cough, and exertion dyspnea were more common in exposed subjects than in unexposed controls. Closing volume, as a percentage of vital capacity (CV%), was 6% higher than the reference value (P = .01) on Monday morning after 2 days with no exposure to NDI. The other lung function variables were normal. Two days of industrial exposure caused no further change in any lung function variable. The difference between measured and expected CV% increased with age in the exposed subjects. Five employees who had complained of severe symptoms during NDI exposure and who, therefore, had been transferred to other tasks with no exposure to NDI, displayed marked increases in CV% and a reduction in the forced vital capacity by an average of 0.6 L. Smokers and nonsmokers displayed similar lung function changes.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Respiratory allergy and the relationship between early childhood lower respiratory illness and subsequent lung function.

In a study of 159 school-age children whose histories of outpatient visits for lower respiratory illness (LRI) had been documented from early infancy, we observed lower mean levels of small airway function in boys who had experienced two or more episodes of wheezing-associated LRI before 6 yr of age. To determine whether allergy was an important factor influencing this result, we examined relationships among the results of RAST tests for seven common inhalant allergens and concurrent lung function in 126 subjects who consented to venipuncture. Increasing values for the sum of scores for the seven RAST tests were associated with progressively lower mean levels of small airways function in boys with histories of recurrent wheezing LRI during the preschool years. The association of allergy with lower levels of lung function was largely accounted for by dust mite allergy. RAST results were not correlated with lung function in boys who had experienced zero or 1 wheezing LRI before 6 yr of age or in girls. A history of recurrent wheezing LRI during the preschool years was also associated with significantly lower mean levels of small airways function in boys who had negative RAST tests. A subset of 49 boys was reevaluated after an average interval of 4 yr with RAST tests, spirometry, and methacholine challenge. Dust mite allergy was associated with an increased prevalence of bronchial hyperreactivity independent of early childhood wheezing LRI history.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗

PubMed1980

Lung function in young adults: evidence for differences in the chronological age at which various functions start to decline.

In order to gather prospective information on the chronological age at which lung functions start to decline, follow-up measurements were carried out on 38 young adults (30 men and eight women) whose respiratory and cardiac function had been studied previously in the course of a survey of high school students. In the 15 subjects who had reached adult height at the time of the first study, only the vital capacity showed no change between studies, while forced expiratory flow rates (FEV1, MMEF), transfer factor (TLCO) and alveolar volume (VA) all decreased. By contrast, in the 23 subjects who had grown in stature since the previous tests, there was an increase in the slow and forced vital capacity, no consistent change in FEV1 and MMEF, and a decrease in TLCO. The findings are consistent with the view that the age-related decline does not start at the same chronological age for all lung functions, and suggest that structural changes associated with biological "aging" affect some functions before others. The results also illustrate the inadequacy of predicting values for early adulthood by backward extrapolation from later decades or forward extrapolation from the teens, and underline the need for comprehensive studies to elucidate the pattern of change which accompanies growth, maturation, and early adulthood.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

A longitudinal study of antenatal changes in lung function tests and importance of postpartum exercises in their recovery.

A study of changes in lung function tests during pregnancy was undertaken in fifty pregnant women beginning from third month of gestation. Fifty nonpregnant age and height matched women formed the controls. Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Timed Vital Capacity (FEV1), Inspiratory Capacity (IC), Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) and peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) were performed in each month of pregnancy. However ten subjects were not available for follow-up during postpartum period. Remaining forty women were divided into two groups of twenty each. Group I performed daily graded active exercises to strengthen the anterior abdominal wall muscles. Group II women did not perform any exercises. It was observed that the antenatal changes in percent FVC and FEV1 were insignificant, but the decline in ERV and PEFR were very highly significant (P < 0.001) and the increment in IC was significant (P < 0.05). In the postpartum period the percentage variation of values in group I was less than 5% from controls (P > 0.05) and in group II it was 15-20% from controls (P < 0.05), resulting in a significant variation in group II women as compared to the controls. It is concluded that there are adaptive changes in lung functions in the antenatal period. We stress the importance of regular graded active exercises in the postpartum period for the speedy recovery of these changes.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Influence of high molecular dextrans on lung function in an ex vivo porcine lung model.

BACKGROUND: Extracellular preservation solutions utilizing high molecular agents can reduce intracellular edema during ischemia/reperfusion in lung transplantation. A solution of 40,000 dalton molecular weight (DMW) has already been clinically established (Perfadex). However, it is unclear whether dextrans of this particular size represent the optimal additive for lung preservation solutions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a new ex vivo porcine lung model, lungs were each preserved with low-potassium solutions containing 5% dextran with 90,000 DMW (Dex 90) and 160,000 DMW (Dex 160) and with Perfadex (40,000 DMW). After 24 h of cold ischemia, reperfusion was performed employing a roller pump with a pulsatile module. Lungs were perfused with deoxygenated perfusate and ventilated with room air. The oxygenation capacity (Delta pO(2)), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), and mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) were monitored for 60 min. Net weight gain (NWG) and wet-to-dry ratio (W/D ratio) were determined. Free-radical generation was assessed by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) at 10, 30, and 50 min. RESULTS: PIP and PAP increased in all groups significantly during reperfusion. However, Dex 160-perfused lungs exhibited significantly higher values than those with Dex 90 and Perfadex. Perfadex showed the highest Delta pO(2) throughout the entire reperfusion, while Delta pO(2) was slightly reduced in Dex 160 and significantly lower in Dex 90. In Perfadex the lowest water content was observed assessed by NWG and W/D ratio. The highest MDA values were observed in Dex 90, followed by Dex 160, while the lowest values were seen in Perfadex. CONCLUSIONS: Preservation of the lung with Perfadex exhibited superior postischemic function in contrast to preservation solutions containing dextrans with a higher molecular weight.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Grain exposure--symptoms and lung function.

Eighty dock workers handling grains and other cargoes were surveyed by respiratory and occupational questionnaires, spirometry, skin tests with common allergens and grain extracts, and serological tests. Sixty-nine of the men reported chest symptoms during exposure to barley dust and 13 men reported evening feverish episodes after handling barley. Symptoms were not related to smoking or atopic status. No gross deficits in lung function were detected. Six men handling barley and four handling non-dusty cargoes had their lung function measured over two working days. Falls in ventilatory capacity occurred in the six workers handling barley but not in the four handling non-dusty cargoes. Six previously unexposed subjects spent 2 h in a barley dust atmosphere of a silo and had lung function measured before and after the exposure. All subjects had falls in ventilatory capacity. In four these lasted 24 h or more and were associated with systemic symptoms. As with cotton dust the agent(s) responsible for symptoms from grain dust exposure remains uncertain. Our findings on the dock workers suggest that specific immunological responses are not involved.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

The incorporation of SPECT functional lung imaging into inverse radiotherapy planning for non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) often have inhomogeneous lung perfusion. Radiotherapy planning computed tomography (CT) scans have been accurately co-registered with lung perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans to design radiotherapy treatments which limit dose to healthy 'perfused' lung. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with localised NSCLC had CT and SPECT scans accurately co-registered in the planning system. The SPECT images were used to define a volume of perfused 'functioning' lung (FL). Inverse planning software was used to create 3D-conformal plans, the planning objective being either to minimise the dose to whole lungs (WL) or to minimise the dose to FL. RESULTS: Four plans were created for each of six patients. The mean difference in volume between WL and FL was 1011.7 cm(3) (range 596.2-1581.1cm(3)). One patient with bilateral upper lobe perfusion deficits had a 16% reduction in FLV(20) (the percentage volume of functioning lung receiving >or=20 Gy). The remaining patients had inhomogeneous perfusion deficits such that inverse planning was not able to sufficiently optimise beam angles to avoid functioning lung. CONCLUSION: SPECT perfusion images can be accurately co-registered with radiotherapy planning CT scans and may be helpful in creating treatment plans for patients with large perfusion deficits.

Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung↗

PubMed2003

Is patient dropout from a longitudinal study of lung function predictable and reversible?

Predictive factors for individuals dropping out from a longitudinal study of lung function have not been described, nor have methods for re-recruiting dropouts been developed. Our aims were to identify factors predictive of dropout and methods of re-recruiting dropouts from a longitudinal study of lung function. Details at enrollment into a longitudinal birth cohort study were compared between those who dropped out and those who were assessed 6 and 11 years later. Strategies for identifying individuals successfully contacted at 11 but not 6 years were described. Of 253 infants enrolled prenatally, 123 (49%) were followed up at age 6 and 194 (77%) at age 11 years. At 6 years, independent risk factors for a child dropping out were: no other sibling enrolled (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.6, 10.1; P = 0.003); being first-born (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.5, 5.2; P = 0.001); mother completing education at age 15 years (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3, 4.9; P = 0.007); and mother born overseas (OR, 2.3; 95% CI; 2.8; P = 0.01). The following were predictive of a child dropping out at 11 years: mother born overseas (OR, 4.8; 95% CI, 2.2, 10.2; P < 0.001); paternal smoker (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.5, 6.5; P = 0.003); no other sibling enrolled (OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.1, 15.7; P = 0.04); and being first-born (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.0, 4.3; P < 0.05). Of the 74 families successfully followed up at 11 but not 6 years, 35 (47%) were contacted by using data already held in study records, and 32 (43%) were contacted by databases available to the public. In conclusion, factors present at enrollment and predictive of dropout from a longitudinal cohort study can be identified. Using a variety of methods, re-recruitment is possible for many individuals who previously dropped out.

Australia↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Lung function and serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6 and fibronectin in patients treated with ABVD chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy for mediastinal Hodgkin's disease.

UNLABELLED: Mediastinal radiotherapy and polychemotherapy regimens can produce late toxicity leading to pulmonary fibrosis. There is evidence for the involvement of various cytokines in this process. We evaluated lung function in 20 patients with stage I-IIA Hodgkin's disease and submitted to chemotherapy including bleomycin (ABVD) and radiotherapy. Lung function tests were performed before, at the end of treatment and after a median of 12 months from the end of therapy. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), fibronectin and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined on serum samples collected at the same time intervals. A modification of tests indicative of a restrictive lung disease was observed at end of treatment, whereas a persistent decline of transfer lung factor for carbon monoxide (DLCO) was documented. TNF-alpha constantly decreased, fibronectin increased and IL-6 showed a decline after treatment and a rise during the follow-up but the differences were not statistically significant. No significant correlations were observed between changes of lung function tests and serum cytokine concentration. CONCLUSIONS: This lack of correlation could be due to: a) incorrect selection of serum collection time, or b) to the fact that cytokine plasma concentration does not reflect events occurring in the alveolar phase.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Changes in lung function during adolescence in athletes and non-athletes.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the lung function in Indian athletes and non-athletes during adolescence. For this, lung functions in 40 boys (twenty athletes and twenty non-athletes) in the age range of 13 to 16 years, were evaluated over a period of two years at yearly intervals. The variables studied were Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1), Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV), Inspiratory Capacity (IC) and Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV). Our results suggest that the development of the lung during adolescence under proper nutritional and health conditions is governed by the process of growth with no or negligible additional effects of physical activity. It is summarized that physical activity during growth may increase endurance in respiratory muscles. However, the findings of this study does not reject the possibility that lung size may increase by a strenuous and prolonged strength training regimen during adolescence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Surface of localized pleural plaques quantitated by computed tomography scanning: no relation with cumulative asbestos exposure and no effect on lung function.

To evaluate if there is a relation between the size of asbestos plaques and the level of past exposure and pulmonary function, we measured the surface of localized pleural plaques found on high-resolution (HR) CT scan, using a computerized video display unit-imaging system, in 73 workers (mean age, 43.5 yr) who had worked from 23 to 27 yr in an asbestos-cement factory. Their estimated cumulative exposure to asbestos ranged from 16.4 to 98.7 fiber-years/ ml (mean, 26.3 fiber-years/ml). Lung function measurements included lung volumes, maximal expiratory flows, and diffusing capacity. A control group of 21 workers was examined by the same procedures. Plaques were detected by CT in 51 (70%) asbestos-exposed subjects and in none of the control subjects. The average calculated plaque surface was 47.9 +/- 61.7 cm2 (median, 22.1 cm2; range, 0 to 278.4 cm2). There was no relation between plaque surface and cumulative asbestos exposure (p = 0.24). In the 51 subjects with pleural plaques, the surface of the pleural lesions was not related to cumulative asbestos exposure, or to smoking history or time since first exposure. Neither the presence nor the extent of the plaques was correlated with lung function parameters.

Asbestosis↗