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PubMed2000

The development of speech perception in children using cochlear implants: effects of etiologic factors and delayed milestones.

HYPOTHESIS: Speech perception outcomes for cochlear implantation of children vary over a wide range, and it is hypothesized that central pathologic states associated with certain causes of hearing impairment account for a substantial part of the variance. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective analysis was carried out to ascertain the relationships between speech perception, etiologic factors, and central pathologic states as indicated by preoperative delayed motor milestones and/or cognitive delays. SETTING: Data were obtained from the pre- and postoperative records of patients attending a hospital cochlear implant clinic. PATIENTS: Results for 75 consecutive patients up to age 5 years who underwent implantation were included in the study. INTERVENTION: Patients received a 22-electrode cochlear prosthesis and were seen by the clinic for regular tune-up and assessments. Home- and school-based habilitation was recommended by the clinic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Speech perception measures were classified on a five-point scale to allow for different evaluation procedures at different ages and developmental stages. RESULTS: The incidence of motor and cognitive delays were fairly evenly spread across etiologic factors, except for cytomegalovirus, which had a much higher than average incidence. Children with motor and/or cognitive delays were significantly slower than other children in the development of speech perception skills after implantation. Etiologic factors did not have a statistically significant effect on speech perception outcome. CONCLUSIONS: It is likely that central pathologic states account for a substantial part of the variance among children using cochlear implants. Specific indicators of central pathologic states should be used to assess a child's prognosis in preference to less specific information based on etiologic factors alone.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1999

[The test for the evaluation speech perception and production].

The aim of this paper is to present a Test to evaluate the speech perception and production in french profoundly hearing impaired children fitted with cochlear implant or traditional hearing aids. This test materials have been developed for children from 2 to 10 years old. This test fall into two basic categories known as speech perception and speech production. The assessment of the perceptual abilities through the use of the TEPPP is achieved across the hierarchy of perception which spans: detection, discrimination, identification, comprehension. The assessment of the speech production makes it possible to observe the speech production changes across three levels: phonetical, linguistical, intelligibility. The TEPPP, Test of Speech Perception and Production evaluation, enable us to observe if children, who receive a cochlear implant or a conventional hearing aids, obtain some degree of benefit in both speech perception and speech production.

Child↗

PubMed2000

Negative perceptions of dental stimuli and their effects on dental fear.

PURPOSE: About 40% of modern western society are apprehensive about dental visits, 20% are highly fearful, and 5% avoid oral health care completely. This study examined how negative perceptions of dental stimuli contribute to dental fear. METHODS: One-hundred-and-seven people recruited from a dental school clinic and a private practice, participated in the study. Each participant completed measures of general dental anxiety (DAS-R) and negative perception of specific dental stimuli (DFAS). Upon completion of the scales, data were coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. RESULTS: Data analyses revealed a significant correlation between negative perceptions of common dental stimuli and dental fear (p < .05). Getting an injection, having dental radiographs taken, use of scalers and curets, and the sight of the needle were identified as the dental stimuli evoking the highest negative perceptions by the sample. CONCLUSION: Because exposure to certain stimuli triggers dental fear, it is important to identify anxious oral health care patients, and oral health care providers must be sensitive to their fear. Providing a positive experience will help to lower negative perceptions of oral health care. If particular stimuli produce anxiety and fear, then ways to limit exposure to them is necessary.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Baselines for three-dimensional perception of combined linear and angular self-motion with changing rotational axis.

The laws of physics explain many human misperceptions of whole-body passive self-motion. One classic misperception occurs in a rotating chair in the dark: If the chair is decelerated to a stop after a period of counterclockwise rotation, then a subject will typically perceive clockwise rotation. The laws of physics show that, indeed, a clockwise rotation would be perceived even by a perfect processor of angular acceleration information, assuming that the processor is initialized (prior to the deceleration) with a typical subject's initial perception - of no rotation in this case. The motion perceived by a perfect acceleration processor serves as a baseline by which to judge human self-motion perception; this baseline makes a rough prediction and also forms a basis for comparison, with uniquely physiological properties of perception showing up as deviations from the baseline. These same principles, using the motion perceived by a perfect acceleration processor as a baseline, are used in the present paper to investigate complex motions that involve simultaneous linear and angular accelerations with a changing axis of rotation. Baselines - motions that would be perceived by a perfect acceleration processor, given the same initial perception (prior to the motion of interest) as that of a typical subject - are computed for the acceleration and deceleration stages of centrifuge runs in which the human carriage tilts along with the vector resultant of the centripetal and gravity vectors. The computations generate a three-dimensional picture of the motion perceived by a perfect acceleration processor, by simultaneously using all six interacting degrees of freedom (three angular and three linear) and taking into account the non-commutativity of rotations in three dimensions. The resulting three-dimensional baselines predict stronger perceptual effects during deceleration than during acceleration, despite the equal magnitudes (with opposite direction) of forces on the subject during acceleration and deceleration. For a centrifuge run with the subject facing tangentially in the direction of motion, the deceleration baseline shows a perception of forward tumble (pitch rotation) beginning with ascent from the earth, while the acceleration baseline does not have analogous pitch and vertical motion. These results give a three-dimensional explanation for certain puzzling acceleration-deceleration perceptual differences observed experimentally by Guedry, Rupert, McGrath, and Oman (Journal of Vestibular Research, 1992.). The present analysis is consistent with, and expands upon, previous analyses of individual components of motion.

Acceleration↗

PubMed2001

[Most of the complaints in gynecology and obstetrics care are generated by perceptions stemming from unavoidable results].

UNLABELLED: The annual rises in the cost of claims suffered by some countries had led to increases in: costs of the attention; malpractice premiums; health personnel stress level; risks for the patients with difficult problems, and lack of opportune attention. The intricate interaction between clinical state, responses variability and medical procedures flaws makes impossible stop unavoidable outcomes (UO). Though UO are not derived from negligence or inability, patients and relatives can see it as a malpractice result. OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of complaints generated by UO related perceptions (UORP) and their distribution in obstetric and gynecologic stages of care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A search for claims derived from gynecologic or obstetric care was undertaken in the Medical Arbitrition National Commission (CONAMED) database, those presented between Jun. 1, 1996, and Nov. 30, 1998, were chosen. Some claims were derived directly from UORP (D-UORP claims), others were derived indirectly (UORP clamis); claims were grouped for stage of the attention in which they were originated; non D-UORP claims were grouped also by motives. RESULTS: In 625 claims (98.6% of total) was possible obtain precise information as required for the study. 79% of complaints were derived from UORP; 17% from perceptions generated for medical activities unrelated to UO (MAU-UO claims) and 4% by perception originated from care system (CS claims). 46% of complaints concerned surgical treatment, 27% medical treatment, 14% initial study, 2.1% delivery, in 10% a specific stage of the attention was not mentioned. The motives of the non D-UORP complaints were: 1) I-UORP claims; a) opportunity of the action, when the patient referred delay or inopportuneness as cause of the complaint (17%, overall); b) Professional quality, when questioned de outcomes or medical criteria (23%); 2) MAU-UO claims: a) Professional capacity when patient questions ability, or complaint of error in diagnosis (failure to diagnose or incorrect diagnosis), wrong removal, unnecessary treatment or other actions outside of the norm (13%); b) Improper information (3%); c) Inappropriate manner (0.8%); 3) CS claims: a) Resources (1%); b) Accessibility (2.9%). COMMENTS: The damage risk attributable to medical negligence is very low among patients who had received obstetrical or gynecological care, most of the complaints are UORP generated. In obstetrical care--from 1997 national statistics and described results--a benefit was procured to 1,705,161 persons and were produced 17 possible wrong attentions by professional capacity, five by improper information and one by inappropriate manner; the rest, 123 complaints, were derived from perceptions induced by UO. Undoubtedly there is low complaint registration, however, even at worst the wrong attention effect is lower than the impact attained if the possibility of economic benefit search through medical demands is not totally canceled. The damage risk derived from cost of claims is greater, as suffered on many countries. Medical associations in countries without professional liability problems must accomplish negotiations so that the legislation does not establish compensations by medical care results, the request may be based in: a) the deleterious consequences derived from cost of claims; and, b) the low probability of affecting the patients interests, in Mexico complaints derived from perceptions about the professional capacity are one in 103,022 obstetrical care attentions, the improper information derived one in 316,989 and the inappropriate manner generated one in 1,373,620. These organizations and other health related could assume the commitment to abate the foreseeable complaints and to do research on feasible forms to forecast UO, technically this must be long-range and though international collaboration.

Databases, Factual↗

PubMed2003

Auditory perception in the child.

The development of auditory perception in the infant starts in utero and continues up to the age of 9-10 years. We shall examine the various stages, the various acoustic parameters and the segmental level. Three stages are important: from 7 months onwards: first perceptual reorganization; between 7 and 12 months: second perceptual reorganization; from 10 to 24 months: segmentation of the spoken word. We will note the evolution between 2 and 6 years and between 6 and 9 years: 9 years being the critical age--switching from global treatment to analytic treatment of utterances. We will then examine musical perception and we note that at the prelinguistic level it is the same perceptive units that handle verbal sequences and musical sequences. The stages of musical perception are parallel to those for speech. Bigand posed the question: "should we see in these hierarchies, and in their importance to perception, the manifestation of an overall cognitive constraint restricting the handling of long sequences of acoustic events (including language) and why not even for all processes dealing with symbolic information".

Acoustics↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Risk target effect on risk perception in an industrial area].

This study describes the results of a survey, carried out by the Department of Public Health between October and December 2002, about the perception of the main risk factors for health and environment in Portoscuso (Ca), an industrial area in south west of Sardinia, declared "Environmental high-risk area " with DPCM 23.04.1993. The aim of survey was to investigate the different risk perception between local and global level analyzed by McNemar test. The results showed that risk perception was significantly higher at global level. We didn't observe any difference about local problematics as industrial pollution, work accidents, acid rain, industrial accident. Regarding risk factors, as food safety and life style, the "unrealistic optimism effect" described by Sjöberg with people risk perception higher at global level, is confirmed. Perception of industrial risk, considered only similar and not higher than in other areas, is influenced by citizens' consciousness of living in an area declared at high risk of environmental crisis. These results should be taken into account in future risk communication process in order to avoid interpretation bias.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Respiratory, muscular, and overall perceptions of effort: the influence of hypoxia and muscle mass.

Overall, respiratory and peripheral muscular perceptions of exercise have been examined in 16 subjects (eight men and eight women), each performing four types of exercise (two-leg, one-leg, arm + shoulder, and arm ergometry) under both normoxic and hypoxic (12% oxygen) conditions. Subjects could distinguish ratings for the three types of sensation. Both overall and peripheral muscular perceptions associated with a given oxygen intake or power output increased more than respiratory perceptions as the volume of active muscle was decreased. Hypoxia tended to increase both overall and respiratory perceptions for a given absolute oxygen consumption. Cross-modal comparisons suggested an average overall RPE of close to 13 units at 70% of a task and environment-specific peak oxygen intake, irrespective of exercise conditions, but the SD of individual responses varied by at least +/- 2 units about this average. Peripheral muscular sensations dominated small muscle tasks, but the peripheral muscular RPE became relatively consistent when related to external work rate per liter of active muscle. Respiratory perceptions provided some guide to the intensity of physical activity with a given mode of exercise and fixed environmental conditions. However, if respiratory RPE is used to "fine-tune" cross-modal exercise prescriptions, account must be taken of the distorting influence of active muscle volume and of hypoxia.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[The initial symptoms of Alzheimer disease: caregiver perception].

INTRODUCTION: Early recognition of Alzheimer's disease (AD) symptoms is crucial to the integration of patient and caregiver in the healthcare system. Family perception of initial cognitive and behavioural symptoms is decisive and has impact on quality of life of both patient and family. OBJECTIVES: To analyse caregiver's perception of initial AD symptoms and characterize the degree of cognitive decline that determines disease recognition. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: A semi-structured interview was performed including questions about: i) socio-economic characterization of patient and caregiver; ii) disease natural history; iii) DA first symptoms. The interview was applied by phone to a sample of caregivers of patients from two memory clinics. RESULTS: Were included 41 patients (22 M;19 F) with age at onset of 69 years (51-81) and a mean of 14.6 months (2-43) since diagnosis. School level: patients = 3.2 +/- 2.2 and caregivers = 5.37 +/- 3.2 years; leisure activities score: patients = 2.6 +/- 1.9 and caregivers = 2.9 +/- 2. Patients were recognized with involvement of 4-6 cognitive areas in 58.5%; only 12.2% had one cognitive area involved. Women cared by their husbands had less cognitive areas involved at initial perception than men cared by their wives (2.7 +/- 1.5 vs 4 +/- 2.5). Time interval since family perception until reporting to the general practitioner (GP) was 4.16 +/- 5.7 months and to neurological observation 27.7 +/- 13.9. No correlation was found between these intervals and school level or leisure activities. CONCLUSIONS: Families have difficulties in the detection of initial dementia symptoms and in adequately transmitting them to GP. The pair of patient and caregiver seemed determinant in dementia recognition: female patients were recognized with less cognitive areas involved, probably in relation with their greater enrollment in household activities. The characterization of the process of perception in dementia is crucial for definition of adequate strategies of detection and intervention in AD.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The interaction of perception and attention at different stages in individual development].

In the study carried out on children aged 10 years (51 persons), subjects aged 16-17 (11) and adults (19) characteristics of the perception and attention interaction were studied by means of electrophysiological parameters analysis (ERP, CNV, EEG) of the process of solution of various visual tasks. It has been shown that adequate brain provision of this process is based in adults both on the functional topographic differentiation and specialization of separate perceptive operations and on the possibility of controlling generalized and local activating influences according to task requirements. In children aged 10, not differing from the adults by the success of the perceptive activity, age peculiarities of its strategy are revealed connected with functional brain organization. Basic distinctive features of children perceptive activity are intensified regional specificity manifested both in responses to relevant and non-relevant stimuli, and excessive generalized activation testifying to incomplete structural-functional maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex. Increasing functional activity of these structures in ontogenesis provides for the selectivity of perceptive, cognitive and activating processes, adequate to the requirements of the task.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Speech perception abilities in children with cochlear implants or hearing aids.

This investigation evaluates the effect of communication method on auditory perceptual development; specifically, speech perception skills in children with little or no residual hearing utilizing cochlear implants, compared to children with some residual hearing who utilize hearing aids. Five speech perception measures assessing pattern perception, spondee and monosyllable word identification, and closed- and open-set speech recognition were administered to 68 prelingual profoundly hearing-impaired children with either hearing aids or cochlear implants. The data suggest that significant differences in performance on some of the speech perception measures are present for children educated in oral programs compared to those educated in total communication settings. This effect was greatest for hearing aid users. Additionally, performance trends suggest that oral multichannel implant users score higher on selected tests than do children using a single-channel implant or a hearing aid. These results have important implications for accelerating speech perception development and maximizing rehabilitation effects in children with cochlear implants or hearing aids.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Perception of time by human consciousness.

The paper presents a survey of 79 publications dedicated to tasks of chronobiology, to significance of studies of time perception by human consciousness, to ideas of the mechanisms of the time perception, of the role of sleep in regulation of temporal relations, techniques of studies of the time perception (including the Author's own), as well as the results of studying the perception of time intervals duration by humans and effects of environments and mental state on this perception; intuitive and logical estimations of the time properties are also considered.

Chronobiology Phenomena↗

PubMed1987

A comparison of perceptive and receptive fields in man and monkey.

We have measured the perceptive field, the psychophysical correlate of the physiologically determined receptive field, in man and monkey. Measurements were made using the Hermann grid illusion and the Westheimer paradigm. The following results were found: First, in both man and monkey, the size of perceptive fields and field centers increases from the fovea to the periphery. As with receptive fields, this increase is first rapid and then more gradual; and it is more pronounced on the temporal than on the nasal side of the retina. Second, monkey and human perceptive field centers are approximately the same size. But total perceptive fields (i.e., centers plus surrounds) tend to be smaller in monkeys. Third, in monkey, psychophysically measured perceptive field centers are about the same size as neurophysiologically measured receptive field centers. And as these, they are larger, by a factor 1.3-2, than histologically measured dendritic fields. These findings strongly indicate that in monkey all three measurements refer to the same underlying retinal mechanism. The same relationship is assumed to hold in man.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

A theoretical reconciliation of competing views of time perception.

The time-perception literature is oriented around two opposing traditions, one of which, set forth by Ornstein in 1970, views time estimation as linearly and positively related to stimulus complexity, while the other, as published by Priestly in 1968, sees time as essentially linearly but negatively associated with the experiential complexity with which given intervals are filled. However, careful reading of the literature suggests that, contrary to the Ornstein and Priestly models, a linear correlation between stimulus complexity and time perception should not be expected to fully describe the range of possible relationships. What researchers appear to have ignored is the interrelated impact on time perception of the widely reported inverted-U effects of stimulus complexity and the conceptually related dimension of extroversion. With these latter considerations, comparative time perception thus becomes not a linear but rather a curvilinear, U-shaped function of both personality and stimulus complexity dimensions. The conceptual reconciliation growing out of the present literature review thus offers an explanation for previously reported empirical inconsistencies and suggests the redirection of future comparative time perception research.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1984

[Comparative study of features of the perceptive and intellectual activity of schizophrenic children].

A comparative study of the formation of the intellectual and perceptive activity in schizophrenic children aged 5 to 13 years (n = 102) as compared to healthy age-matched controls (n = 150) was carried out. Two complexes of techniques were employed, aimed at investigation of two interrelated aspects (operational and selective) of intellectual and perceptive (visual perception) activity. Dissociation of these components of cognitive activity observed in schizophrenic children already during the formation of perception gets more pronounced in the formation of thought. Dissociation of the development of the intellectual and perceptive activity of schizophrenic children may be considered as a component of abnormal mental development.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

[Features of perception of interpersonal relations by schizophrenic patients].

In an experimental psychological study, the author examined the perception of interpersonality interactions in schizophrenic patients characterized by autistic behaviour (n = 70). A series of four techniques was designed especially for this study, which was aimed at establishing characteristics of the perception of interactions between people, of the perception of one's own interactions and of the perception of interactions in a group and in formal role situations. The patients displayed a tendency toward evading interpersonality interactions, formalization of communication and a desire to restrict the perception of the emotional characteristics of the communication partner.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

[Specialized sensory perception in women with polycystic ovaries].

Specialized sensory perception was examined in 20 women with polycystic ovary syndrome and in 20 healthy women with normal ovulatory genital cycle. None of the healthy women disclosed any anomaly in sensory perception while with no exception all patients with polycystic ovary syndrome disclosed anomalies in sensory perception of one or other sensory analyzer. Defects in smell (hypoosmis) were more common (19 cases) than those of taste (hypogeusia) (II cases), of vestibular (14 cases) or auditory (3 cases) function, although defects in two or more analyzers occurred together in most of the cases. The association of the syndrome with anomalies in the sensory perception suggested that various central nervous structures beside these controlling the releasing factors are involved in the pathomechanism of the disease and that specialized sensory perception in man has much more to do with the neuroendocrine system than previously believed.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Women's perceptions of vaginal and cesarean deliveries.

Three groups of women were compared to determine their perceptions of giving birth and the relationships between those perceptions and their degree of participation in decision making, the type of anesthesia for delivery, and the presence of their husbands at the births. Forty women had vaginal deliveries; 39 had emergency cesareans, and 43 had planned cesareans. All the women were interviewed and completed self-administered questionnaires two to four days after delivery. The three groups had significantly different perceptions of the birth experience with the emergency cesarean birth group having the most negative perception. Among women having cesareans, more positive perceptions were associated with regional anesthesia, presence of their husbands at delivery, and greater participation in decision making. Women in the cesarean groups were less likely to breast feed, and those having planned cesareans were least likely to attend childbirth classes. Many of the women were unaware of the options available to them that could influence the birth experiences.

Adolescent↗