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PubMed1988

[Hemodynamic shifts during physical exercise in patients with ischemic heart disease].

In 82 CHD male patients aged 35-54 years with well-preserved working capacity (threshold load, 600-750 kgm/min) who had underwent bicycle ergometer test, the time course of changes in the major hemodynamic parameters was found to be significantly similar to that of healthy individuals. The cases who stopped performing bicycle ergometer tests because of anginal attacks, and ST segment depression or either showed a more significant elevation in systolic and diastolic blood pressure at the maximum load rate and lower increase in heart rate than in healthy subjects, which may be regarded as a compensatory mechanism that prevents a further decrease in coronary flow. Diminished increase in stroke index and cardiac index suggests reduced myocardial contractility.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Effect of long-term physical exercise on lymphocyte reactivity: similarity to spaceflight reactions.

The response of critical immunological parameters in seven athletes to the sustained physical stress of marathon running was assessed. Variables analysed were the responsiveness of lymphocytes (measured as mitogenic response to concanavalin A), the numbers of lymphocytes, their subsets, and leukocyte numbers. In addition, blood levels of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine were determined. After the run, lymphocyte responsiveness was severely depressed to 1-70% of the resting values, even though the lymphocyte counts did not change. Leukocyte counts were elevated 2.8-fold. No dramatic changes were found within the lymphocyte subsets, although an increase in pan T-cells and the helper/inducer subset 2 d after the run was significant. In addition, the numbers of B-cells decreased significantly. No change was observed within the suppressor/cytotoxic subset. Cortisol increased 2.1-fold, epinephrine 3.2-fold and norepinephrine 2.7-fold. All these parameters returned to baseline values within 2 d. These data were compared with data obtained during and after spaceflight. We conclude that prolonged physical stress of marathon running induces changes in immunological responsiveness that are strikingly similar to those arising from the stress of spaceflight.

Epinephrine↗
PubMed1982

[cAMP-dependence of phosphorylation of the phosphorylase b kinase of the skeletal muscles of rats during physical exercise and training].

During relative rest of trained rats the phosphorylase b kinase activity is increased by 24% (pH 6.8). Physical load causes an increase of the phosphorylase b kinase activity of untrained and trained rats by 44 and 33%, respectively. The degree of phosphorylase b kinase phosphorylation by a homologous soluble cAMP-dependent protein kinase from the muscles of trained rats at rest is 1.9 times that of the control group. The cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of phosphorylase b kinase of untrained and trained rats under physical load is increased 2.5-fold. The data obtained are indicative of the regulatory role of cAMP-dependent phosphorylation in biochemical adaptation of skeletal muscles when their function is increased.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Effects of submaximal physical exercise on adipose tissue metabolism in man.

In order to follow early metabolic adaptations in adipose tissue, which may lead to a decrease in fat cell size and body fat obtained by physical training, two sets of experiments were performed. Obese subjects and a control group exercised on a bicycle at two-thirds of maximal working capacity for one hour. Twenty-four hours thereafter, either on ad libitum diet, or on an isocaloric diet supplemented with calories corresponding to the expanded calories during the work load, an adipose tissue biopsy was taken and fat cell metabolism studied. In obese subjects on and ad libitum or on an isocaloric diet the lipolytic process was increased after the exercise but no significant effects were found on the rates of glucose metabolism. Furthermore, a relationship between cell surface and metabolism was found before, but not after, the work in all groups. No changes were seen in lipoprotein lipase activity. Obese subjects on a controlled diet showed a somewhat higher insulin and catecholamine responsiveness of adipocytes than was the case in the obese subjects on an ad libitum diet. This may well be due to the differences in carbohydrate intake, a factor of importance for hormonal responsiveness of fat cells. The increased basal lipolysis after exercise may be caused by the release of lipolytic hormones, and may well be the first sign of an adaption of the organism to diminish the fat stores as seen in physically trained subjects.

Adipose Tissue↗