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PubMed2001

Principle explanation and strategic schema abstraction in problem solving.

This study was undertaken to examine the effects of strategic schema-acquisition tasks (problem comparison or problem construction) and the method of principle explanation (abstract or embedded principle method) on schema acquisition. Ninety-eight subjects studied a set of problems in probability, presented according to either method of principle explanation. Half the subjects in each principle-explanation group were then asked to compare analogous problems, and the rest constructed new analogous problems. To determine whether subjects generalized problem schemas, they were given new analogous problems to solve. The results showed that when the abstract principle method was used, schema acquisition was better in problem comparison; but with the embedded principle method, schema acquisition was better in problem construction. Results were discussed in relation to the importance of some fit between the presentation of problem information and the processes that will draw from or build on this information in tasks designed to allow novice problem solvers to acquire advanced problem representations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Effects of semantic cues on mathematical modeling: evidence from word-problem solving and equation construction tasks.

Mathematical solutions to textbook word problems are correlated with semantic relations between the objects described in the problem texts. In particular, division problems usually involve functionally related objects (e.g., tulips-vases) and rarely involve categorically related objects (e.g., tulips-daisies). We examined whether middle school, high school, and college students use object relations when they solve division word problems (WP) or perform the less familiar task of representing verbal statements with algebraic equations (EQ). Both tasks involved multiplicative comparison statements with either categorically or functionally related objects (e.g., "four times as many cupcakes [commuters] as brownies [automobiles]"). Object relations affected the frequency of correct solutions in the WP task but not in the EQ task. In the latter task, object relations did affect the structure of nonalgebraic equation errors. We argue that students use object relations as "semantic cues" when they engage in the sense-making activity of mathematical modeling.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Implementing problem-solving approaches in clinical practice.

When analysing any nursing problem or situation, different approaches are always possible. A knowledge of the possible angles of approach can make nurses into more flexible problem-solvers. This article explores the holistic and reductionist approaches to patient care.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mediation. A problem-solving strategy.

The medical group manager is an organizational problem solver. By using the centuries-old technique of mediation, the manager can increase the likelihood of achieving constructive results from problems. Mediation is not a vague counseling device; it is a process with clearly outlined stages requiring specific skills: restructuring, development of alternatives, agreement, and implementation. The goal of mediation is a "win-win" situation in which the adversaries have been guided to determine for themselves how they can both get what they want. By cultivating the art of mediation, the manager can become a more effective problem solver and foster an atmosphere of ongoing harmony in the medical group.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1993

Artificial neural networks as adjuncts for assessing medical students' problem solving performances on computer-based simulations.

Artificial neural networks were trained by supervised learning to recognize the test selection patterns associated with students' successful solutions to seven immunology computer-based simulations. New test selection patterns evaluated by the trained neural network were correctly classified as successful or unsuccessful solutions to the problem > 90% of the time. The examination of the neural networks output weights after each test selection revealed a progressive and selective increase for the relevant problem suggesting that a successful solution is represented by the neural network as the accumulation of relevant tests. Unsuccessful problem solutions were classified by the neural network software into two patterns of students performance. The first pattern was characterized by low neural network output weights for all seven problems reflecting extensive searching and lack of recognition of relevant information. In the second pattern, the output weights from the neural network were biased toward one of the remaining six incorrect problems suggesting that the student misrepresented the current problem as an instance of a previous problem. Finally, neural network analysis could detect cases where the students switched hypotheses during the problem solving exercises.

California↗
PubMed1995

Problem solving in endodontic working-length determination.

The success of nonsurgical endodontic treatment is influenced significantly by accurate working-length determination. A variety of guidelines and techniques are available to clinicians in mastering working-length analysis with routine success achieved when multiple methods are used. This article stresses a cognitive, problem-solving approach in the management of clinical variations in working-length determination and interpretation.

Dental Pulp Cavity↗