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Results for “RESPIRATORY TRACT”

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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources

PubMed1991

Cefpodoxime proxetil in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections.

Cefpodoxime proxetil is the orally absorbed ester of cefpodoxime, a new third generation cephalosporin. In the gastrointestinal tract, cefpodoxime proxetil is hydrolysed to cefpodoxime, which has potent antibacterial activity against the major bacterial pathogens involved in lower respiratory tract infections: Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis (including beta-lactamase-producing strains), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (including amoxicillin-resistant strains). Six randomised comparative studies in patients with lower respiratory tract infections, 5 of which were large (enrollment of more than 200 patients) and double-blind, examined the efficacy and safety of cefpodoxime proxetil. Cefpodoxime proxetil (at a dosage equivalent to 200mg of cefpodoxime) administered twice daily for 5 to 10 days was similar in clinical and bacteriological efficacy to the following: amoxicillin 500mg 3 times daily in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia; intramuscular ceftriaxone Ig once daily in the treatment of pulmonary infections in hospitalised patients; and to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500/125mg 3 times daily in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB). Additionally, a dosage equivalent to 100mg or 200mg of cefpodoxime twice daily was similar in clinical and bacteriological efficacy to amoxicillin 250mg 3 times daily in the treatment of bronchitis (acute or AECB). The adverse events noted with cefpodoxime proxetil administration were similar to those associated with other beta-lactam antibacterials and most commonly involved the gastrointestinal tract and skin or mucous membranes. Thus, cefpodoxime proxetil is a useful addition to the antibacterials available for the treatment of infections of the lower respiratory tract.

Aged↗

PubMed1980

Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from the lower respiratory tract of adults.

Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from the lower respiratory tract of six patients who had pulmonary infection, the severity varying from acute bronchitis to severe diffuse interstitial pneumonia. The latter appeared in four immunosuppressed patients, from three of whom cytomegalovirus was also isolated. Therapy directed against C. trachomatis resulted in prompt clinical improvement in three patients. Two patients died. C. trachomatis causes disease in the adult respiratory tract, the prevalence of which has yet to be determined, and it may be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the immunosuppressed patient.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2001

The crisis of resistant pathogens in respiratory tract infections--use of pharmacodynamic principles.

Infectious disease experts and public health officials continue to warn the medical community and the public that more strains of respiratory tract pathogens are becoming resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to eradicate them. The inappropriate use of antibiotics to treat viral infections has contributed to the development of multidrug resistance in the 3 key bacterial pathogens that cause respiratory tract infections: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Traditionally, susceptibility of pathogens to antibiotics has been evaluated with in vitro testing by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination, which has also been used to establish breakpoints between susceptible and resistant organisms based on MIC distributions. However, a more clinical approach has been developed based on the correlation of pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of antimicrobials with MICs and clinical studies, thereby establishing the new concept of PK/PD breakpoints. New guidelines for outpatient management of respiratory tract infections have been based on PD parameters.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗

PubMed2002

Lipoic acid in the treatment of smell dysfunction following viral infection of the upper respiratory tract.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The study aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of alpha-lipoic acid in olfactory loss following infections of the upper respiratory tract. Possible mechanisms of actions include the release of nerve growth factor and antioxidative effects, both of which may be helpful in the regeneration of olfactory receptor neurons. STUDY DESIGN: Unblinded, prospective clinical trial. METHODS: A total of 23 patients participated (13 women, 10 men; mean age 57 y, age range 22-79 y; mean duration of olfactory loss, 14 mo; range, 4 to 33 mo); 19 of them were hyposmic and 4 had functional anosmia. Alpha-lipoic acid was used orally at a dose of 600 mg/day; it was prescribed for an average period of 4.5 months. Olfactory function was assessed using olfactory tests for phenyl ethyl alcohol odor threshold, odor discrimination, and odor identification. RESULTS: Seven patients (30%) showed no change in olfactory function. Two patients (9%) exhibited a moderate decrease in olfactory function; in contrast, six patients (26%) showed moderate and eight patients (35%) remarkable increase in olfactory function. Two of the 4 patients with functional anosmia reached hyposmia; 5 of 19 hyposmic patients became normosmic. Overall, this resulted in a significant improvement in olfactory function following treatment (P =.002). At the end of treatment parosmias were less frequent (22%) than at the beginning of therapy (48%). Interestingly, recovery of olfactory function appeared to be more pronounced in younger patients than in patients above the age of 60 years (P =.018). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that alpha-lipoic acid may be helpful in patients with olfactory loss after upper respiratory tract infection. However, to judge the true potential of this treatment, the outcome of double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in large groups of patients must be awaited, especially when considering the relatively high rate of spontaneous recovery in olfactory loss after upper respiratory tract infection.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Recurrent respiratory tract infections and dysphagia in a child with an aortic vascular ring.

Recurrent respiratory tract infections and dysphagia after the first years of life are rarely caused by vascular rings, and only a high index of clinical suspicion helps to avoid diagnostic delay and inappropriate treatment. Diagnostic workup in a 2-year-old girl with acute foreign body impaction into the esophagus and frequent respiratory tract infections revealed right descending aortic arch with ligamentum arteriosum as the cause of extrinsic esophageal-tracheal compression. Dividing the ligament gave release to the encircled esophagus and trachea. Relief of symptoms was achieved immediately after surgery.

Aorta, Thoracic↗

PubMed2004

Respiratory tract infections: diagnosis and use of antibiotics by family physicians in north-eastern Poland.

The aim of our study was to describe the pattern of antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infections. Forty-four family physicians from Białystok (north-eastern Poland) filled in questionnaires regarding 1315 patients with respiratory tract infections. Antibiotics were prescribed in 803 cases (61.1%). The four principle diagnoses associated with prescribing an antibiotic were: bacterial pharyngitis/tonsillitis, acute bronchitis, unspecified bacterial superinfection and acute sinusitis for which a total of 572 antibiotic treatments were given (71.2% of all antibiotic prescriptions). The study shows that Polish family physicians diagnose respiratory tract infections empirically and frequently prescribe wide-spectrum antibiotics. More information is required about the diagnostic value of certain clinical symptoms such as purulent sputum, duration of cough and indications for broad-spectrum antibiotic use.

Ambulatory Care↗

PubMed1999

Rapid identification of nine microorganisms causing acute respiratory tract infections by single-tube multiplex reverse transcription-PCR: feasibility study.

Acute respiratory tract infections (ARIs) are leading causes of morbidity and, in developing countries, mortality in children. A multiplex reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assay was developed to allow in one test the detection of nine different microorganisms (enterovirus, influenza A and B viruses, respiratory syncytial virus [RSV], parainfluenzaviruses type 1 and type 3, adenovirus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydia pneumoniae) that do not usually colonize the respiratory tracts of humans but, if present, must be assumed to be the cause of respiratory disease. Clinical samples from 1,118 children admitted to the Department of Pediatrics because of an ARI between November 1995 and April 1998 were used for a first clinical evaluation. Detection of one of the microorganisms included in the assay was achieved for 395 of 1,118 (35%) clinical samples, of which 37.5% were RSV, 20% were influenza A virus, 12.9% were adenovirus, 10.6% were enterovirus, 8.1% were M. pneumoniae, 4.3% were parainfluenzavirus type 3, 3.5% were parainfluenzavirus type 1, 2.8% were influenza B virus, and 0.2% were C. pneumoniae. Seasonal variations in the rates of detection of the different organisms were observed, as was expected from the literature. The levels of concordance with the data obtained by commercially available enzyme immunoassays were 95% for RSV and 98% for influenza A. The results show that the multiplex RT-PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is a useful and rapid diagnostic tool for the management of children with ARI. Studies of the overall benefit of this method with regard to the use of antibiotics, the use of diagnostic procedures including additional microbiological tests, and hospitalization rate and duration are warranted.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1990

Viral lower respiratory tract infections in Filipino children.

Viral causes of acute lower respiratory tract infection were studied prospectively between 15 June and 31 October 1984 in 312 Filipino children less than 5 years old living in periurban slums and middle-class housing. The cause was based on viral antigen detection, virus isolation, and antibody assays. There were 131 children (41.2%) who were admitted to the hospital, and 150 (47%) had an infiltrate on chest radiograph. A total of 198 viral infections were confirmed in 162 patients (51.9%), 42.3% with single viral infection and 9.6% with mixed (two or more) infection. The infections were measles (21.4%), influenza A (15.9%), parainfluenza types 1, 2, and 3 (8.8%), respiratory syncytial virus (7.1%), influenza B (5.8%), enteroviruses (5.1%), adenoviruses (3.9%), herpes simplex virus (1.6%), and cytomegalovirus (1.3%). Viral infections other than measles were seen in 39.7% of the cases. The presence of viral infection correlated with better nutritional status. Influenza A or B diagnosis was associated with mild forms of acute respiratory tract infection, measles and a preceding rash with severe disease.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2004

[What is the importance of bacterial eradication in the treatment of respiratory tract infections?].

During the last few years, increasing antibiotic resistance amongst the major respiratory pathogens in the community has compromised the choice of empirical therapy for some respiratory tract infections. Of special interest has been the progressive increase in the resistance rates of Streptococcus pneumoniae to macrolides and penicillin, and of S. pyogenes to macrolides. Several studies have confirmed the association between community use of certain antibiotics and the development of resistance in S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes. Nevertheless, not all the antibiotics have the same ability to select resistance and not all microorganisms are affected in the same way. The aim of antimicrobial therapy in respiratory tract infections is bacterial eradication. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics can be used to predict bacteriological eradication with antimicrobial therapy.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1984

[A study on salivary proline-rich peptide P-C with special reference to the presence of salivary peptide P-C in the human respiratory tract].

In order to elucidate whether Salivary Protein C and salivary peptide P-C, originally isolated from human saliva were present in tissues other than those of the salivary glands or not, an indirect immunofluorescence technique using both antisera against salivary peptide P-C and Salivary Protein C was carried out on human salivary glands and the human respiratory tract. As salivary peptide P-C-like immunoreactivity was detected in the serous cells of salivary glands by previous immunohistochemical study, the human respiratory tract was closed as model tissue, since tracheal and bronchial glands in the human respiratory tract consist of mucous and serous cells. Furthermore, to check whether salivary peptide P-C is a fragment of Salivary Protein C or not, the same immunohistochemical study was undertaken on the serial sections of salivary glands and the respiratory tract. Salivary peptide P-C and Salivary Protein C-like immunoreactivities were present in the serous cells of human salivary glands and in tracheal and bronchial cells. Furthermore, the same serous cells were immunostained with antisera against salivary peptide P-C, with antisera against Salivary Protein C and with antisera against Salivary Protein C preabsorbed with salivary peptide P-C. In view of the fact that the full sequence of salivary peptide P-C is identical to the COOH terminal 44 amino acid residues of Salivary Protein C, it was suggested that the full sequence of Salivary Protein C was present in the serous cells of human salivary glands and in those of tracheal and bronchial glands and that salivary peptide P-C was a fragment of Salivary Protein C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bronchi↗

PubMed1990

Gram-negative colonization of the respiratory tract: pathogenesis and clinical consequences.

The normal upper and lower respiratory tract are not colonized by enteric gram-negative bacteria (EGNB), but when serious illness develops, both sites may harbor these organisms. Colonization at either site is more likely when the severity of illness increases, and in critically ill patients, Pseudomonas species are the most common colonizing organisms, especially in the tracheobronchial tree. Many of the risk factors for colonization by EGNB have also been recognized as predisposing conditions for nosocomial pneumonia, and colonization may precede and predict this infection. Colonization should be viewed as a marker of a sick patient who had multiple host impairments; it is these defects that often allow colonization to progress to invasive infection. One pathogenetic mechanism that mediates colonization is an increase in epithelial cell bacterial adherence for EGNB. Many of the clinical conditions that favor colonization lead to an alteration in epithelial cell surface susceptibility to bacterial binding. Factors that influence adherence include cellular variables, bacterial surface characteristics and exoproducts, and the microenvironmental conditions at the airway surface. In order for adherence to mediate colonization, mucociliary clearance and other lower respiratory tract defenses must be abnormal. Based on an understanding of colonization pathogenesis, rational strategies for nosocomial pneumonia prophylaxis may emerge.

Bacterial Adhesion↗

PubMed1996

Influence of respiratory tract viral infection on endothelin-1-induced potentiation of cholinergic nerve-mediated contraction in mouse trachea.

1. This study examined the influence of respiratory tract infection with influenza A/PR-8/34 virus on endothelin receptor-mediated modulation of contraction induced by stimulation of cholinergic nerves in mouse isolated trachea. 2. The ETB receptor-selective agonist, sarafotoxin S6c (30 nM) induced large transient contractions (118 +/- 5% Cmax, n = 13; where Cmax is the contraction induced by 10 microM carbachol) of isolated tracheal segments from control mice. The peak contractile response to 30 nM sarafotoxin S6c was significantly lower in preparations from virus-inoculated mice at day 2 (57 +/- 8% Cmax, n = 3, P < 0.05) and 4 post-inoculation (90 +/- 8% Cmax, n = 9, P < 0.05), consistent with virus-induced attentuation of the ETB receptor-effector system linked to airway smooth muscle contraction. The mean peak contraction to 30 nM sarafotoxin S6c of preparations from virus-inoculated mice at day 8 post-inoculation (94 +/- 17% Cmax, n = 4) was not significantly different from that of control. 3. Electrical field stimulation (EFS; 90 V, 0.5 ms duration, 10 s train, 0.1-30 Hz) of preparations from control and virus-inoculated mice, caused contractions that were abolished by 0.1 microM atropine or 3 microM tetrodotoxin, indicating that these responses were mediated by neuronally released acetylcholine. Sarafotoxin S6c markedly potentiated contractions induced by a standard stimulus (0.3 Hz, every 3 min) in tracheal segments from control and virus-inoculated mice. In tracheal tissue from control mice, 30 nM sarafotoxin S6c significantly increased a standard EFS-induced contraction of 24 +/- 4% Cmax by a further 24 +/- 3% Cmax (i.e. 2 fold increase, n = 11). Sarafotoxin S6c (30 nM) also markedly potentiated standard EFS-induced contractions in preparations from virus-inoculated mice at day 2 (17 +/- 2% Cmax, n = 3), day 4 (17 +/- 5% Cmax, n = 9) and day 8 (26 +/- 5% Cmax, n = 4) post-inoculation. The level of potentiation of EFS-induced contractions in preparations from virus-inoculated mice was similar to that in tissue from control mice at days, 2, 4 and 8 post-inoculation. In contrast, sarafotoxin S6c (30 nM) did not enhance contractile responses of tracheal segments from control and virus-inoculated mice to exogenously applied acetylcholine (n = 3). 4. Endothelin-1 (1 nM) caused similar potentiations of standard EFS-induced contractions in tracheal segments from control (13 +/- 2% Cmax, n = 23) and virus-inoculated mice at day 2 (13 +/- 1% Cmax, n = 5), day 4 (16 +/- 5% Cmax, n = 6), and day 8 (13 +/- 3% Cmax, n = 8) post-inoculation. In contrast, 1 nM endothelin-1 did not enhance contractile responses of tracheal segments from control and virus-inoculated mice to exogenously applied acetylcholine (n = 4). Neither the ETA receptor-selective antagonist, BQ-123 (3 microM) nor the ETB receptor-selective antagonist, BQ-788 (1 microM) alone had any significant inhibitory effect on endothelin-1-induced potentiations of tracheal segments from control or virus-inoculated mice at days 2, 4 and 8 post-inoculation. However, simultaneous pre-incubation with BQ-123 (3 microM) and BQ-788 (1 microM) prevented endothelin-1-evoked potentiations, indicative of a role for both ETA and ETB receptors in this system. 5. These data clearly demonstrate that respiratory tract viral infection attenuated the function of the postjunctional ETB receptor-effector system linked directly to airway smooth muscle contraction. However, the function of prejunctional ETA and ETB receptor-effector systems linked to augmentation of cholinergic nerve-mediated airway smooth muscle contraction remained unaffected during respiratory tract viral infection in mice.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Acute infection of the lower respiratory tract: how long to observe?].

Acute infections of the lower respiratory tract first require a weighing up of risks, which is of importance in particular for the decision for or against antibiotic therapy. Severe or longlasting exacerbations of a chronic obstructive bronchitis, severe and rapidly progressive bronchial asthma or infection associated with bronchiectasis in an underlying antibody deficiency syndrome, primary ciliary dyskinesia and mucoviscidosis. In the case of systemic immunodeficiencies such as the antibody deficiency syndrome, HIV infection or immunosuppressive therapy, the indication for antibiotic treatment is more liberally established. In combination with respiratory tract infections, serious underlying disease such as left heart insufficiency or diseases of the lungs, may become life-threatening. Of decisive importance for the outcome in such cases are, besides the use of antibiotics, such as treatment of the cardiac insufficiency or long-term oxygen therapy. Timely vaccination can prevent severe illness.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2003

Influences of parameter uncertainties within the ICRP-66 respiratory tract model: regional tissue doses for 239PuO2 and 238UO2/238U3O8.

This paper extends an examination of the influence of parameter uncertainties on regional doses to respiratory tract tissues for short-ranged alpha particles using the ICRP-66 respiratory tract model. Previous papers examined uncertainties in the deposition and clearance aspects of the model. The critical parameters examined in this study included target tissue depths, thicknesses, and masses, particularly within the thoracic or lung regions of the respiratory tract. Probability density functions were assigned for the parameters based on published data. The probabilistic computer code LUDUC (Lung Dose Uncertainty Code) was used to assess regional and total lung doses from inhaled aerosols of 239PuO2 and 238UO2/238U3O8. Dose uncertainty was noted to depend on the particle aerodynamic diameter. Additionally, dose distributions were found to follow a lognormal distribution pattern. For 239PuO2 and 238UO2/238U3O8, this study showed that the uncertainty in lung dose increases by factors of approximately 50 and approximately 70 for plutonium and uranium oxides, respectively, over the particle size range from 0.1 to 20 microm. For typical exposure scenarios involving both radionuclides, the ratio of the 95% dose fractile to the 5% dose fractile ranged from approximately 8-10 (corresponding to a geometric standard deviation, or GSD, of about 1.7-2) for particle diameters of 0.1 to 1 microm. This ratio increased to about 370 for plutonium oxide (GSD approximately 4.5) and to about 600 for uranium oxide (GSD approximately 5) as the particle diameter approached 20 microm. However, thoracic tissue doses were quite low at larger particle sizes because most of the deposition occurred in the extrathoracic airways. For 239PuO2, median doses from LUDUC were found be in general agreement with those for Reference Man (via deterministic LUDEP 2.0 calculations) in the particle range of 0.1 to 5 microm. However, median doses to the basal cell nuclei of the bronchial airways (BB(bas)) calculated by LUDUC were found to be approximately 6 times higher than LUDEP reference doses. The higher BB(bas) doses were directly attributed to discrepancies between the ICRP default thickness for the bronchial epithelium (55 microm) and the probability density function assumed within LUDUC (uniform distribution from 20 to 60 microm based upon detailed literature reviews).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Prevalence of mycoplasmas in the respiratory tracts of pneumonic calves.

The prevalence of mycoplasmas in the respiratory tracts of 148 pneumonic calves originating from 25 herds in the Netherlands is reported. Four types of culture media were used to isolate mycoplasmas: solid modified Edward medium, 2 types of Friis media, and A7B differential agar medium. Mycoplasmas were isolated both from nasal swab specimens and lung lavage fluids collected from live calves and from nasal mucosa and lung tissue specimens collected post mortem. All of the mycoplasma strains isolated could be identified as either Ureaplasma diversum (isolated from 80% of 25 herds), Mycoplasma dispar (92%), M. bovirhinis (88%), M. bovis (20%), M. bovigenitalium (4%), M. arginini (16%), or M. canis (12%). Isolation rates of M. dispar and U. diversum were considerably higher from lung lavage fluids than from nasal swab specimens. M. bovis was detected only in fattening herds and not in dairy herds. The respiratory tracts of 75% of the calves examined contained at least 2 mycoplasma species. In total, 25 different combinations of mycoplasma species were detected in specimens collected from noses and lungs. The pathogenic species U. diversum and M. dispar had not been isolated before in the Netherlands.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Viral etiology of lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory viruses are the main cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) reported worldwide. The contribution of viral infections to respiratory infections in Mexico has not been fully determined. OBJECTIVE: To determine the contribution of viral infections in hospitalized children with LRTI. METHODS: Children younger than 15 years of age with the admission diagnosis of LRTI were eligible for this study. A nasal wash specimen for virus identification by direct immunofluorescent assay (DFA) was obtained as soon as possible after admission. Clinical and radiographic findings of children with positive and negative detection of viruses were compared. RESULTS: Of 285 subjects admitted to the hospital with LRTI, 265 (93%) had an appropriate specimen for DFA. A viral agent was detected in 125 (47.2%) specimens. Viruses that were identified included respiratory syncytial virus (107), influenza (9) and parainfluenza type 3 (9). Clinical and radiologic diagnoses included bronchiolitis (127), interstitial pneumonia (47) and pneumonia (91). Of the subjects included in the study, 71.3% were younger than 1 year of age. Children with a confirmed viral etiology for their LRTI were younger, had higher respiratory rates on admission and were more likely to present with bronchiolitis than subjects with a negative DFA result. CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory viruses are responsible for at least 47.2% of LRTI requiring hospitalization at our hospital. Respiratory syncytial virus was the most important respiratory agent identified.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1985

[Changes in the antibiotic sensitivity of Haemophilus (H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae) colonizing the upper respiratory tract of the child].

Haemophilus strains recovered from the upper respiratory tract in children were investigated by three one-month studies, in 1982, 1983 and 1984 respectively. Strains were recovered from nose and throat swabs in children hospitalized in a pediatric department during March/April. H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae exhibited very different patterns of resistance to antibiotics. Little resistance was found among H. influenzae strains: percentage of ampicillin-resistant (beta-lactamase producing) and/or tetracycline-resistant strains did not exceed 4% and showed no change over the three study years. H. parainfluenzae was considerably more resistant, with percentages of strains resistant to one antibiotic or more reaching 25% in 1982 and 1983 and 36% in 1984. Resistance to ampicillin rose from 20-22% in 1982-1983 to 31% in 1984. Resistance to chloramphenicol emerged in 1984 and was found in 4.5% of strains; these strains were also resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline. Resistance to tetracycline was found in 18% of strains in 1983 and in 14% in 1982 and 1984. In 1983, three cases of meningitis due to an ampicillin-resistant strain (one of which was also resistant to chloramphenicol) were seen. Although one type b ampicillin-resistant strain was isolated in this study, such an occurrence seems difficult to predict and strains infecting the upper respiratory tract apparently do not become invasive under normal conditions. The possibility that H. parainfluenzae may be a reservoir of resistance genes for H. influenzae is considered.

Ampicillin↗

PubMed1996

In-vitro activity of sparfloxacin in comparison with currently available antimicrobials against respiratory tract pathogens.

Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents is an ever-increasing problem. The in-vitro activity of sparfloxacin compared with that of currently available antimicrobial agents against pathogens implicated in respiratory tract infections is reviewed. Sparfloxacin is a fluoroquinolone active against both penicillin-susceptible and -resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. It is also active against many other respiratory tract pathogens and may be a suitable alternative for empirical therapy of community-acquired respiratory tract infections.

Anti-Infective Agents↗