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PubMed1991

[Electron probe microanalysis of fluorine content in deciduous and permanent teeth from an area with a fluoride-deficient (0,3% mg/I) water supply].

The content of fluorine in deciduous and permanent teeth of young people was determined by x-ray microanalysis. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the concentrations of F in teeth without any supplementation of fluorides and to elaborate basic dates as a standard of comparison. F was measured in microvolumes with a wavelength-dispersive spectrometer (Step-Scan 100 sec) after coating with about 300 A of Carbon. The highest values were established in the outermost surface of enamel with quantities between 300 and 600 micrograms/g. The lower concentrations were found in deciduouns teeth. In both dentitions the F-content increases at the surface following the permanent change between de- and remineralization. In subsurface areas the values are decreasing quickly. At a deep of 10 microns from surface layer the content is only 70 micrograms/g and than it declines to a minimum of 20-30 micrograms/g.

Child↗
PubMed1980

[Mechanical properties and acid solubility of the dental surface. I. Microhardness].

The present paper deals with the relationship between microhardness, and the circumferential as well as radial location of the test points on the tooth surface. The measurements did not indicate a significant correlation between the average hardness of the tooth sections, and their location on the circumference. The average hardness of the sections on one probe, however, showed a large variation. Hardness was also correlated with the distance from the enamel surface. There was a steep hardness gradient in the outermost 50 micrometer thick enamel layer: hardness increased in the direction to the dentino-enamel junction. The investigated enamel layer seems to be layer of less mineralized enamel which might have its origin in de-, and remineralization processes on the enamel surfaces.

Bicuspid↗
PubMed1996

X-ray microtomography of bones and teeth.

X-ray microtomography is a miniaturized version of computerized axial tomography with a resolution of the order of micrometres. In the biomedical field it is particularly useful in the study of hard tissue because of its ability to accurately measure the linear attenuation coefficient. From this, the mineral concentration can be computed, which is one measure of bone quality. Using microtomography it is also possible to form three-dimensional images of bone from which structural parameters can be derived which could not be measured using conventional histomorphometry. Various types of microtomography scanner have been used, including simple translate-rotate systems which are capable of measuring x-ray attenuation at multiple energies simultaneously, and "cone-beam' systems which can acquire the necessary data for three-dimensional reconstructions in a relatively short time. Both laboratory x-ray sources and synchrotrons have been used in the study of hard tissue using microtomography. Most studies of bone have been concerned primarily with either the mineral concentration in cortical bone or the structure in cancellous bone. The mineral concentration in teeth has also been studied, in particular the loss of mineral in enamel during in vitro demineralization and the gain during subsequent remineralization. Although there are currently relatively few centres carrying out this work, interest in the technique is rapidly growing and it is likely to find a useful place both in research and ultimately in clinical practice.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The remineralization of fluoride-treated bovine enamel surfaces.

Various etching methods are examined with respect to their ability to induce the surface nucleation and growth of fluorapatite from solutions of low, sustained supersaturation with respect to hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite. The constant composition kinetics method enables the rates of remineralization to be precisely determined, and the possibility of the direct growth of fluorapatite on calcium fluoride crystals in calcium phosphate solutions of low supersaturation has also been examined.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1997

In vitro studies of laser fluorescence for detection and quantification of mineral loss from dental caries.

Laser fluorescence (LF) is thought to be a quantitative technique for the measurement of mineral loss from dental caries. These studies aimed to demonstrate the quantitative nature of LF, by means of transverse microradiography (TMR), in addition to the possible use of LF on small specimens suitable for in situ studies. Studies also aimed to determine the ability of LF to detect caries adjacent to amalgam restorations. The results demonstrated reasonable correlation between both the histological depth and mineral loss measured by TMR compared with the % change in mean fluorescence radiance measured by LF (r = 0.70 and 0.83, respectively). Studies with small specimens demonstrated that in vitro remineralization could be observed with LF for comparison of the demineralized specimen with an undemineralized reference. ANOVA showed significant mineral gain (p < 0.0001). The detection and quantification of mineral loss adjacent to amalgam restorations may have potential for the management of recurrent caries. Studies have demonstrated that LF can detect such mineral loss, and, with refinement of the image analysis system, LF was capable of detecting remineralization. Remineralization of such lesions is controversial, but it is suggested that LF may have a role in secondary caries management.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

In vivo detection of calcium from dicalcium phosphate dihydrate dentifrices in demineralized human enamel and plaque.

A series of studies was conducted to clarify the role of DCPD in improving the effects of fluoride in the mouth. We performed plaque fluid studies to see if the use of DCPD dentifrices increases the levels of free Ca2+ ions and the DSenamel in plaque fluid. The results of these studies showed that plaque fluid was undersaturated with respect to DCPD; therefore, DCPD would dissolve in the mouth. The Ca2+ activity in plaque fluid measured 12 hours post-treatment was significantly elevated with the use of DCPD dentifrices in comparison with silica dentifrices. The use of DCPD dentifrices also increased the DSenamel of plaque fluid in comparison with a NaF/silica dentifrice. To determine whether Ca from DCPD could be detected in demineralized enamel and whole plaque after in vivo usage of a DCPD/ fluoride dentifrice, we conducted a 44Ca labeling study. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) was used to detect and measure changes in 44Ca levels in enamel before and after 6 days of in vivo treatment with a 44DCPD/fluoride dentifrice. The results showed that 44Ca from DCPD was incorporated into enamel and detected in plaque 18 hours post-treatment. The findings from these studies show that brushing with a DCPD dentifrice introduces additional, exogenous Ca into the oral environment, which fosters improved remineralization of teeth in combination with fluoride.

Calcium↗
PubMed1980

Contribution to the physicochemical rationale for the caries reducing effect of fluoride.

The effect of fluoride on the stability of apatites containing Na+ and CO3(2)- ions is described qualitatively. Also the boundaries of the apatite stability field in the quasi-septary system CaO - P2O5 - H2O - Na2O - CO2 - NaF - MX are presented. At these boundaries brushite (or monetite), octocalciumphosphate, calcite and calcium fluoride can become stable solid phases. As a consequence, certain mechanisms for the caries reducing effect of fluoride gain probability over other proposed mechanisms. First, it is likely that endemic fluoride yields more fully mineralized enamel which in turn results in a lower initial rate of the caries process. Second, after eruption the mineral in the tooth superficial layer is bound to accumulate fluoride on the surface of its crystals. This causes a slower rate of the crystal surface dissolution at that site and, hence, a thicker and denser intact superficial layer over the lesion. Finally, the formation of a precipitate of fluorhydroxyapatite and perhaps also of calcium fluoride is promoted in the plaque during cycles of metabolic activity. Subsequent dissolution of the CaF2 and transformation of the fluorhydroxyapatite sets free Ca+ and F- ions. Both of these ions promote the remineralization of the lesion during periods of metabolic rest whereby brushite or monetite are transformed back into apatite.

Apatites↗
PubMed2005

Quantitative light fluorescence: a technology for early monitoring of the caries process.

Quantitative light fluorescence (QLF) can detect about twice as many demineralized precavitated enamel areas a conventional visual examination or any other caries detection instrument. This technology has been used in several controlled clinical trials with the consistent observation that it is capable of monitoring and quantifying changes in the mineral content and size of clinically visible noncavitated white spot lesions; therefore, it can be used to assess the impact of preventive measures on the remineralization and reversal of the caries process. The anticipated future use of QLF with dehydration to identify active areas of demineralization will markedly enhance the utility of this technology in clinical dental research and dental practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Novel topical fluoride delivery system II: remineralization of human teeth.

A recently conceived calcium fluoride-containing remineralization system was tested using human teeth in vitro. The influence of several variables (surface pretreatment, demineralization time, and remineralization time) was studied. Appreciable levels of fluoride taken up by pumiced human teeth were found at depths up to 50 micrometers when remineralization was carried out in either the remineralizing solution or saliva. The successful performance of the delivery device in these laboratory studies is encouraging and indicates that the logical evolution of the crude devices studied thus far could lead to clinically practical fluoride delivery devices.

Fluorides↗
PubMed1980

Electronmicroscopic study of mineralization in induced heterotopic bone formation in guinea pigs.

Mineralization of heterotopic bone was studied in a bone induction model using allogenic demineralized dentin implanted in the abdominal wall of guinea pigs. There was a high yield of newly formed osteoid and bone as well as some cartilage together with areas of resorption of the dentin, and fibroblast proliferation. The osteoid contained many matrix vesicles II and less of lysosome-like type I vesicles. Early cartilage formation had more type I vesicles. The implanted dentin contained no matrix vesicles. The first signs of mineralization occurred mainly as irregular clusters of mineral crystals in the matrix close to the surface of collagen fibrils. Crystal-like figures were also found inside some type II matrix vesicles, although most of these vesicles in the mineralization zone had no crystals. The type I vesicles of both bone and cartilage exhibited often crystals near the outer membrane. The mineralizing bone showed a reduction in the size and number of proteoglycan particles. Remineralization of the implanted dentin was also often found and the mineralization pattern resembled the mineralization of bone except for the absence of matrix vesicles. Electron diffraction of selected areas showed that the crystals in the new bone and the mineralized dentin were hydroxyapatite.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The demineralization of human dental roots in the presence of fluoride.

Intact roots of human molars, which had not been exposed to the oral environment, were exposed to buffer solutions of pH 5.5, which contained, besides calcium and phosphate, various concentrations of fluoride. Densitometric measurements on contact-microradiograms of transverse sections of these roots produced data which were used to calculate the rate of demineralization (Vdem). Vdem appeared to be reduced with increasing fluoride concentration and with decreasing pIOHA (i.e., the negative logarithm of the ionic product of hydroxyapatite) of the buffer solution. In addition, it was observed that, after some days of exposure, remineralization started to occur within the surface layer at some micron from the outer surface and that the region within which remineralization took place was extended inward with increasing time of exposure. These data suggest that fluoride is effective in the prevention of root surface caries. The mechanism of the interaction of fluoride with the root mineral is discussed.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1991

Root caries.

Increasing interest in root caries has resulted in several reports during the year. Problems with diagnosis, epidemiology, structural histopathology, and treatments have clarified some problems concerning root caries. Only active lesions should be registered, but it is important to search for lesions in the periodontal pocket. In several countries, root caries have been found in 30% to 50% of elderly people. In structural investigations, remineralization may occur as irregular precipitation of crystals clearly distinguishable from those of normal sound dentin. Presence of plaque with gram-positive bacteria is closely associated with root caries. Treatment with varnish containing chlorhexidine and thymol may have a reducing effect. Little has been written about the operative treatment of root caries.

Dental Caries↗
PubMed1977

In vitro studies of the phenomenon of tetracycline incorporation into enamel.

Incorporation of tetracyline into dental enamels was studied by exposing presoftened enamel slabs to tetracycline-containing mineralizing solutions. Tetracycline was incorporated only when remineralization (assessed by hardness) occurred and the experimental conditions favored the formation of a soluble tetracycline Ca complex. The fluorescence induced by tetracycline incorporation into the enamel slabs was comparable to that reported under in vivo conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A non-destructive optical method to study de- and remineralization of enamel.

The absorption and scattering of light in dental enamel or in a carious lesion have been studied quantitatively by using thin slabs. The method thus required destructive preparation techniques. In this paper we describe how the scattering by a bulk sample can be used to obtain semi-quantitative information.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Evidence-based prevention, management, and monitoring of dental caries.

Dental caries, not unlike periodontal diseases, is now recognized as an infectious, transmissible, multifactorial disease of bacterial origin. Current evidence-based emphasis is on the need to recognize a carious lesion in its earliest stage before demineralization has produced a cavitated lesion that requires restoration by a dentist. As a result of current understanding of caries control, the dental hygienist's role as a prevention specialist is to determine the dental caries risk factors for patients of all ages and to introduce remineralization strategies into the patient's dental hygiene care plan. Conservative strategies of a concentrated program include initial infection control with a chlorhexidine rinse; extra daily fluoride exposures; placement of pit and fissure sealants where indicated; control of sucrose exposures; use of sugar substitutes, particularly xylitol-containing sugar-free chewing gum; and an emphasis on a daily bacterial plaque removal routine. Evidence supports the management and monitoring of dental caries. Caries risk level must be reevaluated at each maintenance appointment. Appropriate in-office strategies to preserve tooth structure should be carried out and followed by applicable home regimens that are based on need, not age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Remineralization of dentin in vitro.

The remineralization of completely demineralized bovine dentin was studied in vitro by monitoring the velocities of fall of small particles through calcifying solutions. The density of a particle of dentin may be found from its velocity of fall through a fluid using Stokes' law. The minimum concentration product of calcium and acid phosphate ions of the solution in which remineralization would take place was 3.6 (mM)2 in the presence of 22 mM bicarbonate, pH 7.35, and ionic strength 0.1. This just above the solubility product of brushite (CaHPO4-2H2O). Incubation of decalcified dentin in a phosphoprotein removed from dentin during demineralization, or in phosvitin, had no effect on remineralization. The rates of remineralization and of the fraction remineralized were inversely proportional to particle size. This inverse correlation may be due to deposition of mineral in a surface layer of constant depth irrespective of particle size. The fraction of a particle remineralized was greatly increased by the use of highly supersaturated calcifying solutions or by the incorporation of fluoride into the solutions. The empirical reaction order of remineralization for both calcium and phosphate ions was found to be unity, which is, within the error limits, equal to the order of growth of seed crystals of hydroxyapatite in calcifying solutions of the same composition.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) approach for primary teeth: review of literature.

There is widespread interest in and increasing usage of the atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) technique or approach for the restoration of primary teeth, especially in developing countries. However, most of the published reports of the clinical performance of newer, more-viscous esthetic conventional glass ionomer restorative cements marketed for the technique have been from short-term studies, and there have been very few reports comparing different types of restorative materials and methods of cavity preparation. After 12 months, Class II/multisurface and Class III/IV ART restorations have generally shown success rates of approximately 55-75% and 35-55%, respectively. Failures were usually from restoration losses and fractures. Class I & V/single-surface ART restorations have had much better short-term success rates of approximately 80-90%. Recurrent caries was not a concern at this time, but occlusal wear was relatively high. Further improvements in the mechanical and adhesive properties of the newer cements are still required, together with further clinical investigations of the remineralization of shallow open preparations as an alternative to placing restorations. The ART approach is readily accepted by children and has resulted in the retention of many teeth that would otherwise have been extracted.

Child↗