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PubMed2006

Direct-write fabrication of colloidal photonic crystal microarrays by ink-jet printing.

An array of the colloidal photonic crystals was directly fabricated using an ink-jet printing. The colloidal ink droplets containing the monodispersed polystyrene latex particles were selectively deposited on a hydrophobic surface. Solvent evaporation from each ink droplet leads to a formation of microdome-shaped colloidal assembles of close-packed structures. Microspectroscopic analysis has confirmed that the individual assembly serves as a photonic crystal and its optical properties can be correlated with the microstructural features. Unlike other techniques of patterned growth of colloidal photonic crystal, the substrate does not need to be patterned first and no template is needed in the direct writing by the ink-jet printing. Using our strategy, we have rapidly produced the colloidal photonic crystal microarrays composed of different-sized spheres addressably patterned on the same substrate.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

"I can write seven but I can't say it": a case of domain-specific phonological output deficit for numbers.

While it is established that numbers represent a category-specific semantic domain being dissociable from other semantic domains, it is a debated issue whether the category-specific dissociability persists at a level of lexical processing or whether words and number words are processed by the same lexical mechanisms. In most of the documented cases of brain damage, lexical processing of words and number words was equally spared or impaired. Here, we describe the case of a patient who after recovering from his naming disorders, showed a selective deficit in the spoken production of numbers with spared number writing and number comprehension abilities. After having ruled out alternative interpretations, we can conclude that these results indicate that words and numbers are not only categorically organised at the semantic level but that they are also processed by different lexical mechanisms. In addition, the results argue in favour of the existence of different modality-specific output lexicons for the written and spoken production of numerals.

Cerebral Cortex↗

PubMed1998

Masked form priming in writing words from pictures: evidence for direct retrieval of orthographic codes.

Three experiments used the masked priming paradigm to investigate the role of orthographic and phonological information in written picture naming. In all the experiments, participants had to write the names of pictures as quickly as possible under three different priming conditions. Nonword primes could be: (1) phonologically and orthographically related to the picture name; (2) orthographically related as in (1) but phonologically related to a lesser degree than in (1); (3) orthographically and phonologically unrelated except for the first consonant (or consonant cluster). Orthographic priming effects were observed with a prime exposure duration of 34 ms (Experiments 1 and 2) and of 51 ms (Experiment 3). In none of the experiments, did homophony between primes and picture names yield an additional advantage. Taken together, these findings support the view of the direct retrieval of orthographic information through lexical access in written picture naming, and thus argue against the traditional view that the retrieval of orthographic codes of obligatorily mediated by phonology.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Aphasic reading and writing: possible evidence for right hemisphere participation.

Aphasic patients performed two tasks, reading aloud and writing to dictation. In both tasks, success was positively correlated to the emotionality, the imageability and the frequency of the target words. In addition, the patients made more semantic Also, the relative difficulty of words was similar for aphasic patients to read and for normal male subjects to recognize in the left visual field. These results suggest that the performance of the aphasic patients on these language tasks were mediated in part by the right hemisphere.

Agraphia↗

PubMed1984

Hand posture in writing: possible artifacts from self report.

Seven hundred forty undergraduate students were asked to report the hand posture they used during writing and the presence or absence of left-handedness in the immediate family. Drawings were provided of prototypical "normal" and "inverted" posture and subjects were also given the option of reporting that their hand posture was somewhere between the two illustrated positions. The incidence of reporting "between" was 17% for left-handers and 46% for right-handers. These results suggest that experimenters should exercise caution when categorizing subjects on the basis of self-report forms that include only two choices: normal posture and inverted posture.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Writing hand posture and cerebral dominance for speech.

Levy and Reid's claim (1976, 1978) that writing hand/posture is predictive of cerebral dominance was examined in patients who had undergone bilateral sodium Amytal speech testing. Contrary to their prediction, inverted writers showed the same pattern of speech representation as did straight writers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Writing posture in right hemiplegic children.

The handwriting posture of 29 children with congenital right hemiparesis was classified according to standard criteria. All 29 children, who ranged in age from 4 to 14 years, were classified unambiguously as noninverted writers. The prevalence of noninverted writing in this sample differs significantly from that reported for the general population of children. The data thus support the claim that neural factors contribute to handwriting posture.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

A device for producing high frequency electrocardiograms on a conventional direct writing electrocardiograph.

A device has been developed which can be used in conjunction with a direct-writing electrocardiograph to record the high frequency electrocardiogram (ECG) including notches and slurs in the waveform. The device operates on the principle of temporarily storing the QRS complex and then reproducing it at a rate 10 times slower than real time. Increasing the ratio to 80 to 1 permits registration of pulse artifacts from implanted cardiac pacemakers.

Coronary Disease↗

PubMed2001

Cognitive abilities in left-handers: writing posture revisited.

Among 1848 young men appearing before the Danish draft board, 232 (13%) were left-handed. Of these, 118 (51%) used an inverted, or hook-like, writing posture, 49 (21%) used a non-inverted posture and the remaining 65 (28%) could not be categorized. There were no differences between left- and right-handers on a battery of four cognitive tests. However, inverted left-handers performed significantly or near-significantly better than the non-inverted left-handers on two of the four tests and significantly better on the total score for the test battery. These results support the contention that the inverted posture is adaptive for left-handers and suggest that it may be more likely to be adopted by those with better cognitive abilities. Our findings conflict with earlier reports from two decades ago, however, and the association may therefore be socially and culturally dependent.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Does order and timing in performance of imagined and actual movements affect the motor imagery process? The duration of walking and writing task.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects on the duration of imagined movements of changes in timing and order of performance of actual and imagined movement. Two groups of subjects had to actually execute and imagine a walking and a writing task. The first group first executed 10 trials of the actual movements (block A) and then imagined the same movements at different intervals: immediately after actual movements (block I-1) and after 25 min (I-2), 50 min (I-3) and 75 min (I-4) interval. The second group first imagined and then actually executed the tasks. The duration of actual and imagined movements, recorded by means of an electronic stopwatch operated by the subjects, was analysed. The duration of imagined movements was very similar to those of actual movements, for both tasks, regardless of either the interval elapsed from the actual movements (first group) or the order of performance (second group). However, the variability of imagined movement duration was significantly increased compared to variability of the actual movements, for both motor tasks and groups. The findings give evidence of similar cognitive processes underlying both imagination and actual performance of movement.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Laser-guided direct writing for applications in biotechnology.

Laser-induced optical forces can be used to guide and deposit 100 nm - 10 microm-diameter particles onto solid surfaces in a process we call 'laser-guided direct writing'. Nearly any particulate material, including both biological and electronic materials, can be manipulated and deposited on surfaces with micrometer accuracy. Potential applications include three-dimensional cell patterning for tissue engineering, hybrid biological-electronic-device construction, and biochip-array fabrication.

Artificial Organs↗

PubMed2000

Learning to write letters: transfer in automated movements indicates modularity of motor programs in human subjects.

Many automatic movements are open-loop, feed-forward motor programs (MP) that are kinematically well characterized by smooth speed and acceleration curves. However, it is unclear whether their internal representation consists of monolithic blocks or subroutines. This question was investigated using a learning paradigm of a writing task. Fifty-nine normal subjects were presented with two similar, but different new letters. Every subject practiced each letter in a series of 60 trials, with the order of letter series randomized. Every session was continuously recorded by a digitizing tablet. Using kinematic analysis, we measured the number of vertical acceleration peaks as an indication of the number of corrective movements (COM). Since COM declined as automatization was approached, we could quantitatively infer progress in motor learning under natural learning conditions. In the case of modular storage of MP, transfer in-between letters was expected due to the re-use of pre-learned motor subroutines. Statistical analysis showed that the exponential model described the data much better than the linear model (residual error: P<0.88 and P<0.00001, respectively), as expected for a learning paradigm. There was no difference between letters per se (P<0.77). Motor improvement differed significantly (P<0.02) between the first and the second series; there was a much greater reduction of COM in the second series (50.1 vs. 41.1%). This difference can be logically ascribed to transfer, indicating that automated movements are stored in motor subroutines.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed2002

Does writing a list help cancer patients ask relevant questions?

We examined the use of written lists to give patients an opportunity to have their questions answered. Patients undergoing radical radiotherapy for cancer were given a sheet of paper with the simple prompt to write questions and give to the hospital doctor at their appointment 3 weeks later. At 3 months, patients were asked about their use and opinions of the written list. About half of the 478 patients attended with a written list. Fewer patients living in deprived areas used the list compared to more affluent areas. Doctors thought that 34% of patients would not otherwise have asked those questions and 91% of prompted discussions were a worthwhile use of time.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

The reading, writing, and arithmetic of the medical literature, part 2: critical evaluation of statistical reporting.

OBJECTIVE: To offer suggestions to help improve clinicians' understanding of the statistical analyses in the literature and their use of these methods in their own medical writings. DATA SOURCES: Literature searches began at the National Library of Medicine's online database and were traced to primary sources. STUDY SELECTION: All referenced information in this article was cited from primary sources. RESULTS: Physicians should be able to determine the variables studied and how they were measured, the comparisons that were made, the difference (with 95% confidence interval) between the groups, the exact P value for the difference, the statistical test used in the analysis, whether the data conformed to the assumptions of the test, whether the study had adequate statistical power, and the clinical importance of the difference. CONCLUSION: Clinicians should know how to interpret statistical results so that they can use medical science to its full extent in treating patients.

Biomedical Research↗

PubMed2001

The task of explaining sight: Helmholtz's writings on vision as a test case for models of science popularization.

Studies of Helmholtz's popular lectures on science have concentrated on reconstructing his vision of the scientific enterprise, of its nature, its benefits, and its "civilizing power." This paper offers a different perspective by focusing on Helmholtz's attempts to expose his own scientific work to a wider public. Drawing on recent discussions about how to study science popularization, it analyzes how he made his work on sensory physiology accessible to various audiences. It is argued that the exposition of the theory of vision comprises a complex, multilayered transformation of epistemic messages, which includes the recasting of arguments, recontextualizations, shifting emphasis, and significant changes in style. The popular writings on vision were directed to several different audiences, and, as such, manifest a delicate balance between conflicting agendas. An analysis of the texts indicates that neither the traditional two-step model of science popularization nor the more recent attempt to regard popularization as an "expository continuum" provides appropriate historiographical frameworks to study the popularization of scientific knowledge.

Germany↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Micropatterning of porous silicon films by direct laser writing.

In this study, we demonstrate that porous silicon films can be ablated by the pulsed nitrogen laser of a commercial MALDI mass spectrometer. The extent of laser-induced ablation was found to depend on the doping level and surface chemistry of the porous silicon film. Using direct laser writing with or without a mask, micropatterns were generated on the porous silicon surface. These micropatterns were subsequently used to guide the growth of mammalian cells including neuroblastoma. Excellent selectivity of cell growth toward the laser-ablated regions was established.

Biotechnology↗

PubMed2003

Protein nanostructures formed via direct-write dip-pen nanolithography.

We report a tip modification strategy coupled with dip-pen nanolithography for depositing proteins on a surface. This methodology offers patterning capabilities on the scale of 45 nm to many micrometers length. The biorecognition properties of nanofeatures composed of immunoglobulin-gamma (IgG) were confirmed by reacting the array with gold nanoparticles coated with anti-IgG. Furthermore, a two component nanoarray was fabricated in direct-write fashion by DPN, and the biorecognition properties of this structure were investigated by AFM without biodiagnostic labels.

DNA↗

PubMed2006

Nanopatterning and nanocharge writing in layer-by-layer quinquethiophene/phthalocyanine ultrathin films.

Nanometer-scale patterning and charging in layer-by-layer (LbL) ultrathin films of quinquethiophene (5TN)/phthalocyanine (CuPS) provides a novel write-read device using a standard current-sensing atomic force microscopy (CS-AFM). The AFM height images showed dented or raised morphological features that could be selectively manipulated by changing the direction of the bias voltages. The conductivity was repeatedly changed between a conductive and insulating state, originating from an electrochemical charging-discharging effect. This was attributed to electrochemical ion transport and the residual mobile ions present in LbL films. Finally, the nanocharge pattern was written by CS-AFM and read out in a conductivity map image.

Journal Article↗