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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Abnormal gastric and small intestinal motor function in diabetes mellitus.

It is now well recognized that the prevalence of delayed gastric emptying in both insulin-dependent as well as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is high. Recently performed studies have shown that motor disorders of several parts of the upper gastrointestinal tract contribute to this delay in gastric emptying. Traditionally, disordered motility in diabetes mellitus has been attributed to irreversible autonomic nerve damage. However, recent observations indicate that hyperglycemia causes a reversible impairment of motility in various regions of the gastrointestinal tract. Upper gastrointestinal symptoms are highly prevalent in diabetes mellitus. These dyspeptic symptoms are not only induced by delayed gastric emptying, but altered visceroperception also plays a role in the genesis of dyspeptic symptoms. There is increasing evidence that impaired gastric emptying influences glycemia control, but the clinical consequences of these observations need further investigation. At present dyspeptic symptoms form the rationale for the treatment of delayed gastric emptying with prokinetic drugs.

Diabetes Complications↗
PubMed1990

Impaired development of oral-motor functions required for normal oral feeding as a consequence of tube feeding during infancy.

The child who is tube fed during the first two years of life is at risk for impaired development of normal oral-motor patterns and coordination during feeding. In order to ensure as smooth a transition to oral feeding as possible, it is necessary to provide the tube-fed child with a framework of normal oral sensitization from which he can develop the level of trust in his own oral mechanism required to achieve the mature, coordinated oral movements essential to development of the normal bite-chew-suck-swallow sequence. While this can be a tedious and taxing process, an ongoing program of oral stimulation, training and development should be included in the overall management of every young child receiving tube feedings.

Child Development↗
PubMed1979

Effects of carbon disulfide on motor function and responsiveness to d-amphetamine in rats.

Male, albino rats of the Fisher strain were exposed to 2 mg carbon disulfide/l of air for 4 hours per day, 5 days per week for 6 weeks. Neurobehavioral effects were not observed after 3 weeks of dosing, but hindlimb extensor responses and performance on the inclined screen (motor coordination) were impaired after 6 weeks of exposure. Forelimb grip strength and exploratory locomotor activity were not affected. Three weeks after cessation of dosing, recovery of function was observed. Rats exposed to CS2 for 6 weeks were found to be stimulated less than air ventilated controls by 3 mg/kg of d-amphetamine. In addition, d-amphetamine-induced augmentation of an acoustic startle response was attenuated in CS2 exposed rats. These data suggest that repeated exposure to CS2 affects the availability of brain norepinephrine for release. Enhanced responsiveness to the stereotypic effects of a high dose of d-amphetamine (6 mg/kg) suggested changes in functioning of dopaminergic systems. Three weeks after cessation of dosing, there was no difference between groups in their response to d-amphetamine.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Event-related neuronal responses in the human strio-pallido-thalamic system. I. Sensory and motor functions.

Multiunit activity was recorded from strio-pallido-thalamic sites in parkinsonian patients bearing gold electrodes for diagnosis and therapy. The patients voluntarily participated in tasks designed to study neuronal correlates of both physical and semantic characteristics of stimuli as well as motor responses. Six modifications of the stimulus-response paradigm were used: visual odd-ball, visual and acoustic odd-ball tasks; tasks in which either the stimulus intensity or the meaning of non-target stimuli varied; single-stage delayed response and dual-stage delayed response tasks, respectively. In each task the patients had to evaluate some of the stimulus characteristics and to respond in a particular way according to the preliminary instructions. Peristimulus time histograms for each multiunit separately as well as profiles of reactions and profiles of reaction differences for the whole set of multiunits were calculated and subjected to statistical analysis. Two functional groups of subcortical neuronal reactions, stimulus-related and response-related activities, were separated. The stimulus-related activities of most multiunits were modality-unspecific. Their most striking feature was dependence on stimulus relevance and also its probability, the strongest reactions observed in response to task relevant stimuli occurring with low probability. The response-related activities occurred prior to initiation of movements, dependent upon the particular action and its probability. The data suggest at least two different and spatially overlapping subcortical channels responsible for goal-directed behaviour: the one related to stimulus assessment and the other to preparation for motor action.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vehicle and route dependent effects of a pyrethroid insecticide, deltamethrin, on motor function in the rat.

Deltamethrin is a potent neuroactive pyrethroid insecticide. Literature reports of the in vivo potency of deltamethrin, however, vary by greater than three orders of magnitude in studies employing numerous vehicles and routes of exposure. Therefore, the present study systematically compared IP and PO routes of exposure to deltamethrin (0.3-1000 mg/kg) delivered to adult rats in one of four different vehicles (corn oil, glycerol formal, Emulphor, or methylcellulose). A reduction in motor activity as measured in figure-8 mazes was used to index the potency of this pesticide on CNS function. Dose-effect and time-course determinations were made for each combination of vehicle and route. Results demonstrated that the potency of deltamethrin was dependent on both the route of administration and the vehicle. The ED50 for deltamethrin was 5.1 mg/kg when administered PO in corn oil, whereas, the ED50 was > 1000 mg/kg when administered PO in methylcellulose. Thus, reported discrepancies in the potency of deltamethrin on CNS function are at least partially attributable to route of administration and vehicle.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Discrepancy between decreases in the amplitude of compound muscle action potential and loss of motor function caused by ischemic and compressive insults to the spinal cord.

We examined the relationship between decreases in the amplitude of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP), caused by ischemic and compressive insults to the spinal cord, and postoperative motor deficits. Results were compared with those for other evoked potentials commonly used for multimodal monitoring of the spinal cord. CMAP was more sensitive than the other evoked potentials employed to ischemic and compressive insults to the spinal cord, although the disappearance of CMAP did not always result in a residual motor deficit. A decrease of more than 50% in the amplitude of the motor-evoked potential (MEP) from the spinal cord correlated well with the postoperative motor deficit. CMAP is a sensitive tool for the early detection of spinal cord impairment caused by ischemic or compressive insults to the spinal cord. The time after the disappearance of the CMAP amplitude was important for predicting postoperative motor deficit, but it is also necessary to employ CMAP concomitantly with other conductive potentials in spinal cord monitoring.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1998

Effect of increasing the fat content but not the energy load of a meal on gastro-oesophageal reflux and lower oesophageal sphincter motor function.

BACKGROUND: Although fatty foods are commonly considered detrimental in patients with reflux disease, no objective data exist that substantiate this belief. AIMS: To investigate the effect of fat on gastro-oesophageal reflux and lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) motor activity. SUBJECTS: Thirteen healthy subjects and 14 patients with reflux disease. METHODS: Oesophageal pH, LOS, and oesophageal pressures were recorded for 180 minutes after a high fat (52% fat) and a balanced (24% fat) meal (both 3.18 MJ) on two different occasions. Eight controls and seven patients were studied in the recumbent position and the others in the sitting position. RESULTS: The percentage of time at pH less than 4 and the rate of reflux episodes were higher (p < 0.01) in the patients than in the healthy subjects (mean 14.1% versus 1.7% and 4.4/h versus 0.8/h respectively), as was the percentage of transient LOS relaxations associated with reflux (62% versus 32%, p < 0.01). The high fat meal did not increase the rate of reflux episodes nor exposure to oesophageal acid in either group regardless of body posture. The rate of transient LOS relaxations, their association with reflux, and basal LOS pressure were also unaffected. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing fat intake does not affect gastro-oesophageal reflux or oesophagogastric competence for at least three hours after a meal.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Menstrual-related changes in motoric function in women with Parkinson's disease.

Questionnaire studies have found that parkinsonism worsens in women during the premenstrual period, when estrogen and progesterone levels are presumably at their nadir. To assess this patient-based observation and correlate motor signs with hormonal levels, the authors prospectively studied 10 menstruating women with PD in their "off" state, on 5 successive weeks. Although PD severity fluctuated during the study period, there was no significant correlation between the objective or subjective measures of parkinsonism and estrogen and progesterone levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Dynorphin A-(1-17) induces alterations in free fatty acids, excitatory amino acids, and motor function through an opiate-receptor-mediated mechanism.

The endogenous opioid dynorphin A-(1-17) (Dyn A) has been implicated as a mediator of tissue damage after traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) and causes hindlimb paralysis when administered intrathecally. Motor impairment following intrathecal Dyn A is attenuated by antagonists of excitatory amino acids (EAAs); whether opioid receptors mediate such injury has been questioned. TSCI causes various biochemical changes associated with secondary tissue damage, including alterations in tissue amio acids, phospholipids, and fatty acids. Such changes reflect injury severity and correlate with motor dysfunction. The present studies examined whether dynorphin administration causes similar biochemical alterations and whether effects of Dyn A can be modified by treatment with opioid-receptor antagonists. At 24 hr after intrathecal Dyn A, there were significant declines in tissue levels of glutamate, aspartate, and glycine. Increases in total free fatty acids were found at 2 and 24 hr, reflecting changes in both saturated and unsaturated components, which were associated with significant decreases in tissue cholesterol and phospholipid phosphorus at the earlier time point. Each of these neurochemical changes, as well as corresponding motor deficits, were limited by pretreatment with the opioid antagonist nalmefene. In separate experiments, both nalmefene and the selective kappa-opioid antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) limited dynorphin-induced motor dysfunction; effects of nor-BNI were dose related, and those of nalmefene were stereospecific. Therefore, behavioral and neurochemical consequences of Dyn A administration are mediated in part through opiate receptors, most likely kappa-receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acids↗