SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “pathological subtype”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources

PubMed2002

Clinical and pathological criteria for the diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and idiopathic myelofibrosis (agnogenic myeloid metaplasia).

A set of clinical and pathological criteria for the diagnosis and staging of Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative disorders (Ph(1-)-MPDs) is presented by including bone marrow histopathology as a significant tool to identify the early, manifest, and advanced stages of essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV), and idiopathic myelofibrosis/agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (IMF/AMM). This combined approach provides a pathognomonic clue to each of the different subtypes of Ph(1-)-MPDs and further enables recognition of the various steps in the evolution of the myeloproliferative process Increase and clustering of giant to large megakaryocytes with mature cytoplasm and multilobulated staghorn-like nuclei in a normal or only slightly increased cellular bone marrow represent major hallmarks of ET. Loose assemblies of small to giant pleiomorphic megakaryocytes containing deeply lobulated nuclei together with a proliferation of erythro- and granulopoiesis (panmyelosis) are the specific lesions of PV. The initial prefibrotic and the overt and more advanced myelofibrotic stages of IMF/AMM show a pronounced proliferation of an abnormal megakaryo- and granulopoiesis dominated by clustered atypical medium-sized to giant megakaryocytes with cloud-like, bulbous, and often hyperchromatic nuclei, which are not seen in allied subtypes of MPDs including chronic myeloid leukemia (Ph(1+)-CML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). The presented clinical and pathological criteria modify the Polycythemia Vera Study Group (PVSG) proposals for the Ph(1-)-MPDs by including bone marrow histopathology and are in keeping with features outlined in the new World Health Organization classification. The latter allows the differentiation of true ET from reactive thrombocytosis and from thrombocythemias as an eventually presenting finding in PV, IMF/AMM, MDS, and Ph(1+)-CML. Moreover, these diagnostic guidelines are able to separate latent and early PV from secondary erythrocytosis and to detect the prefibrotic and early stages of IMF/AMM. Myelofibrosis is not a feature of ET and is rarely observed in PV at time of diagnosis, but it becomes apparent during long-term follow-up and constitutes a prominent lesion during the course of IMF/ AMM. Life expectancy is almost normal in ET and is also not significantly altered during the first, but compromised during the second, decade of follow-up in PV. On the other hand, survival is substantially shortened in IMF/AMM, even for patients with thrombocythemia as a frequent finding of prefibrotic and early stage IMF/AMM.

Bone Marrow↗

PubMed1997

Osteogenic sarcoma of the jaw. A clinicopathologic review of 12 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To review our experience with osteogenic sarcoma of the jaw. DATA SOURCE: The pathology and clinical files of the Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, were examined. STUDY SELECTION: For the past 6 years, 12 pathologically documented cases were identified. DATA EXTRACTION: Surgical resection margins, histological tumor grade and subtype, and treatment modality were reexamined with regard to effect on outcome. DATA SYNTHESIS: The mean age of occurrence was 32.6 years, ranging from 12 to 60 years. Male predominance was noted in both mandibular and maxillary tumors. Local recurrence occurred in 6 of 12 patients after 3 months to 5 years; 4 of these patients have either persistent disease or died of disease. In this recurrence group, only 2 patients remain disease free 7 and 12 years after initial diagnosis and 6.5 and 8 years after recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: This study is too small to draw statistically significant conclusions. However, the longest survivor in the group (disease free at 12 years) had a histologically low-grade mandibular tumor. We reiterate the findings in the literature, which agree that osteogenic sarcoma of the jaw is an aggressive disease. Patient prognosis may depend on the tumor grade and size on presentation, as well as the completeness of initial surgery as monitored by resection margins.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Myelodysplastic syndromes. A clinical and pathologic analysis of 109 cases.

A total of 109 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) was analyzed to determine the clinical and pathologic features of the five recently defined French-American-British Cooperative Group (FAB) subtypes, and to assess the utility of this classification system in predicting survival, evolution to acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), and cause of death. All patients with MDS presented with anemia; additional cytopenias were present in patients with refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) and refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation to ANLL (RAEB/Tr). Thirty-two patients received some form of antileukemic therapy for MDS. ANLL developed in 16 of the 77 remaining untreated patients, including 18% (2/11), 0% (0/21), 22% (5/23), 33% (2/6), and 44% (7/16) of patients with refractory anemia (RA), refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS), RAEB, CMML, and RAEB/Tr, respectively (P = 0.02). The FAB subtype was highly predictive of survival with median survivals ranging from 71 months for RARS to 5 months for RAEB/Tr (P = less than 0.0001). Patients with RAEB, CMML, and RAEB/Tr frequently died of direct consequences of MDS, while patients with RA and especially RARS generally survived or died from unrelated disorders (P = less than 0.0001). MDS encompass a spectrum of disorders. RA and RARS, are relatively indolent and often do not lead to the patient's demise. RAEB, CMML, and RAEB/Tr are aggressive disorders which are often responsible for the patient's death whether or not actual progression to overt leukemia occurs. FAB subtype predicts survival, evolution to ANLL, and cause of death, although the five morphologic subtypes appear to separate into only two disease groups, especially with regard to survival and cause of death.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

Five different histological subtypes of germ cell malignancies in an XY female.

A case of a 19-year-old female with 46 XY gonadal dysgenesis and five different histological subtypes of germ cell malignancies is described. Both adnexa were removed, preserving the uterus. Pathology revealed gonadoblastoma with dysgerminoma differentiation present in both gonads and in the left gonad mature teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, and endodermal sinus tumor were identified as well. She received no adjuvant treatment and has remained well 30 months after diagnosis.

Adnexa Uteri↗

PubMed2006

Hepatitis delta virus genetic variability: from genotypes I, II, III to eight major clades?

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a satellite of hepatitis B virus (HBV) for transmission and propagation, and infects nearly 20 million people worldwide. The HDV genome is composed of a compact circular single-stranded negative RNA genome with extensive intramolecular complementarity. Along with epidemiological, geographic distribution and pathological patterns, the variability of HDV has been limited to three genotypes and two subtypes that have been characterized to date. Recently, extensive phylogenetic reconstructions based on the delta antigen gene and full-length genome sequence data, have shown a wide and probably ancient radiation of African lineages, suggesting that the genetic variability of HDV is much more complex than previously thought. Indeed, sequences previously affiliated with genotype IIb should now be considered as belonging to clade 4 (HDV-4) and African HDV sequences segregate within four additional clades: HDV-5, HDV-6, HDV-7 and HDV-8. These results bring the geographic distribution of HDV closer to the genetic variability of its helper HBV.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1993

MRI of intracranial meningiomas: correlations with histology and physical consistency.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearances of 43 intracranial meningiomas were reviewed and correlated with their histology and consistency at surgery and on pathological examination. There was a statistically significant prevalence of hard tumours within the fibroblastic subtypes. No statistically significant correlation between signal intensity and histology or consistency was found. A meningioma hyperintense on T2-weighted images is, however, unlikely to be fibroblastic or hard.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Toxic osteoblastoma of the scapula.

Osteoblastoma rarely occurs in the scapula, and toxic osteoblastoma is a very rare subtype of this bone-forming tumour. This report details the clinical, radiological and pathological features of a toxic osteoblastoma of the scapula; it is the first reported case to be diagnosed correctly pre-operatively and treated appropriately by excision.

Biopsy↗

PubMed2005

Prolymphocytic leukemia.

Prolymphocytic leukemia is a rare chronic lymphoproliferative disorder that includes two subtypes, B cell and T cell, each with its own distinct clinical, laboratory and pathological features. T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia has an aggressive course with short median survival and poor response to chemotherapy. With the use of the purine analogue pentostatin more than half of patients will have a major response and a minority will have a complete remission, usually lasting months. With the introduction of alemtuzumab, most patients who progressed despite treatment with pentostatin had a major response with a complete remission rate higher than that obtained with pentostatin when used as a first line. Unfortunately, progression still follows shortly. We recommend alemtuzumab as initial therapy and offer stem cell transplant (SCT) to selected young, healthy patients who respond. Although B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia is also a progressive disease, some patients can achieve a prolonged progression-free-survival with fludarabine. Patients presenting with massive splenomegaly may be effectively palliated with splenic irradiation or splenectomy. Rituximab is a promising agent and further investigations are warranted to better define its role in treatment of this disorder.

Alemtuzumab↗

PubMed1990

Prognostic value of pathologic features and DNA analysis in endometrial carcinoma.

In a series of 38 nonmetastasizing and 29 metastasizing endometrial cancers, histologic subtype, aneuploidy, nuclear grade, and depth of myometrial invasion were the features most distinctly separating these two groups of patients. The most important factor was histologic type: papillary, papillary serous, adenosquamous, clear cell, and diffusely infiltrating carcinomas were strongly correlated with metastasis using chi square analysis. Nuclear grade 3 and deep myometrial invasion were similar to each other in sensitivity and predictive value, and both were also strongly correlated with metastatic risk. Aneuploidy, also correlated with metastasis, was similar to nuclear grade 3 and deep myometrial invasion in predictive value but was more sensitive. DNA analysis appeared to be most useful when histologic studies were inconclusive in assigning a high degree of risk. Twice as many aneuploid carcinomas having nuclear grade 2 (intermediate risk) morphology proved to be metastatic. A similar relationship was found with deep myometrial invasion. A quantitative correlation between the DNA index and the risk of metastasis was found; a DNA index above 1.5 was a strong attribute of the metastatic group.

Aneuploidy↗

PubMed2007

Myogenous temporomandibular disorders: diagnostic and management considerations.

Myogenous temporomandibular disorders (or masticatory myalgia) are characterized by pain and dysfunction that arise from pathologic and functional processes in the masticatory muscles. There are several distinct muscle disorder subtypes in the masticatory system, including myofascial pain, myositis, muscle spasm, and muscle contracture. The major characteristics of masticatory myalgia include pain, muscle tenderness, limited range of motion, and other symptoms (eg, fatigability, stiffness, subjective weakness). Comorbid conditions and complicating factors also are common and are discussed. Management follows with stretching, posture, and relaxation exercises, physical therapy, reduction of contributing factors, and as necessary, muscle injections.

Analgesics↗

PubMed2004

AT1 and AT2 receptor in the kidney: role in health and disease.

The renin angiotensin system plays an important role in the control of body fluid and electrolyte homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. Angiotensin II is the most effector hormone of this system and functions mainly through stimulation of its subtype receptors, namely, the AT1 and AT2 receptors. Most of the known physiological and pathologic effects of angiotensin II are mediated through stimulation of the AT1 receptor. The knowledge about the involvement of the AT2 receptor in physiological and pathologic processes is still evolving. In the kidney, both the AT1 and AT2 receptors contribute to the regulation of renal hemodynamic and tubular functions. Also, these receptors regulate renal cellular growth and matrix formation. However, AT2 receptor possesses functions that counteract the effects of the AT1 receptor. The balance between the AT1 and AT2 receptors can determine the renal status in health and disease.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma of the peritoneum: a pathological analysis and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma (WDPM) of the peritoneum is a rare subtype of peritoneal epithelioid mesothelioma which typically has low malignant potential. It most commonly occurs in young women lacking a history of asbestos exposure. Only 38 female patients with peritoneal WPDM have been reported in the literature, and no uniform treatment recommendation has been established. CASE REPORT: A 74-year-old asymptomatic woman without significant past medical history underwent workup and subsequent surgery for an adnexal mass with a normal serum CA-125 level. Exploratory laparotomy identified an ovarian serous cystadenoma and an incidental multifocal peritoneal neoplasm with extensive calcifications. Histology and cytology confirmed WDPM with extensive, intimately associated mesothelial cystic inclusions and zonal calcifications with osseous metaplasia. Our patient did not receive adjuvant therapy and was without clinical or radiologic evidence of disease 12 months after diagnosis. CONCLUSION: WDPM of the peritoneum in women is frequently asymptomatic and associated with an indolent course. Patient outcomes are usually favorable after tumor-debulking surgery without adjuvant therapy.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Hemispheric specialization for language in children with different types of specific language impairment.

The aim of the study was to investigate whether children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) show reduced left hemisphere specialization for language and, if so, whether it is associated with a deficit in phonological encoding and a specific type of SLI (Mixed Receptive-Expressive, Expressive, Phonological). We adopted two dichotic listening paradigms, which differed in the phonological similarity of the presented words (Fused and Non-Fused dichotic words tests), as well as a phonological working memory test. Participants included 34 pre-school and school age children affected by SLI. On the dichotic tests, as a group the children with SLI showed a reduced pattern of left hemisphere specialization for language compared to age-matched normal children, with significant differences only in the Fused condition. However, the pattern of hemispheric specialization varied depending on the type of SLI, with reduced left hemisphere specialization in the Expressive type and, to a lesser extent, in the Phonological type of SLI, but not in the Receptive-Expressive type. The three subgroups also differed in phonological processing abilities and the incidence of a positive family history for language disorders: the Receptive-Expressive group performed worse on the working memory and dichotic tests and the Expressive and Phonological groups presented high frequency for familial language disorder. These results suggest that different subtypes of SLI are not different manifestations of the same underlying disorder, but represent pathological conditions that have distinct markers both at the behavioral and neurofunctional level.

Child↗

PubMed2006

[Neurological complications of lymphomas].

Peripheral neurological complications of lymphomas are rare, but all types of neuropathy can be observed in the context of lymphoma. This great clinical heterogeneity can be related to the variety of pathological processes that can affect the peripheral nerve or be linked to the different subtypes of lymphoma. In addition to the common causes of peripheral nerve involvement, such as iatrogenic toxicity, there are mechanisms that are more specifically related to lymphomas, such as nerve tumor infiltration, or dysimmune perturbations induced by the hemopathy. These dysimmune processes can result in various neuropathies, such as inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, or neuropathies secondary to the secretion of a monoclonal immunoglobulin. Identifying the mechanism of the neuropathy is necessary in order to determine the therapeutic options and to improve the prognosis.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed2003

Association of the HLA-DR15/HLA-DQ6 haplotype with development of choroidal neovascular lesions in presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome.

Associations of human leukocyte antigen DR2 (HLA-DR2) and HLA-B7 with presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS) in the United States has been previously described. However, these associations were determined by means of low-resolution, complement-dependent cytotoxicity assays for HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DR molecules. To determine whether POHS is associated with other HLA alleles within the HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-DR, and HLA-DQ loci, we performed a case control study of 34 patients diagnosed with macular choroidal neovascular membrane secondary to POHS and 45 healthy control individuals. Peripheral blood-derived DNA from the study patients was typed for HLA genes by means of sequence-specific primers that gave low-medium allele resolution. Significant associations were observed between HLA-B7 (X2 = 14.30, pc = 0.004, relative risk = 8.23), HLA-DR15 (X2 = 29.08, pc = 0.000001, relative risk = 27.50), and HLA-DQ6 (X2 = 23.09, pc = 0.00001, relative risk = 27.43) and POHS. Because there are strong linkage disequilibria between HLA-DR15 (a subtype of HLA-DR2) and HLA-B7 as well as HLA-DQ6, the significantly higher association of HLA-DR15 and HLA-DQ6 with POHS as compared to HLA-B7 suggests that the former alleles mediate susceptibility to the disease. In conclusion, there is a significant association between the HLA-DR15/HLA-DQ6 haplotype and development of choroidal neovascular lesions in POHS.

Choroid↗

PubMed2003

Taxometrics and developmental psychopathology.

Developmental psychopathologists have criticized categorical classification systems for their inability to account for within-group heterogeneity in biological, etiological. developmental, and cultural influences on behavior. Dichotomizing continuous scores of symptom severity is also inadvisable statistically. Perhaps because of a resulting wariness of categorizing, few explorations into the ontological status of traits or disorders as dimensional versus discrete have been conducted. It is argued here that the limitations of categorizing have little to do with the ontological status of traits and that developmental psychopathologists should be concerned with identifying discrete behavioral syndromes. Common taxometric methods for resolving discrete traits are described, and questions of concern to developmental psychopathologists are outlined that can be addressed through taxometrics studies. These include (a) identifying children who are at risk for future psychopathology, (b) identifying discrete subtypes within current diagnostic classes, (c) locating sensitive periods in the development of discrete pathological traits, (d) discovering moderators of treatment outcome, and (e) elucidating mechanisms of equifinality and multifinality. Although most behavioral traits probably are distributed continuously, identifying those that are discrete will advance the science of developmental psychopathology. Disorders for which taxometric analyses might be applied include anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, conduct problems, depression, and schizophrenia.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2003

Voltage-operated calcium channel heterogeneity in pancreatic beta cells: physiopathological implications.

Voltage-operated calcium channels play crucial roles in stimulus-secretion coupling in pancreatic beta cells. A growing body of evidence indicates that these channels in beta cells are heterogeneous. In particular, not all the high-threshold calcium channels expressed belong to the best known L-type. In rat insulinoma cells, for example, L, N, and P/Q-type channels are present, while in human beta cells L-type and P/Q-type dominate. Where present, N-type and P/Q-type channels participate, alongside with the dominant L-type, in the control of sugar- or depolarization-induced hormone release. Distinct biophysical properties and selective modulation of the channel subtypes are likely to play important physiological roles. T-type channels are involved in beta cell apoptosis, while calcium channel autoantibodies recognizing high-threshold channels in beta cells, have been described both in neurological and diabetic patients. Subtype-selective calcium channel drugs have the potential for being beneficial in beta cell pathological states.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Somatostatin and intestinal schistosomiasis: therapeutic and neuropathological implications in host-parasite interactions.

A better insight into the mechanisms regulating the human body can lead to improved knowledge of the patho-physiological processes of many diseases. New therapeutic possibilities can be devised at the level of these regulatory mechanisms. Somatostatin is one of the major regulatory hormones in the central nervous system (CNS) and digestive system. Its wide variety of activities means it is implicated in a broad range of conditions. One symptom common to both the acute and chronic stages of schistosomiasis is intestinal pathology characterized by abdominal pain, diarrhoea that is bloody in more chronic stages, nausea and fever. Some chronic patients develop severe hepatosplenic fibrosis, leading to fatal oesophageal variceal bleeding. In this review we assess the therapeutic potential of somatostatin in the treatment of intestinal pathology associated with schistosomiasis. The activity of somatostatin is mediated via binding to specific cell surface receptors. While we are making progress in studies of the expression and regulation of the different somatostatin receptors, the true role and distribution of each receptor subtype is far from fully understood. Animal models will help to define the specific role of individual receptors in physiological and pathological conditions. The regulation of receptor expression as well as receptor internalization can give us insight into the effect of exogenous somatostatin on schistosomiasis-mediated intestinal pathology, as well as its modulation by intrinsically produced somatostatin levels.

Animals↗