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A scanning electron microscope study of fetal eyelid closure accelerated by cortisone in SWV/Bc mice.

Eyelid closure occurs earlier in SWV/Bc and CBA/J mouse fetuses whose mothers were treated with cortisone on day 14 of gestation than it does in fetuses from untreated mothers. Similar treatment prevents the open-eyes defect of lidgap-Miller mutant mice, but examination by scanning electron microscope (SEM) has shown differences in the periderm of the closing eyelids of the cortisone-treated mutant compared with those of untreated genetically normal fetuses. (Untreated mutant eyelids remain wide open and very abnormal). The present study has examined at the SEM level the accelerated eyelid closure of cortisone-treated normal strain, SWV/Bc, fetuses to investigate whether the differences from normal in the eyelids of treated lidgap-Miller fetuses are part of the mechanism of the cortisone "cure." At the SEM level, cortisone-accelerated eyelid closure of SWV/Bc fetuses is indistinguishable from that in untreated fetuses. This suggests that the early eyelid closure induced by cortisone in normal strain fetuses represents acceleration of the normal coordinated sequence of events that leads to closure, rather than an abnormality that fortuitously leads to closure. The data also indicate that the cellular abnormalities seen previously in treated lidgap-Miller mutant fetuses are a combination of 1) abnormalities due to the mutation that are not completely reversed by cortisone and 2) normal developmental stages that have become concurrent with the cortisone-induced late closure in lidgap-Miller mutant fetuses.

Animals↗

Scanning electron microscopic observation of mouse embryonic submandibular glands during initial branching: preferential localization of fibrillar structures at the mesenchymal ridges participating in cleft formation.

Branching submandibular glands of 12-day mouse embryos and those cultured in the presence and absence of a collagenase inhibitor from the culture medium of bovine dental pulp or a Clostridial collagenase were examined with the scanning electron microscope. Fracturing of fixed and dried glands with the tip of a fine needle succeeded in exposing the surfaces of the lobules and of their mesenchymal replicas at different stages of branching. At the beginning of branching, corresponding parts of the mesenchyme formed ridges on or in which the fibrillar structures were often found. At the stage forming deeper clefts thicker fibres, 0.5-2.5 micron in diameter, were observed between two adjacent lobules. On the contrary, no apparent differences in the fibrillar structures on the epithelial surfaces were detected between the shallow cleft and noncleft regions at the initial phase of branching. These fibrillar structures were very abundant in glands cultured with collagenase inhibitor and were completely lost in glands cultured with bacterial collagenase, strongly indicating that these materials consisted of collagen. The possible involvement of mesenchyme in epithelial branching is discussed with special reference to mesenchymal traction forces that would be elicited by fibrillar collagens.

Animals↗

Thrombus formation and microaggregate removal during prolonged extracorporeal circulation using a capillary membrane oxygenator. A scanning electron microscope study.

Despite adequate heparinization, thrombus formation occurs at the blood/foreign material interface. Depending on the part of the device, the material and the blood flow, the amount and the components of thrombi vary greatly. This is not dangerous by itself but clots can be expelled downstream and damage the lungs, brain, kidney and retina. Interposition of a filter may prevent risks of embolization. The present paper reports the scanning electron microscope study carried out on the Awad oxygenator after use during prolonged extracorporeal circulation on 13 dogs. No filter has been inserted in the circuit for the first six experiments. A screen filter (4) or a polyurethane foam filter (3) was employed in the following ones.

Animals↗

Sterile shunt malfunction. A scanning electron microscopic perspective.

Recently, a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to silicone plastics has been demonstrated in some patients with breast and joint implants and subcutaneously injected silicone. In this study, the authors examined the internal surface of shunting systems to evaluate the cellular response to implanted silicone plastic. The distal peritoneal tubing from 20 patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts was examined with a scanning electron microscope. Twelve tubes were removed because of documented distal shunt malfunction and eight for an elective lengthening procedure. Cultures of all tubing were negative. The catheters removed for malfunction contained a variety of cells: sometimes in clumps, sometimes associated with platelets and densely adherent to the silicone tubing wall. In several shunts, giant cells were seen with multiple foot processes adherent to the internal silicone surface. The internal surface of the tubing of two malfunctioning shunts was embedded in electron microscopy plastic and studied with transmission electron microscopy. The cells proved to be neutrophils with no evidence of silicone granules inside the cell bodies. The shunts removed for elective revision showed only a few cells, and those were never associated with platelets. There was proteinaceous material scattered on the internal surface of the tubing, but the cellular response was markedly different from that in malfunctioning shunts. The authors postulate that the findings in malfunctioning shunt tubing represent a delayed hypersensitivity to silicone similar to that seen with other types of silicone implants.

Adolescent↗

Experimental cerebral atherosclerosis in the rabbit. Scanning electron microscopic study of the initial lesion site.

The development and initial lesion sites of cerebral atherosclerosis were studied in hypertensive rabbits fed 0.5 g/day cholesterol in their diet. The earliest lesions developed at remarkably localized areas of the basilar artery-posterior cerebral artery Y-bifurcation (area A) and vertebral arteries-basilar artery confluence (area B). These findings were obtained from a thorough scanning electron microscopic survey of the dorsal surface of the cerebral artery segment covering from the vertebral arteries to the posterior cerebral arteries. By light microscopy intimal lesions were mainly composed of accumulations of foam cells and smooth muscle cells. Electron microscopically foam cells accumulated in the intima resembled those of a monocyte-macrophage lineage. Early lesions involving only a few endothelial cells with adherent leukocytes occurred at the dividing and confluent portions of the endothelial arrays formed in areas A and B, respectively. The results indicate that hypertension coupled with hypercholesterolemia induces atherosclerosis in particular vulnerable regions of the cerebral arteries.

Animals↗

A comparison of the orientation of elastin fibers in the elastic laminae of the pulmonary trunk and aorta of rabbits using the scanning electron microscope.

Five pulmonary trunks and two aortas from adult rabbits were fixed in formalin as close to their in vivo dimensions as possible. They were then cut open, pinned out, stripped to expose their medical elastic laminae, dehydrated, and coated with gold. A hair was placed over each specimen as a reference line for orientation purposes. The arteries were examined under a scanning electron microscope and 20 photographs were taken of each specimen. The tangential surface of an elastic lamina was seen to consist of long, parallel, anastomosing, broad elastin fibers with numerous finer fibrils interconnecting them at right angles. The angle which each elastin fiber made with the circumferential axis of the vessel was measured. Although elastin fibers within any particular level within the media were all roughly parallel, there was variation in orientation of fibers between successive elastic laminae. This variation was relatively slight in the aorta where most fibers were approximately circumferentially orientated. In the pulmonary trunk the variation in orientation was extreme and extended completely over a 180 degree range.

Animals↗

Blood vascular architecture of the rat extra-adrenal cortical body: a scanning electron microscopic study of corrosion casts.

A well developed extra-adrenal cortical body with an axis of 200-700 micron was found in eighteen of thirty adult male Wistar rats under a stereomicroscope. All eighteen bodies were located between the kidneys. Blood vascular beds of sixteen of the eighteen bodies were reproduced with a methacrylate casting medium and observed with a scanning electron microscope. The extra-adrenal cortical body was found to contain remarkably numerous capillaries which anastomosed with each other to form a conglomerated network; it received one afferent vessel and issued one to three (usually, one) efferent vessels. The blood capillaries were of sinusoidal and uniform calibers, and resembled those of the adrenal cortex. The network with an axis of 300-700 micron possessed a typical, deep efferent rootlet which corresponds to the central vein of the adrenal gland. Histological examination of the two bodies treated with Orth's or Helley's fixative confirmed that they consisted of non-chromaffin cells similar to those of the adrenal cortex. These findings suggest that in the rat, the extra-adrenal cortical bodies persist throughout life, actively producing cortical hormones.

Adrenal Cortex↗

[Scanning electron microscopic examination of intra-arterial PO2 electrodes (author's transl)].

Continuous blood gas measurement by means of indwelling intraarterial electrodes facilitates and contributes to considerably improve the monitoring of pulmonary gas exchange in intensive care and anaesthesiology. Knowledge of the behaviour of the electrode surface in the blood stream is necessary to assess the characteristics of the measuring and the possible risks or complications. Scanning electron microscopic examinations were performed in a commercial-type polarographic PO2 electrode after in vitro and in vivo application. 14 electrodes were examined after continuous intra-arterial measurements in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in intensive care patients. Duration of intra-arterial measurements was 2-109 h. Already after a measuring period of 2 h in nearly all cases a protein film was discovered on the electrode surface. Microthrombotic deposits were seen in 2 cases, in one of these despite of treatment with heparin. The electrode membrane showed a network ofmicro-cracks, small bubbles and dents. The membrane changes were probably the result of the drying process during the electron microscopic preparation, because the membrane material (Hydron) is hydrophil and swells during the measurement. Yet it cannot be excluded that these changes occur, in part, during the measurements. From these and other studies we conclude that the intra-arterial application of this electrode has a low risk of thromboembolic complications. The deposits on the electrode surface and the membrane changes may probably affect the response time and possibly also the stability of the electrode.

Blood Gas Analysis↗

Two-year performance of glass-ceramic insert-resin composite restorations: clinical and scanning electron microscopic evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the 2-year clinical performance of beta-quartz-resin composite restorations. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Twenty-two glass insert-resin composite restorations were placed. Restorations were placed in 6 molars, 12 premolars, and 4 incisors. After 2 years, clinical assessment of the restorations was made by three operators according to the US Public Health Service criteria. Scanning electron microscopic evaluations were made by replica technique. RESULTS: Nineteen restorations were graded Alfa and three restorations were graded Bravo for color match. Twenty-one restorations were graded Alfa and one restoration Charlie for proximal contact, marginal integrity, and anatomic form. None of the restorations showed marginal discoloration, tooth sensitivity, or caries. CONCLUSION: Glass-ceramic insert-resin composite restorations exhibited excellent performance after 2 years of clinical service.

Ceramics↗

The morphological changes of the endothelium to venous stasis as observed under the scanning electron microscope.

In this study using the pig, venous stasis is produced artificially by placing a pneumatic cuff around the hind leg of the anaesthetised animal and the cuff inflated intermittently. The period of stasis is three hours. The leg vein distal to the cuff is biopsied before and at intervals after the onset of stasis. The endothelium of the vein is examined under the scanning electron microscope. These findings suggest that venous stasis has a traumatic effect on the endothelium and cell injury is demonstrated within three minutes of the onset of stasis. With increasing period of stasis the endothelial cells are desquamated resulting in the exposure of the subendothelial basement membrane and collagen fibres. This is followed by aggregation of platelets and fibrin. It is postulated that the effect of venous stasis on the endothelium is a primary factor and may be important in the aetiology of clinical thrombogenesis.

Animals↗

Investigation into the nature of dentin resin tags: a scanning electron microscopic morphological analysis of demineralized bonded dentin.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: While the formation of the dentin/adhesive hybrid layer has been generally established, the infiltration and flow of the adhesive resin inside the acid treated dentinal tubules remains controversial. PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to investigate and review the current interpretation of resin tags by means of scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eight noncarious, human third molars were cut transversally and then longitudinally to obtain 8 middle-to-deep dentinal surfaces. The dentin was etched with 37% phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) gel for 10 seconds and then rinsed with water for 20 seconds. The dentin was kept moist by removing the excess water with a damp cotton pellet. The conditioned dentin was treated with a dentin bonding agent (Single Bond) and was light-polymerized for 20 seconds. A 0.2- to 0.5-mm layer of flowable composite (Tetric Flow) was then applied to the bonded dentin followed by 2 layers (2 mm each) of composite (Z 250). Each composite was light-polymerized for 40 seconds. Subsequently, the specimens were cut lengthwise into 2 halves and randomly divided into 4 groups (n=4), according to the surface preparation modality of the sectioned surface: Group EA: ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, Group PA3: H 3 PO 4, Group PA120: H 3 PO 4 + NaOCl, and Group CA: HCl + NaOCl. Two additional teeth (Group N) were cut lengthwise into 2 halves and served as the control. The sectioned surfaces were treated with HCl and NaOCl. All specimens were processed for SEM observation. RESULTS: Specimens from Groups EA, PA3, PA120, CA, and N showed filamentous structures that were tens of microns long. Some filaments presented split-ends with hollow structures and very thin walls. Others made sharp hairpin turns indicating they were soft and compliant. CONCLUSIONS: Conventional SEM techniques, which are currently used to detect resin tags, actually identified filamentous organic structures, supposedly glycosaminoglycans, which were resistant to conventional specimen preparation techniques. The organic component showed a strong resemblance to the lamina limitans contained within the dentinal tubules. Over-reliance on SEM morphology has led to much confusion about the depth of penetration of resin tags.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

Human ocular mucus. Scanning electron microscopic study.

Twenty biopsy specimens of the human conjunctival epithelial surface with its associated mucus from normal subjects and contact lens wearers with biomicroscopic evidence of excess mucus were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Mucus existed in strands, sheets, and granules; each morphologic type of mucus was observed in all samples. No qualitative difference in morphologic features of mucus was found between normal subjects and those with excess mucus. Mucous forms observed by scanning electron microscopy closely resembled structures previously shown by biomicroscopic and light microscopic techniques, providing evidence that careful scanning electron microscopic preparation of biopsy specimens containing mucus may not greatly alter in situ morphologic characteristics of mucus.

Conjunctiva↗

The blood vascular architecture of the extra-adrenal chromaffin body in the adult rat: a scanning electron microscopic study of corrosion casts.

A well developed extra-adrenal chromaffin body with an axis of 200-400 micron was found in seven out of thirty adult male Wistar rats under a stereomicroscope. All seven bodies were located between the left and right kidneys. Blood vascular beds of the five bodies were reproduced with a methacrylate casting medium and observed with a scanning electron microscope. It was revealed that the extra-adrenal chromaffin body contained remarkedly numerous capillaries, which anastomosed with each other to form a conglomerated network. The blood capillaries were of small and uniform caliber and did not represent swollen sinusoids as in the adrenal medulla. The capillary network was denser than that in the adrenal medulla and had no direct vascular linkage with the adrenal cortex or an extra-adrenal cortical body. Histological examination of the two bodies treated with dichromate containing fixatives confirmed that they mainly consisted of chromaffin cells. These findings suggest that in the rat, extra-adrenal chromaffin bodies survive throughout life, actively producing catecholamines.

Adrenal Cortex↗

Transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies of the human sperm chromatin decondensed by micrococcal nuclease and salt.

The human sperm chromatin was gently decondensed by treating the sperm head sequentially with micrococcal nuclease and 2 M NaCl. All histones, about 10% of DNA, and a small amount of degraded protamines were released into the soluble fraction, leaving mainly nucleoprotamines in the pellet fraction. Transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies revealed that the nucleoprotamine pellet consisted of chromatin cords of two dimensions, viz., 330- to 420-A and 650- to 1200-A thick cords laced together by very fine strands of 60- to 80-A fibers; both types of cord appeared knobby and had zig-zag patterns throughout their length. It appeared that these cords were derived from two types of sperm heads of approximately equal population; one type contained chiefly the thick cords and the other chiefly the thin cords. Further treatment of the pellet nuclease-NaCl with urea and mercaptoethanol resulted in the dissociation of the thick into the thin cords and unravelling of the thin cords into smaller sized fibers; whereas the treatment of the pellet nuclease-NaCl with DNAase I resulted in the disappearance of the 60- to 80-A fibers, and the remaining cords were chiefly of thick type together with the sperm head exoskeletons. From these results the packing order of the chromatin in human sperm was proposed.

Adult↗

Scanning electron microscopic observations of apical root surfaces of teeth with apical periodontitis.

The aim of this study was to observe apical root surfaces of teeth with chronic periapical lesions. Five premolars and three molars with radiographically demonstrable periapical lesions were extracted and fixed in 2.5% phosphate-buffered glutaraldehyde solution for 9 days. The apical 3-mm portion of 17 roots was removed and prepared for scanning electron microscope. Lacunar resorption zones were frequently observed on the root surfaces. Bacteria and yeast cells were detected in some of the lacunae. Periapical bacterial plaque with a smooth structure was present mostly around the main apical foramen. Cementum-like tissue deposits indicative of repair were seen adjacent to some resorption areas. Clastic cells tightly attached to crater-like depressions with finger-like projections were observed laterally on the specimens. Current research should be focused on new procedures to eliminate extraradicular microrganisms and periapical bacterial plaque in persistent periapical infections.

Chronic Disease↗

[Release of "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" protoplasts: scanning electron microscope study (author's transl)].

In a previous study we described the minimal methodology used to obtain protoplasts from ascomycetous yeasts. Using a reducing agent associated with 1,3-beta-glucanase at 26 degrees C, protoplasts were invariably obtained. In the present study we localized the disruption spots of the cell wall using the two same reagents. The observations were made with the scanning electron microscope. The disruption site was always in the subterminal region, and this very simple structure (proteins with disulphide bridges and 1,3-beta-glucans) was opposite the birth-scar. The dissociation of the two reagents showed that a small part of the yeast population was able to release protoplasts with only glucanase. We believe these very sensitive yeasts (2 to 10% population) to be very young cells. These disruption sites seemed very different from budding-sites. They might be identical with elongation-sites, or with the opening in the ascus-wall during germinating ascospore release.

Glucan Endo-1,3-beta-D-Glucosidase↗

Corneal silver deposits following Crede's prophylaxis an examination with electron dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX-analysis) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).

In a case of silver nitrate injury after Credé's prophylaxis, the cornea of a newborn presented yellow-brown, lime-like plaques on the nasal part of the right eye. A paracentral ulcerating stromal opacification undermined these appositions, when the patient was admitted to the eye-clinic at Aachen. In the material obtained by a lamellar keratectomy scanning electron microscopical examination was able to prove the existence of granules, previously described in light-microscopy. These granules measured 100 to 300 nm in diameter. An earlier chemical analysis of necrotic material showed no silver specific reaction. By means of EDX-analysis these granules could be identified as silver-containing. Injuries by silver nitrate solutions used for Credé's prophylaxis are seldom but still reported. The mechanism of injury in this case of a child, born by sectio remains unknown. Neither the use of an unusual silver nitrate solution, that was taken from a disposable ampoule (Mova-Nitrat R) was reported, nor any corneal injury during sectio mentioned. Nevertheless the method of EDX-analysis and SEM proved the diagnosis of corneal silver deposits, so that the origin of the granullar opacification of the cornea could be determined.

Cornea↗

Minimizing scanning electron microscope artefacts by filter design.

A new type of non-linear filter for digital images has been developed. By using distance transforms we estimate the average point spread function for a set of fibre cross-sectional images. Then a fast filter technique, based on lookup tables for distance layers, attenuates the uneven background response from the scanning electron microscope. Compared to the convolution-based techniques that we tried, this approach caused less blurring effects on our fibre images and also made the background pixels more homogeneous. The only assumption we make is that we can roughly segment the background pixels by using a pixel-wise classifier. Although the assumption that the uneven background response can be described by a circular point spread function is only approximately true in the case discussed here, this method greatly attenuates the effect and provides a fast and general filtering method that can also be of use for other applications.

Journal Article↗