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PubMed1993

Human mammary epithelial cells undergo squamous differentiation in serum-free three-dimensional culture upon loss of growth activity.

Normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) isolated from surgically resected breast tissues were cultured under serum-free conditions using MCDB 170 medium. With the increase in the number of passages, in particular after the 5th passage, the number of enlarged, flattened and vacuolated cells increased while cell proliferation decreased. The senescent cells occasionally had keratohyaline granules in the cytoplasm and were positive in immunohistochemistry for keratinizing squamous epithelium-specific cytokeratin 10. When HMEC were cultured between floating double-layered collagen gels, the cells lost growth activity, showed marked stratification, and became positive for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The stratified cells underwent squamous differentiation and tonofilament bundles appeared around the nuclei. The stratification and squamous differentiation of HMEC were observed within seven days after transfer to the three-dimensional culture, regardless of the number of passages. These results indicate that the HMEC in vitro ultimately differentiate into squamous epithelia and also that there is a close relationship between the squamous-type differentiation and the loss of cell proliferation.

Breast↗

PubMed2006

Cyclo-oxygenase-2 over-expression is associated with human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 is not usually detectable in normal tissues but is induced in inflammation and carcinogenesis. The level of COX-2 is elevated in cancer tissues of the colon, bladder, and skin. In the esophagus, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are known to express COX-2. The purpose of this study was to clarify the association of COX-2 expression with clinicopathological factors of squamous cell carcinoma. The immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 was examined in 48 surgical specimens of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Although COX-2 over-expression was more frequently observed in tumors invading the submucosa (T1b, 76.4%), muscularis propria (T2, 57.1%), adventitia, or adjacent organs (T3 approximately 4, 83.3%), even 33.3% of mucosal cancers, such as T1a, showed COX-2 over-expression. COX-2 over-expression was present in 82.3% of lymph node-negative patients but in only 54.8% of lymph node positive patients. There was no difference in COX-2 over-expression between the earlier stages (0 and I, 60%) and more advanced stages (II approximately IV, 69.6%). COX-2 over-expression did not correlate with survival during 3 years of follow-up. These findings suggest that COX-2 is associated with the phenotype of the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells, including superficial cancer cells, and may be related to tumor growth in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

Localization of interleukin-1 in human squamous carcinomas of the head and neck.

Recent investigations revealed that interleukin-1 can promote bone resorption by activating osteoclasts. The authors' immunocytochemical studies with monoclonal antibody against human interleukin-1 localized interleukin-1 at the bone resorption site of the squamous carcinomas as well as within the squamous carcinomas. In addition, Western blotting and dot blotting methods were used to isolate interleukin-1 from the extracts of the squamous carcinomas in the head and neck. Finding interleukin-1, a potent bone resorption-stimulating factor, in squamous carcinomas suggests that interleukin-1 might play an important role in the extensive local bone destruction seen in the head and neck patients with squamous carcinomas.

Blotting, Western↗

PubMed1994

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Recent studies suggest that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a pleiotropic cytokine, is responsible for some of the systemic and local effects, including tumor-associated cachexia and neoplastic bone destruction, seen in patients with cancer. This study was undertaken to determine if TNF-alpha is produced by human squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, and, if so, to determine its source and cellular distribution. Tumor specimens from nine patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region were immunohistochemically examined for the presence of TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha was localized with antibody to human TNF-alpha by the immunoperoxidase method to the tumor and vessel endothelial cells in all nine specimens. By Western blot analysis, two protein bands recognized by anti-human TNF-alpha antibody in the soluble proteins of the tumor specimens were identified. These proteins--25 KD and 17 KD--represent the precursor and mature forms of TNF-alpha. To verify squamous cell carcinoma production of TNF-alpha, a cell culture of human head and neck squamous carcinoma was examined. The 25 KD immunoreactive protein, the TNF-alpha precursor, was found in extracts from this culture by Western blot analysis. These findings suggest that tumor cells are able to produce TNF-alpha; this production may explain some of the systemic and local effects seen in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗

PubMed2000

Localization of telomerase hTERT protein and hTR in benign mucosa, dysplasia, and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.

Telomerase has been detected by telomerase repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay in cervical dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma but not in most normal cervical tissues. In the present study, the cellular localization of the protein catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT) and the RNA component (hTR) were investigated by a sensitive immunohistochemical technique and by in situ hybridization, respectively. hTERT protein was detected in all diagnostic categories of cervical specimens. hTERT was localized predominantly to the lower suprabasal levels of normal squamous mucosa but was detected throughout virtually all levels of the lesional epithelium in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Telomerase expression correlated with hTERT detection in SCC and HSIL but was not detected by TRAP assay in most samples of normal mucosa or LSIL. The distribution of hTR correlated with the localization of hTERT in HSIL and SCC but was restricted to the basal and suprabasal cell layers in normal mucosa and LSIL.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Morphometric analysis of the tumor associated tissue eosinophilia in the oral squamous cell carcinoma using different staining techniques.

In a previous study, we found tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) to be a favourable prognostic indicator for oral squamous cell carcinomas. Special techniques such as autofluorescence or immunohistochemistry are reported to be sometimes necessary to detect the presence of intact and degranulating eosinophils within the tumors. The aim of this study was to compare the number of eosinophils identified routinely with hematoxylin and eosin stain and by immunohistochemistry in oral squamous cell carcinomas with TATE. Thirty specimens of oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue, floor of the mouth, retromolar area and inferior gingiva with TNM stages II and III were used for histopathological analysis. Three-micrometer sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemically with monoclonal anti-human granulocyte-associated antigen using a standard streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique. The number of eosinophils/mm2 in the invasive front of the tumors was automatically quantified in a x400 field using an image computer analyser. Univariate statistical analysis was carried out using Student's t test. The computer-assisted morphometric results showed that there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in the number of eosinophils/mm2 identified by hematoxylin and eosin or immunostaining technique in oral squamous cell carcinomas with TATE. This result suggests that hematoxilyn and eosin routine stain is a useful technique for measuring eosinophils in squamous cell carcinoma with eosinophilic tumor infiltration.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa: immunohistochemical comparison with other carcinomas of oral mucosal origin.

Papillary squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) is a poorly described variant of squamous cell carcinoma, and may be confused with verrucous carcinoma of the head and neck. To add to existing knowledge of this rare tumor, we describe two cases of PSCC arising in the oral mucosa. The lesions were composed of exophytic proliferation of atypical to overtly malignant cells similar to those of conventional squamous cell carcinoma, and invasion into the superficial region of the underlying fibrous tissue was seen in the form of islands and cords of malignant cells. Immunohistochemical assessment of cellular proliferative activity showed a significantly high mean percentage of Ki-67 expression in comparison with verrucous carcinoma, but there was no significant difference of Ki-67 expression among PSCC, conventional squamous cell carcinoma and microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma. These results suggest that the biological behavior of PSCC is analogous to that of SCC.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Immunohistochemical identification of squamous carcinoma of the head and neck with monoclonal antibody SQM1.

Frozen tissue sections of biopsies from head and neck squamous cancer lesions were examined for immunohistochemical staining with a recently developed monoclonal antibody, designated as SQM1 antibody and directed against the surface membrane of squamous carcinoma cells. SQM1 antibody stained selectively squamous carcinoma, while normal mucosa and cells of the stroma were non-reactive. Positive staining of tumor was found in 33/35 specimens obtained from several major sites of the head and neck area and was observed in primary manifestations and lymph node metastases as well as in recurrences. The most consistent reactivity was seen with carcinomas of the tongue. Well differentiated squamous carcinomas contained a higher proportion of SQM1 positive tumor cells than poorly differentiated carcinomas. We suggest that the SQM1 antibody may aid in the immunohistochemical identification of squamous carcinoma of the head and neck area.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Image cytometry DNA analysis of diethylnitrosamine-induced dysplasias and invasive squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus in mice.

The nuclear DNA content was assessed by image cytometry in squamous epithelial dysplasias and invasive squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in mice. The study comprises 48 lesions: 27 lesions with low grade (i.e. slight and moderate) dysplasia, 18 with high grade dysplasia (i.e. severe dysplasia and CIS), and 3 with invasive squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, 5 parallel run control specimens were also investigated. The results demonstrated that only 3.7% (or 1/27) low grade dysplasias but as much as 72.2% (or 13/18) high grade dysplasias, and all three invasive squamous cell carcinomas displayed non-diploid DNA values. Three of 18 high grade dysplasias and all three invasive squamous cell carcinomas demonstrated aneuploid cell nuclei. The results of the present work indicate that the esophageal mucosa of the mouse permit investigation--under controlled conditions--of the nuclear DNA alterations occurring during carcinogenesis in this organ. The results presented herein thus substantiate the theory of increasing DNA aberrations occurring during carcinogenesis in the human esophagus.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Immunohistochemical detection of epidermal growth factor receptor in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas.

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas from 15 consecutive preoperatively irradiated patients were investigated for the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF receptor). The study was performed on frozen sections by means of the 5-layer APAAP technique employing an antibody recognizing the extracellular part of the EGF receptor. In sections from 9 of the patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, normal differentiated epithelia were included. Sections from 6 of these patients, in addition, contained dysplastic epithelia. Expression of EGF receptor-like material was demonstrated in the basal cell layer of normally differentiated laryngeal epithelial and in dysplastic epithelia. Fourteen of the squamous cell carcinomas proved EGF receptor positive. Nearly all cells in the poorly differentiated carcinomas showed positive staining with the antibodies. In moderately to well differentiated carcinomas a reduction in the extent of staining was seen in certain areas. Especially for the epithelial pearls, the staining reaction was localized to the undifferentiated cells in the periphery. This finding corresponds to the staining pattern observed in the basal cell layers of normal epithelial. The present investigation confirms the expression of EGF receptor-like material in normal laryngeal epithelial, dysplastic epithelial and squamous cell carcinoma. The staining pattern was similar to that observed in oral squamous cell carcinomas, predominantly varying inversely with cellular differentiation.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗

PubMed1993

Squamous cell carcinoma arising in an eccrine hidrocystoma.

This report describes the case of a 63 yr old male with an enlarging lesion on the left cheek. Excision biopsy showed a squamous cell carcinoma arising from an eccrine hidrocystoma. The eccrine hidrocystoma showed foci of squamous metaplasia and the sequence of squamous metaplasia complicated by squamous carcinoma is postulated. Squamous differentiation in eccrine neoplasia is discussed.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗

PubMed2006

Evidence of human papilloma virus infection and its epidemiology in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

AIM: To look for the evidence of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) and to investigate the potential role and epidemiology of HPV infection in the pathogenesis of esophageal carcinomas in Henan emigrants. METHODS: Papilloma virus(PV) and HPV were determined by Ultrasensive S-P immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH)in esophageal carcinoma tissues (82 cases) and the normal mucosa (40 cases). RESULTS: IHC revealed that the positive rate of PV was 75.0%, 68.18% and 72.5% respectively while the HPV (16/18-E6) positive rate was 45.0%,36.36%, 37.5%, respectively in esophageal carcinoma tissue specimens from Henan emigrants,the local citizens and patients in Hubei Cancer Hospital. The PV and HPV (16/18-E6) were negative in all normal esophageal mucosa specimens. No correlation was found between HPV in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues and in grade 1-3 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells. In situ hybridization showed that the HPV (16/18) DNA positive rate was 30.0%, 31.8%, 25.0%, respectively in the 3 groups of samples. No positive hybridization signal was found in 40 normal esophageal mucosa specimens. The positive rate of HPV (16/18) DNA in the esophageal carcinoma specimens was significantly higher than that in normal mucosa specimens (P<0.05). The positive rate was not different among the 3 groups of esophageal carcinoma tissue specimens (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: HPV infection is high in esophageal carcinoma of Henan emigrants, local residents and patients in Hubei Cancer Hospital.HPV is closely related with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. HPV infection may play an important role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Gene amplification at chromosome 1pter-p33 including the genes PAX7 and ENO1 in squamous cell lung carcinoma.

Gene amplification is a frequent event in lung cancer, specifically in squamous cell lung carcinoma. Recently, we reported amplifications on chromosomal bands 3q26.1-q26.3 with the genes BCHE and SLC2A2 amplified in 40% of squamous cell lung carcinomas. Here, we identified an amplified domain within chromosomal bands 1pter-p33 in squamous cell lung carcinoma using reverse chromosome painting. A panel of nine genes which have previously been assigned to region 1pter-p33 was tested for amplification using comparative PCR. The ENO1 gene that encodes enolase and the PAX7 gene that encodes a transcription factor were most frequently amplified. Specifically, the gene ENO1 was amplified in six and the gene PAX7 in five out of 37 cases which included both biopsies and paraffin-embedded tissues of squamous cell lung carcinomas. In total, we identified amplifications of at least one gene at bands 1pter-p33 in 10 out of 37 tumors (27%). Together, our data indicate that a novel and frequent amplification unit is present in squamous cell lung carcinoma with the center of the amplified domain in the vicinity of the genes PAX7 and ENO1.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗

PubMed1989

[A clinico-pathological study of squamous cell carcinomas of the sino-nasal cavity metaplasia and dysplasia].

We report a clinicopathological study in 193 cases with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the sino-nasal cavity. Squamous metaplasia were found in 62.6% and squamous dysplasia in 25.3% of the SCC cases. These lesions seem to be important factors related with cancer development. Etiologically, metaplasia was found to be related with age and sex (male-dominant), but not with smoking and history of sinusitis. Chronic inflammation, papillary or stratified proliferation and reserved cell hyperplasia were considered as factors inducing squamous metaplasia in review of pathological specimens. We infered from the distribution pattern of cytokeratin that it might occur serial changes from metaplasia, dysplasia, CIS to microinvasive carcinoma, whose phenomenon was commonly seen in cases of uterus squamous cell carcinoma.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

[Immunohistological investigation of squamous metaplasia and expression of cytokeratin subclasses in laryngeal epithelia].

The expression of cytokeratin (CK) subclasses was immunohistologically investigated in normal laryngeal epithelia by the ABC technique using monospecific monoclonal antibodies. There are two types of epithelium in the larynx; squamous epithelium of the glottis and ciliated epithelium mainly of the supraglottis. A difference in expression pattern was observed between these two epithelia only in 3 CKs, specifically CK-8, CK-13 and CK-19. In the glottis, CK-8 was negative in all layers, CK-13 was positive in the suprabasal and superficial layers, and CK-19 was strongly positive in the basal layer, but apparently reduced in suprabasal layers and completely negative in the superficial layers. In the supraglottis, on the contrary, CK-8 was positive except in the basal layer, CK-13 was negative in all layers, and CK-19 was positive in all layers. When ciliated epithelia were reduced to squamous metaplasia, the epithelial cells were morphologically similar to the squamous cells, and the CK expression also showed the same pattern. In proximity to this squamous metaplasia, however, there were lesions whose cell type morphologically still resembled that of the ciliated epithelium, but whose pattern of CK expression had already been reduced to that of the squamous cell.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗

PubMed1995

[Immunohistochemical study of a new squamous cell carcinoma-associated antibody (YM-antibody) prepared from cultured laryngeal carcinoma cells].

A new antibody associated with squamous cell carcinoma, YM-Antibody, containing components of pI 5.95-6.10 fractions, was produced from cell cultures of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. To elucidate the immunological characteristics of YM-Antibody, it and 6 other commercially available antibodies were investigated immunohistochemically by applying them to squamous cell carcinomas and non-malignant tissues obtained from various regions of the head and neck. The results showed high positivity of YM-Antibody (85.0%) on squamous cell carcinoma and extremely low false-positivity (10.5%) on non-malignant tissue. These findings suggest that the diagnostic efficacy of this YM-Antibody is 76.2%, while that of the other antibodies was less than 50%. The YM-Antibody will be useful as a diagnostic tool for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Antibodies, Neoplasm↗

PubMed2006

Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection seen at two hospitals in Kenya.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and pattern of conjuctival squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) in patients with HIV infection. DESIGN: A hospital based cross sectional study. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) and Kikuyu Eye Unit (KEU) during the period November 2003 and May 2004. SUBJECTS: Four hundred and nine HIV positive patients. RESULTS: Four hundred and nine HIV positive patients aged 25 to 53 years were screened. Male to Female ratio was 1:1. One hundred and three had conjunctival growths. Thirty two had histologically proven conjunctiva squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). Estimated prevalence of CSCC among HIV positive patients was 7.8%. The average duration of growth of the conjunctival masses was 21.8 months. The average size of the lesions at the time of presentation was 6.6 mm. Twenty two (68.8%) patients had primary CSCC, while ten (31.2%) had recurrent lesions. The pattern of the histopathology results was: fifteen (46.9%) patients had poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; nine (28%) had moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; five patients (15.6%) had CIN; two patients (6.3%) had dysplasia and one patient (3.1%) had a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of CSCC in HIV/AIDS patients was 7.8%. Patients present late with advanced lesions. Recurrence rates from previous surgery are high. The often uncharacteristic complaints and findings on presentation complicate the clinical diagnosis. Active search for early manifestations of CSCC in HIV / AIDS patients, complete surgical excision and close follow up is necessary. Alternative treatment methods and techniques like the topical use of antimetabolites should be explored further.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Cytologic features of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion in thinprep papanicolaou test slides and conventional smears: comparison of cases that performed poorly with those that performed well in the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program in Cervicovaginal Cytology.

CONTEXT: Both conventional and ThinPrep Papanicolaou smears with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions that are frequently missed are known to have relatively few abnormal cells. Whether this is also true of cases of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion is not known. OBJECTIVE: To compare the cytologic features of cases of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion that perform poorly with the features of cases that perform well. DESIGN: The cytologic features of 10 ThinPrep Pap Test and conventional smear cases of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion that performed poorly in the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program were compared with 46 ThinPrep Pap Test and conventional smear cases that performed extremely well. The numbers of abnormal cells were categorized into less than 50, 51 to 100, 101 to 250, 251 to 500, and more than 500. RESULTS: The median number of abnormal cells for cases that performed poorly was less than 50, whereas the median number of abnormal cells for cases that performed well was between 101 and 250. Overall, cases that performed poorly were significantly more likely to have less than 50, less than 100, and less than 250 abnormal cells than cases that performed well (P < .001, P < .001, and P = .009, respectively). A minority of cases performed well even with very few abnormal cells and groups. The same findings were present when conventional smears and ThinPrep specimens were analyzed separately. CONCLUSIONS: ThinPrep Pap Test cases and conventional smears with a diagnosis of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion that perform poorly in this program have significantly fewer abnormal cells than those that perform well. The median number of abnormal cells in cases that performed well is lower than that of comparable high-grade cases in the program.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗