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PubMed2003

[History of teaching of medicine in Gdańsk].

The work has aimed at presenting the history of medicine in Gdańsk comprising the period from the second half on the 16th century up to the present. The most remote stage of the history was connected with the foundation and development of the Academic Gymnasium of Gdańsk (1558) where medicine, general medical sciences and anatomy were taught. Out of those subjects it was the latter that could boast of great achievements owing to famous anatomists lecturing there. It was already in 1613 that the first human dissection was performed in Gdańsk, the dissection being also the first in Poland and in Northern Europe. It was here that in 1722 was published the famous anatomical atlas of Jan Adam Kulmus - 'Tabulae anatomicae' - translated for seven languages, including Japanese. Quite a number of graduates of the Academic Gymnasium, having later completed their higher medical education abroad, were coming back to Gdańsk and carrying out researches, obtaining excellent results. Among them were: Ludwik von Hammen, Izrael Conradt, Placotomus and others. The Gdańsk physicians - Jan Schmiedt (Fabrytius) and Ernest Scheffer were the authors of the first Polish pharmacopoeia (1665). The period from the 18th century up till now has been characterized by great advances in both medical service and hospital management, their crowning achievement being foundation of the Medical Academy in Gdańsk, the first, after the war, independent medical university in Poland.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2003

[The Luys' body].

In 1865, Jules Luys (1828-1897) described the 'accessory band of the superior olive' (red nucleus). In 1877, A. Forel completed the description and gave the name of Corpus Luysii (CL) to this grey sub-thalamic formation. In 1927, P. Martin's attribute the Hemiballismus to the destruction of the C.L. and specifies the function of the nucleus foreseen by Luys, which play a crucial role in the synthesis of automatic motor action. The new stimulation techniques of this nucleus in the treatment of Parkinson's disease would have opened a third life for the C.L. if its name hade not be changed into 'nucleus subthalamicus'. Jules Luys, a good anatomist, one of the pioneers in France of microscope and photography, ruined his reputation by his ramblings on hysteria and hypnosis which allowed the 'action of medications at distance', the 'storage of cerebral activities within magnetic crowns' and gave prominence to 'brain emanations'.

Dyskinesias↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Académie de chirurgue et SFHM].

The first meeting between the two associations happened in 1902, the Centenary year of Bichat's death. Then Paul Poirier talked about Bichat as an anatomist and Paul Jules Tillaux dealt with Bichat as a surgeon. In 1902 the "Société de Chirurgie de Paris" was nearly sixty years old as it had been created in 1843 by seventeen young hospital surgeons. Among them J. Malgaigne was also a well-known historian as he had published Introduction aux oeuvres complètes d'Ambroise Paré in 1840. In 1935 the "Société de Chirurgie" became "Académie de Chirurgie". Thus for one hundred years, six chairmen of the SFHM were also members of "Académie de Chirurgie" and thirteen chairmen of "Académie de Chirurgie" were also members of the SFHM. In conclusion some proposals of orderly meetings were made to steady the links between the two associations.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The French lessons of anatomy].

The "Lessons of Anatomy" can be considered as a step of Medicine to Art. For several centuries the exhibition of a corpse's dissection was printed on the title-page of published works. Since the seventeenth century, the "Lessons of Anatomy" became a picture on the title-page in order to highlight the well-known names of the european anatomists. The study is limited to the French Lessons of Anatomy found in books or pictures after the invention of printing.

Anatomy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The vestibular organ throughout history].

AIMS AND DEVELOPMENT: Our aim is to attempt to create a chronologically ordered and coherent corpus of the apparently scarce information that exists about the history of the vestibular organ, a component of the inner ear situated on both sides of the head in the petrous temporal bone. Its job, at least in humans, is to transmit sensory information about movements of the head to components of the central nervous system. Some of its more common disorders lead to syndromes that implicitly entail balance disorders, such as the case of the syndrome described by Prosper Meni re in the 19th century. Without ruling out the possible ancestral knowledge of the vertiginous processes associated with the inner ear, our objective is to review some of the aspects that anatomists, physiologists and prominent physicists have been involved in throughout history, i.e. elements that appeared between the 18th and mid 20th century and which have led to a fuller understanding of the morphological and functional aspects of the fundamental apparatus involved in the detection of gravity and inertia, shared by vertebrates: the vestibular organ.

History, 18th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Medicine in the discovery of America].

The present manuscript aims to record some general aspects of science, and in particular from the beginning of anatomic studies, during the discovery of America. We mention by Vesalio, who was the best known anatomist of his time in the Western world. In addition this establishes the legal origins of the medical profession in Spain and America, with emphasis on distinct treatments, for example, those in Peru and Chile. This manuscript contains anecdotes and accounts of the time, the use of medicines of the day, and the relationship these had with the native medicine. Finally, medical department of Chile is described, together with a mention of the first hospitals of the Republic of Chile.

Americas↗
PubMed1992

[Gynecology and obstetrics in Ancient Rome].

Gods and Goddesses were invoked by the Romans for the termination of a good delivery. Diana, Juno, Lucina and Cybele were the preferred ones. Sterility was sometimes treated by the whip of the Lupercali of ministers of Pan. The first doctors in Rome were coming from Greece. Celsus, Pliny the Elder were encyclopedists, Rufus an anatomist, Dioscorides a pharmacologist. Archigenes, Aretaeus and Antyllus surgeons. Soranus from Ephesus, was the first to recommend podalic version. His works was a long time buried in a profound oblivion and discovered by scholars during the nineteenth century. Galen was looked as the most famous medical man after Hippocrates. During the Roman Empire of Occident (Byzantine Empire), Oribasius, Aurelianus Caelius, Moschion and above all Aetius and Paul of Aegina wrote many works which were many times plagiarized. Roman laws concerning public health were severe. Midwives took an important action in the care of pregnant women. Roman poets as Plautus, Terence, Lucilius, Catullus, Virgil, Tibullus, Ovid and Martial were many times concerned in their writings with gynecologic or obstetric subjects. Children were easily forsaken. Three Emperors, Trajan, Marcus-Aurelius and Alexander Severius, a writer, Aulu-Gelles, and a rhetor, Quintilian, took protection of them.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Charles Edward Isaacs (1811-1860): exploring the details of nephron structure and function in the post-Bowman period.

Charles Edward Isaacs (1811-1860), an anatomist working in New York, undertook a series of studies which attempted to define the microscopic structure of the nephrons in a variety of species. Given that he published his findings 15 years after William Bowman's seminal paper on the subject, he was able to add only a few of the finer details to the picture. He observed the continuity of the epithelium of the glomerular capsule with that of the proximal tubule and he demonstrated that the glomerular tuft is covered by a layer of epithelial cells. In a series of studies on human renal function he erroneously concluded that the glomerulus must have an excretory function in addition to its filtration function and that diuretics act primarily on the glomerlus. The latter conclusion was based upon observations of substances not currently categorized as being diuretic agents. The absence of a major conceptual advance in the writings of Isaacs probably accounts for that fact that his contribution has been largely forgotten.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1992

Testing spatial understanding of anatomy.

A system was designed to test the medical student's ability to recognize and locate anatomical cross-sections. The computer was used to prepare the data, present the test and track the user's responses. The nature of the test was such that it could be prepared, presented and used much more easily on the computer than on paper. The system was used successfully by anatomists and medical students.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2004

[The Tabulae anatomicae (1794-1803) of Justus Christian Loder: anatomical illustration between science, art and commerce].

With the publication of his Tabulae anatomicae in 1803, the Jena anatomist Justus Christian Loder (1753-1832) fulfilled the desideratum of a complete collection of anatomical illustrations of the entire human body. His "Tables" were one of the largest and most ambitious anatomical atlases in the German-speaking countries around 1800. The work reflects Loder's scientific concepts, the quality of his artists and the economic conditions of his publisher. Intended for a wide use in academic instruction, Loder's Tabulae popularised a style of illustration that focused on anatomical facts as basic statements and avoided artistic additions or culturally normative symbolism. Loder opposed theoretical transcendence and standardisation in the representation of human anatomy.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2004

A retroesophageal right subclavian artery originating from the left aortic arch -- a case report and review of the literature.

The retroesophageal right subclavian artery is an anatomical abnormality encountered by anatomists and pathologists and recently interventional cardiologists and thoracic surgeons have also come across this phenomenon. We report a case of a retroesophageal right subclavian artery arising from a normally located left aortic arch in a young male autopsied in the Department of Forensic Service of Warsaw Medical University. In addition to the aforementioned anomaly, the presence of a right non-recurrent inferior laryngeal nerve was noticed. The possible embryonic development of these branching patterns and their clinical significance is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Computer tomography in primary orbital tumors].

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to observe the anatomical changes that occur in the tumoral pathology of the orbit, as well as to underline the importance of computed tomographic examination in the investigation of the orbital tumoral pathology. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This study has been conducted in the Military Hospital of Timisoara by a team made of anatomists, radiologists and ophthalmologists. A number of 215 patients were examined over a period of six years, between 1998-2002. The computed tomography examinations were made with Picker IQ Premier equipment, using contiguous native axial sections of 2 to 5 mm thick, after intravenous injection of non-ionic contrast-enhancing substance for vascular identification and iodophilic quantification specific to each structure. RESULTS: From the 215 patients that had undergone a CT examination of the orbits, 41 cases had positive orbital tumoral pathology. The primary tumors of the optic nerve had the highest incidence being present in 12 cases, of which 9 with glioma and 3 with meningioma. The second most frequent were the vascular tumors revealed in 11 cases. CONCLUSION: Due to its diagnosis performances CT has to be considered as a routine investigation method, recommended as a method of choice in orbital tumoral pathology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Laparoscopic treatment of bile leakage from the Luschka duct after laparoscopic cholecystectomy].

The possible reasons for bile leakage following laparoscopic cholecystectomy are the injury of the common bile duct, the insufficient treatment of cystic duct (non competent or non closing, or spontaneously removing clip, stumpnecrosis due to electrocoagulation near to clipp, rupture adjacent to the clipp) or the opening of an aberrant bile duct. The latter often may occur in case of the anatomic variation described by Hubert von Luschka (1820-1875) a German anatomist as the duct named after Luschka. In a favorable case the accessory bile duct closes by itself, but occasionally developing biloma and/or biliary peritonitis need to be operated on. The authors write about the case of a 52 years old female patient, who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and 3 days later the complication was averted through the application of relaparoscopy with intracorporal suture. In connection with this case the authors acquaint the readers with the biography, the academic carrier of Hubert von Luschka, and the literature related to Luschka duct is surveyed.

Anatomy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[About the professional and ethical profile of an extraordinary physician, humanist and pedagogue, Professor Niko Miljanic].

Dr. Niko Miljanic anatomist and surgeon, ordinary professor of the Medical Faculty in Belgrade, had been managing there the anatomy teaching during the period 1920-1934, then held lectures on surgery propedeutics since 1935 till 1947, when being a principled person with the moral sense for the profession and his task as an university professor, after his action as a member of the committee for Election of the Medical Faculty Teachers, he was relieved in 1954 year from the faculty. Professor Miljanic was the author of our first textbooks of anatomy, a monography on asepsis as well as a lot of scientific articles on anatomy and surgery in different journals at home and abroad. As a French ex-pupil he was elected president of the French ex-pupils Association and the founder of the bilingual Serbian-French journal "Anali medicine i hirurgije" (Annals of Medicine and Surgery"), published 1927-1934. In 1930, together with the King Alexander I, he uncover in Belgrade Kalemegdan Park the Monument of the Gratitude to France. He fought in both Balcanic and both World wars. Professor Miljanic was a member of the French Academy of Surgeons and was decorated with the order of the Legion of Honour.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2004

The historical outline of Vilnius pathological anatomy in the first half of the 19th century.

The first post mortem examination was performed in Vilnius by a priest Stefan Bisio in 1770. At the end of the 18th century, Jakub Briotet, a surgeon and anatomist, founded a modest anatomical (surgery) study. In 1804, Jan Piotr Frank and his son Józef arrived to Vilnius and became professors of the University. Jan Piotr Frank took charge of the University Teaching Hospital and Józef of the Chair of Pathology. When, in 1805, Józef Frank took charge, after his father, of the University Hospital, he founded the first anatomopathological examination room there. The samples were obtained mainly from post mortem studies--autopsies. Most of the samples kept in spirit in the Frank's room were eaten by the starving French soldiers during the retreat of Napoleon's army. Getting dead bodies for the Universities was easy thanks to Tsar's decrees from the years 1793-1809 which ordered to open dead bodies and collect monsters. Moreover, a permission to transfer dead bodies from military hospitals to the University was issued in 1810. These decrees did not stop the cases of students digging out dead bodies from the graves, which still happened in 1810 and 1817. Józef Frank acknowledged great role of post mortem in medicine teaching. He wrote: an author describing a disease with lethal outcome, who does not mention pathological changes found through autopsy is backward. Beside Frank's study, there was still a study founded by Briotet at the Vilnius University, at the Chair of Anatomy. In 1808, Tsar Alexander I designed ruins of Spaska Orthodox Church for an anatomic theater. After seven year redecoration works, it was opened. Beside the theater, dissection room and Veterinary Institute, the building included zoological, veterinary and anatomical museum. The growing anatomical museum had, in 1841, 2895 preparations including 1239 anatomopathological preparations. After closing down Vilnius University and opening Medical and Surgery Academy, pathological anatomy classes were introduced for the 5th year students in 1834. The first lecturer of pathological anatomy, as an individual subject, was Ludwik Siewruk. He started the classes in 1840 when he took charge of the Chair of Anatomy at the Moscow University. Jan Leonow continued the classes till the closing down of Medical and Surgery Academy by the tsar in 1842. The classes performed by Siewruk and Leonow were limited to lectures. Practical knowledge, autopsies were a part of pathology classes and specific therapy (3rd and 4th years of studies). After the Academy had been closed down, all the exhibits of the Vilnius anatomical museum, including anatomopathological preparations were moved to the anatomical museum of Kiev University. Few of them remained in the Vilnius Medical Society.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2004

[Neuroanatomical study of the internal structures of the brain based on brain fiber dissection].

From the beginning of the 17th Century, anatomists started to elucidate numerous tracts and fasciculi of the brain using fiber dissection techniques. Due to the complexities associated with tissue preparation and the time-consuming nature of traditional techniques the popularity of this method has gradually declined with the advent of modern neuroimaging techniques such as MRI. Many novel approaches to deep brain lesions have recently been devised following the development of skull base surgery. In comparison, the study of functional neuroanatomy has been relatively neglected. Understanding how neuronal fibers in the brain interconnect and communicate neuronal functions is critical when performing surgery for malignant glioma and epilepsy, as brain parenchyma has to be resected and neuronal fibers are interrupted. In the preoperative planning process we have applied anatomical studies using brain fiber dissection techniques. Brain fiber dissection offers the advantage of exposing association, commissural and projection fibers of cerebral white matter in three dimensions. Brain fiber dissection appears useful for assisting neurosurgeons to acquire neurosurgical skills and become familiar with neuroanatomical features. The techniques and significance of brain fiber dissection are described herein.

Brain↗