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PubMed1990

Renal function curves and control of body fluids and arterial pressure.

The purpose of this paper has been to emphasize the extreme importance of the renal function curve in determining the long-term level of arterial pressure. The reason for this importance is that the renal-body fluid-pressure control system exhibits the phenomenon of "infinite feedback gain". This is, the arterial pressure will stabilize only when the intake and output of water and salt becomes exactly equal, and this occurs at only one very exact pressure level for any given renal function curve and given salt intake level. This renal mechanism for controlling the body fluids and simultaneously controlling the arterial pressure, because of its infinite feedback gain capability for controlling arterial pressure, requires that other pressure control mechanisms must interact with this mechanism either to alter the renal function curve or to make the animal change its intake of salt and water if the other pressure mechanisms are to have any effect on the long-term arterial pressure level. Therefore, in virtually any analysis of long-term arterial pressure regulation, the renal function curve or its mathematical equivalent plays a central role.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Comparitive study of the formation of hydroxyapatite in simulated body fluid under static and flowing systems.

alpha-CaSiO3 ceramics of nominal composition CaO 46.0, SiO2 54.0, and Na2O 0.4 mass% were soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF). The soaking systems were maintained under both static and flowing conditions to study their effect on the formation of hydroxyapatite (HAp). Two different flowing systems were designed for soaking, namely, a closed system using a fast flow rate of about 2.8 mL/s (circulating system) and an open system using a slow flow rate of about 40 mL/day (slow flowing system). The HAp layer in all samples initially formed as a rough layer of ball-like particles. Under a fast flow of SBF solution, silica gel particles peeled from silica-rich interlayer during the first soaking period. The silica gel particles then reattached to the product HAp layer and induced the formation of new HAp particles of smaller size. In the slow flowing system, the rough HAp layer initially formed on the ceramic surfaces became gradually smoother after prolonged soaking. The formation rate and thickness of the HAp layer decreased with increasing flow rate of the SBF solution. These results indicate that flowing SBF solution gives rise to differences in the formation rates, formation behavior, and microstructure of the HAp layer.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed1990

Isolation, identification, and analysis of 4-acetylaminophenol-glucuronide in body fluids of dialyzed renal patients; a molecular mass marker for peritoneal diffusive transport.

A noncharacteristic solute, appearing in gradient elution liquid chromatography (HPLC) profiles of body fluids of dialyzed renal patients, was isolated and identified by preparative HPLC, beta-glucuronidase induced enzymatic peak shift, and mass spectrometry. The compound was shown to be p-acetylaminophenol ('paracetamol')-glucuronide (PG). Serum and peritoneal dialysate PG concentrations were determined in a number of patients. Cuprophan in vivo dialyzer clearances were calculated. Peritoneal membrane mass transfer coefficients (MTC) of PG were calculated and compared with those of molecular mass markers for peritoneal diffusive mass transport studies (urea, creatinine, uric acid, and inulin). By extrapolation of an MTC versus molecular mass calibration line for urea, creatinine, and uric acid it is shown that PG behaves as expected from its molecular mass. We suggest that PG (Mr = 327) is suitable as a molecular mass marker for the molecular mass range between Mr 200 and 500. It may also be used as a marker for diffusive solute transport in hemodialysis treatment. The HPLC gradient elution technique used here appears to be suitable for the simultaneous analysis of the molecular mass markers creatinine, uric acid, and paracetamolglucuronide.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1979

Body fluid changes in hypertensive rats. Their modifications by saline load.

Subtotal nephrectomy was produced in male Wistar rats and the evolution of arterial pressure, water distribution and electrolytic composition of muscle and arterial tissue were studied. Also, the modifications produced by a chronic administration of saline load were evaluated. The incidence of hypertension is higher in the group that received saline load but the levels of the blood pressure were similar in both groups of hypertensive animals. The total water is increased in all the groups, except at the fourth week in the animals that did not receive saline load, in which it was decreased. The extracellular space is augmented in all groups and the plasma volume increased in the early phases of the experimental period with exception of the normotensive rats without saline load. No alterations were observed in the electrolytic muscle content, and the total water and potassium and chloride content of the arterial tissues was increased without modifications in the sodium content. The possible relationship of these alterations with the development of hypertension are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of a preclinical, educational and skills-training program to improve students' use of blood and body fluid precautions: one-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about long-term improvements in medical students' knowledge, attitudes, and use of blood and body fluid precautions following preclinical training. METHODS: We evaluated an educational and skills-training program emphasizing double gloving for high-risk surgical procedures. Baseline surveys measuring knowledge, attitudes, and readiness to use specific precautions were completed by second-year (experimental) students before skills training and by third-year students (control) after their first clinical year. Follow-up surveys were completed 1 year later. Use of double gloves and protective eyewear during surgery clerkships was observed at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: Of 149 students returning both surveys, the experimental group (n = 91) showed improvements in attitudes toward double gloving (P = 0.038) and use of double gloves during surgery at follow-up (relative risk = 1.95, 95% confidence interval = 1.06, 3.59). They expressed better attitudes toward (P = 0.003) and greater readiness to use (P = 0. 020) double gloves compared with controls at follow-up. They expressed better attitudes toward (P = 0.002) and greater readiness to use (P = 0.001) double gloves compared with controls when each had completed their first clinical year. CONCLUSION: The intervention was associated with improved attitudes toward and use of double gloves during surgery. The experimental group also expressed better attitudes and readiness to use double gloves compared with controls at follow-up.

Blood-Borne Pathogens↗
PubMed1984

Magnesium levels in the body fluids of dam and fetal rabbits during the reproductive phase.

Gestation- and lactation-dependent variations of magnesium concentrations were measured in the maternal and fetal body fluids and tissues of rabbits. Samples of serum, milk, and mammary gland were investigated. A decrease in magnesium in the maternal serum during the early gestation period from 0.80 mmol/l in the first week to 0.73 mmol/l in the third week was observed. In the last week of gestation a rapid increase of magnesium concentrations both in maternal (0.83 mmol/l) and fetal (2.84 mmol/l) serum was determined. An assumed active diaplacental transfer of magnesium from the doe to the fetus was indirectly established. An active transport mechanism for magnesium from the maternal serum into the mammary glands was enhanced by strong concentration gradients of approximately 1:33 between serum and milk.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

Changes during eating in oxygen consumption, cardiac function and body fluids of sheep.

1. A study was made of the changes taking place in O(2) consumption, cardiac function and the volume and composition of the body fluids of sheep while they consumed a meal of hay.2. During eating P(a, CO2) and P(v, CO2) both increased, pH decreased and free plasma [HCO(3) (-)] increased. Venous haematocrit increased sharply at the beginning of the meal, and declined slowly after feed was removed.3. Arterial P(O2) did not change significantly during eating. However P(v, O2) fell slightly but significantly. The O(2) saturation of venous blood fell due to the decline in pH. Estimated CO(2) in arterial blood increased as a consequence of increased haemoglobin content. The net effect was to increase arteriovenous difference in O(2) content from 4.4 ml./100 ml. before eating to 6.0 ml./100 ml. at the end of the meal.4. O(2) consumption increased about 60% during eating and fell rapidly thereafter. Heart rate followed a similar pattern. Cardiac output however increased only about 17%, from 6 to 7 l./min. Consequently stroke volume declined throughout the meal from 76 to 52 ml./beat.5. Plasma volume, estimated from measurements of T-1824, declined sharply by about 300 ml. at the beginning of the meal and recovered slowly after feed was removed. Blood volume declined less because of a rise in circulating erythrocytes.6. Extracellular fluid volume was estimated from measurements of thiocyanate and thiosulphate spaces. Thiocyanate space measurements were abandoned after thiocyanate was found to be concentrated in saliva. Considerable random variation occurred in measurements of changes in extracellular fluid from thiosulphate disappearance but the results did reveal a significant fall of 1000-1500 ml. in extracellular fluid volume during eating.7. The significance of these interrelated changes is discussed in relation to the maintenance of homoeostasis during eating in the sheep.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗