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PubMed2006

A code of professional conduct for members.

In light of new legislation and changing practice, together with the impending legal status of members who practise clinical photography and/or clinical videography, the Institute of Medical Illustrators (IMI) has revised and brought together A Code of Responsible Practice and its Code of Conduct. The new document, A Code of Professional Conduct for Members, details the standards required to maintain professional practice. Within the text, the Code refers to members, and where specifically appropriate, to clinical photographers. The title, 'clinical photographer', is used where the code applies to members practising clinical photography and/or videography.

Codes of Ethics↗
PubMed1991

[Transcranial color-coded real time sonography in adults. Part 2: Cerebral hemorrhage and tumors].

We examined three groups of adult patients to evaluate the clinical application of transcranial colour-coded real-time sonography (TCCS): 28 patients suffering from intracerebral haemorrhage, 36 patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage and 38 patients with primary brain tumours. All sonographic examinations were performed through the intact skull. Cerebral haemorrhages were visualised via TCCS as hyperechogenic areas, which were closely correlated in size and location to CT findings. Apart from the imaging of subarachnoid haemorrhages and cerebral vasospasms, TCCS permitted the identification of the angiographically confirmed aneurysms in 76%. Brain tumours were delineated in the vast majority of the patients examined. In this type of pathology TCCS provided additional information on tumour extension and macroscopic appearance.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Clinical estimation of survival and impact of other prognostic factors on terminally ill cancer patients in Oman.

A prospective study was carried out in the only tertiary oncology department in Oman to analyse the pattern of various prognostic factors in terminally ill cancer patients and their impact on these patients. Between September 1999 and February 2001, terminally ill cancer patients with solid tumours who fulfilled the eligibility criteria were included. All of them were coded Do Not Resuscitate (DNR). Clinical estimation of survival as well as recording of different symptoms and signs was carried out for each patient. Survival was calculated from the date of the DNR coding to the date of death. A total of 162 patients were included. Mean survival time was 41.5 days (median 10 days). The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) was the most common site of malignant disease, followed by the breast. Univariate analysis of evaluable patients showed that performance status (PS), dry mouth, presence of delirium, anorexia, peripheral oedema, absence of bone metastasis, low lymphocyte count and low albumin level had significant effects on survival. Multiple regression analysis showed that PS and oedema were the only independent predictors of survival. Clinical prediction of survival was correlated with observed survival. Patient's PS, presence of peripheral oedema and clinical estimate of survival are good predictors of survival in terminally ill cancer patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Use of bar code readers and programmable keypads to improve the speed and accuracy of manual data entry in the clinical microbiology laboratory: experience of two laboratories.

AIM: To assess the effect of the use of bar code readers and programmable keypads for entry of specimen details and results in two microbiology laboratories. METHODS: The solutions selected in each laboratory are described. The benefits resulting from the implementation were measured in two ways. The speed of data entry and error reduction were measured by observation. A questionnaire was completed by users of bar codes. RESULTS: There were savings in time and in reduced data entry errors. Average time to enter a report by keyboard was 21.1 s v 14.1 s for bar coded results entry. There were no observed errors with the bar code readers but 55 errors with keystroke entries. The laboratory staff of all grades found the system fast, easy to use, and less stressful than conventional keyboard entry. CONCLUSIONS: Indirect time savings should accrue from the observed reduction in incorrectly entered data. Any microbiology laboratory seeking to improve the accuracy and efficiency of data entry into their laboratory information systems should consider the adoption of this technology which can be readily interfaced to existing terminals.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Computerized recording of visits to an outpatient sports clinic.

At the Tampere Research Station of Sports Medicine (TRSSM) a continuous coding system of patient visits was started on March 1, 1985. The registration form contained 25 variables including all essential information about the patient's identification, sports, time of and reason for the visit, physician, examinations, diagnosis, treatment, and possible further measures. To classify and number the diagnosis, a specific classification of sports injuries and diseases was drawn up. The data were stored and analyzed using a DEC-2060 computer at the University of Tampere. During 6 months a total of 814 visits were recorded. The three most common sports were soccer, long-distance running, and orienteering. Competitive athletes totalled 337 (62%); 43 of these were top-ranking athletes. The most common reasons for visits were problems of the knee (266 visits, 33%), ankle (80, 10%), and low back (71, 9%). Knee sprains accounted for 10% of all visits. Problems related to the musculoskeletal system were the reason for 751 (92%) of all visits. Operative treatment was needed by 49 patients (6%). The continuous coding system of patient visits at an outpatient sports clinic showed great advantages as a basic data bank for scientific research, annual statistics, and patient identification and filing. The system described has been adopted as part of the daily routine at the TRSSM.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Bar code earns respect.

Patients who report to the outpatient clinical laboratory at Parkland Memorial Hospital are being given a glimpse of the future. Parkland's addition of a sample management bar code hints at what the future has in store for clinical laboratory instrument interfaces.

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗
PubMed1999

Comparisons between MCNP, EGS4 and experiment for clinical electron beams.

Understanding the limitations of Monte Carlo codes is essential in order to avoid systematic errors in simulations, and to suggest further improvement of the codes. MCNP and EGS4, Monte Carlo codes commonly used in medical physics, were compared and evaluated against electron depth dose data and experimental backscatter results obtained using clinical radiotherapy beams. Different physical models and algorithms used in the codes give significantly different depth dose curves and electron backscattering factors. The default version of MCNP calculates electron depth dose curves which are too penetrating. The MCNP results agree better with experiment if the ITS-style energy-indexing algorithm is used. EGS4 underpredicts electron backscattering for high-Z materials. The results slightly improve if optimal PRESTA-I parameters are used. MCNP simulates backscattering well even for high-Z materials. To conclude the comparison, a timing study was performed. EGS4 is generally faster than MCNP and use of a large number of scoring voxels dramatically slows down the MCNP calculation. However, use of a large number of geometry voxels in MCNP only slightly affects the speed of the calculation.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1992

Polymerase chain reaction in detecting HIV infection among seropositive infants: relation to clinical status and age and to results of other assays.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was evaluated using coded blood specimens from infants whose clinical status is now known. A micromethod for the efficient isolation of mononuclear cells from small volumes of blood, and definitions of PCR positivity that took into account the number and purity of these mononuclear cells, were established in an attempt to define parameters for quality assurance. Results of HIV culture, p-24 antigen, and HIV-specific IgA obtained on the same specimens were compared to PCR results. PCR had a specificity of 100% among 83 specimens from 50 babies known to be uninfected. Sensitivity among 26 HIV-infected infants older than 3 months was 98% (44 of 45 specimens); the one negative specimen, which had also been culture negative, gave a positive PCR result on the remaining aliquot when tested after decoding. Among infected infants less than 3 months old, which is an age when diagnosis by other assays is most problematic, PCR identified 10 of 10 patients (10 of 11 specimens) including two younger than one month. Viral culture showed the best concordance with PCR; however, in three infants, positive PCR results were observed several months before positive results were observed by viral culture.

Aging↗
PubMed2005

Implementation of laboratory order data in BioSense Early Event Detection and Situation Awareness System.

INTRODUCTION: Laboratory test orders constitute an early outbreak data source. CDC receives laboratory order data in HL7 format from the Laboratory Corporation of America (LabCorp) and plans to use the data in the BioSense Early Event Detection and Situation Awareness System. METHODS: These LabCorp data contain information on tests ordered and include the type of test ordered and the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM)-coded reasons for the order. A consensus panel was formed to group test orders on the basis of expert opinion into eight standard syndrome categories to provide an additional data source for early outbreak detection. A laboratory order taxonomy was developed and used in the mapping consolidation phase. The five main classes of this taxonomy are miscellaneous functional tests, fluid screening tests, system-specific tests, tests for specific infections (by primary manifestation), and tests for specific noninfectious diseases. RESULTS: Summary of numbers of laboratory order codes in each syndrome category are fever (53), respiratory (53), gastrointestinal (27), neurological (35), rash (37), lymphadenitis (20), localized cutaneous lesion (11), and specific infection (63). CONCLUSION: With the daily use of laboratory order data in BioSense, the actual distribution of laboratory order codes in syndrome groups can be evaluated, allowing modification of the mapping.

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗
PubMed1995

Use of international classification of diseases coding to identify fetal alcohol syndrome--Indian Health Service facilities, 1981-1992.

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is one of the leading causes of preventable birth defects and developmental disabilities in the United States (1). Since 1979, surveillance systems for estimating and tracking FAS have categorized cases using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), code 760.71 (2). This code comprises noxious influences affecting the fetus or newborn through placenta or breast milk, specifically alcohol, and includes FAS. Because the code is not specific for FAS and may reflect maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy or other adverse effects of alcohol on the fetus, CDC assessed the usefulness of this code in ascertaining FAS cases by reviewing medical records for 1981-1993 from the Aberdeen Area Indian Health Service (IHS) and IHS contract facilities in eight of the 19 tribal or American Indian communities in the area. This report summarizes the findings of the analysis.

Child↗
PubMed1998

[Value of color-coded duplex ultrasound in interstitial laser therapy of hemangiomas and vascular malformations].

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of hemangiomas and vascular malformations prior to interstitial laser therapy is principally based on clinical and B-mode ultrasonographic examination. Color-coded duplex ultrasonography provides additional information about the vascularization of these tumors. The aim of this study is to evaluate the benefit of this information for the diagnosis and treatment of hemangiomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We examined 30 patients suffering from hemangiomas of various sizes and locations. A preliminary treatment plan was developed on the basis of B-mode ultrasonographic examination. This preliminary plan was either verified or changed after obtaining color-coded duplex ultrasonographic studies. RESULTS: In comparison to B-mode ultrasonography, color-coded duplex ultrasonography allows clinically relevant classification of hemangiomas on the basis of their vascularization (no flow, palpation-induced flow, predominantly venous flow, predominantly arterial flow). In 53% of the cases, the preliminary therapeutic plan was modified partially or wholly on the basis of this additional information (new diagnosis, change in the planned surgical approach, and favoring other initial diagnostic and therapeutic options over laser therapy). CONCLUSION: Color-coded duplex ultrasonography provides important additional information compared to B-mode ultrasonography and decisively influences hemangioma therapy. This imaging technique should be recommended for routine preoperative application in hemangiomas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Use of an electronic medical record to profile the continuity clinic experiences of primary care residents.

PURPOSE: To assess the variation in outpatient educational experiences among residents in a primary care internal medicine residency program. METHOD: The authors conducted an observational study within a primary care residency program in Boston, Massachusetts, involving eight primary care residents in 2001-02. A data management system was created that uses information on clinical experiences collected from an electronic medical record (EMR). The EMR records clinical information from patient encounters in resident continuity clinics, including patient demographics and diagnostic codes entered by the residents. Primary and secondary diagnosis from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) were assigned to clinical categories (e.g., cardiology, orthopedics) and these assignments were programmed into a spreadsheet that could take the diagnostic data directly from the EMR downloads and produce reports using only the primary diagnosis, using all diagnoses, or using the assigned clinical categories. RESULTS: The EMR download showed 2,468 patient encounters for the eight residents in the primary care program. The most common clinical encounters were for health maintenance (17%), cardiology (14%), and women's health (10%). In contrast, rheumatology (0.5%) and hematology/oncology (2%) encounters were less frequent. There were substantial variations among residents in terms of distribution of encounter diagnoses, and the age and gender of patients seen in continuity clinic. CONCLUSIONS: Abstracting data from an EMR represents a feasible method for assessing programmatic and individual learner experiences in the outpatient setting. Such information may help target curricular adjustments to ensure an appropriate diversity and depth of clinical training.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Dangerousness prognosis in the clinical context of fulfillment of psychiatric criminal commitment].

The compilation and the reliability-based evaluation of the questionnaire including potentially prognosis-relevant clinical criteria for the release of male patients from rehabilitation and security measure (section 63 German Criminal Code) are presented. The restriction to clinical (rather than social statistical) criteria results in a concentration of the criminal aspects of treatment and/or therapy. The open and, more importantly, the "unconscious" focuses of forensic clinical action become transparent. However, the prognostic constructs of clinicians prove to be somewhat lacking in criteria and rather inconsistent. Until it is validated as a prognostic instrument and integrated in a multidimensional inventory of prognoses, this questionnaire can contribute towards conceptual transparency and help create a better link between treatment and release criteria.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[A score in transference. BIP--experiencing the relationship in psychoanalysis].

The (emotional) experience of reference in psychoanalyses, presented here, has been developed by the author in continuation of a method evolved by Gill and Hoffman 1982 in Chicago, which they termed "The Patient's Experience of the Relationship with the Therapist", to describe the course of analytical work on patient resistance against transference. The "Experience of reference in psychoanalyses" is a rating method that links by means of its two manuals quantitative methods (which are empirical in the conventional sense) with qualitative, clinical-hermeneutical research approaches. After reliable coding of categorial data of a tape recorder transcription, a condensed description of the course and a clinical comment are obtained, the graphic representation of which reads like a score transference.

Defense Mechanisms↗
PubMed1998

Fetal assessment based on fetal biophysical profile scoring. VIII. The incidence of cerebral palsy in tested and untested perinates.

OBJECTIVE: The intent of this comparative clinical study was fourfold: (1) to determine the incidence of cerebral palsy in a large obstetric population, (2) to compare the incidence of cerebral palsy in patients at high risk referred for and managed according to the fetal biophysical profile score result with the incidence among unreferred and untested patients, (3) to determine the relationship, if any, between the last fetal biophysical profile score and the incidence of cerebral palsy, and (4) to categorize cases of cerebral palsy according to the clinical parameters and the probable time and nature of the damaging insult. STUDY DESIGN: In this retrospective 5-year comparative study (1987 to 1991) the incidence of cerebral palsy was determined by analysis of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, -coded related medical services. The clinical records were then sought and reviewed in index cases and obstetric, neonatal, and postnatal clinical data were abstracted. Cross-correlation with partial registries was done to confirm completeness of capture of index cases. The population of referred high-risk patients who received serial fetal biophysical profile scoring and were managed according to test results was determined by review of a prospective computer-stored database and by review of patient log books. The population of untested patients was calculated as the residual of total cases minus tested cases. The rate of cerebral palsy for all patients and for the tested and untested population was calculated and compared. The tested and untested perinates were compared for birth age, weight, and assigned timing or etiology of cerebral palsy. In the tested population the distribution of test results by last recorded biophysical profile score was determined and the relationship between the last test result and cerebral palsy and predictive accuracy parameters of the fetal biophysical profile score were calculated. RESULTS: The incidence of cerebral palsy among the 84,947 live births was 3.68 per 1000 live births (313 cases). The rate of cerebral palsy in the 26,290 referred high-risk tested patients was 1.33 per 1000 (35 cases) compared with a rate of 4.74 per 1000 live births in the 58,657 untested mixed low-risk/high-risk patients (278 cases). These differences were highly significant. A significant declining trend in the annual incidence of cerebral palsy was observed in the total population and the untested population, whereas the rate in the tested population remained relatively constant over the 5-year study interval. The differences in the cerebral palsy rate between the tested and untested population were not related to differences in gestational age, birth weight, or assigned timing or etiology category. In the tested population the relationship between the incidence of cerebral palsy and the last test fetal biophysical profile score was inverse, exponential, and highly significant. CONCLUSIONS: Antepartum assessment by fetal biophysical profile scoring is associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of cerebral palsy compared with untested patients. The relationship between the last test score and the incidence of cerebral palsy is inverse and exponential, suggesting that antenatal asphyxia is an important and potentially avoidable cause of cerebral palsy.

Birth Weight↗