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PubMed1981

Possible factors influencing the immunoglobulin M concentration in swine colostrum.

The immunoglobulin (Ig) M concentration in swine colostrum was determined by the single radial immunodiffusion method, using 157 samples collected from the same number of farm-raised sows in Yamaguchi Prefecture of Japan during 1976 and 1977. The mean IgM value was 4.16 +/- 1.11 mg/ml, and the maximum and minimum values were 7.74 mg/ml and 1.50 mg/ml, respectively. To elucidate the possible factors influencing the IgM concentration in swine colostrum, the following 12 items were surveyed in the present study: season, district, breed, age, udder section (mamma) from which colostral samples were collected, kind of feed, 4 vaccinations (swine erysipelas live-organism vaccine, hog cholera live-virus vaccine, Japanese encephalitis live-virus vaccine, and transmissible gastroenteritis live-virus vaccine), type of farming, and number of sows raised on a farm. Relationships between the IgM concentration in swine colostrum and each item were analyzed. Of the 12 items, 3 items--season, breed, and vaccination of swine erysipelas live-organism vaccine--were the most influential on the IgM concentration in colostra of farm-raised sows. Five items--district, age, kind of feed, vaccination with transmissible gastroenteritis live-virus vaccine, and number of sows raised on a farm--were moderately influential. The remaining items--udder section, vaccinations with hog cholera live-virus vaccine and Japanese encephalitis live-virus vaccine, and type of farming--were poorly influential. The multiple correlation coefficient obtained here was 0.5605 (P greater than 0.05).

Age Factors↗
PubMed1982

Head and neck manifestations of uncommon infectious diseases.

Certain uncommon systemic infections may be present with head and neck manifestations either initially or during the course of the disease. A high index of suspicion is required on the part of the otolaryngologist with the subsequent procedures leading to the appropriate diagnosis. The manifestations of infectious diseases such as erysipelas, histoplasmosis, rabies, tetanus, botulism, and cysticercosis must be understood by the head and neck specialist. For successful management, many of the infections require prompt identification and initiation of therapy. Airway maintenance, ventilatory support, and medical chemotherapy may be required.

Botulism↗
PubMed1994

Serum complement levels before and after the onset of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. A case report.

Low serum C3, properdin, and C5 levels found in the acute stage of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) indicate the presence of aggressive complement activation. We followed serum complement component levels in a child hospitalized with erysipelas who developed APSGN on the 2nd hospital day. Her initial serum sample, obtained prior to the clinical onset of nephritis, had a low properdin level and normal C3 and C5 levels despite the presence of C3 splitting activity. Two days later she developed gross hematuria and subsequent sera contained low C3, properdin, and C5 levels, as is usual in APSGN. These observations suggest that complement activation, predominantly through the alternative pathway, precedes the clinical onset of APSGN.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1979

[Cefaclor in dermatological therapy (author's transl)].

Thirty patients suffering from bacteriogenic skin diseases were given cefaclor, in most cases simultaneously with classical external dermatological therapy. The results of therapy were satisfactory in 29 of the 30 patients. Only in one relatively severe case of erysipelas did the disease continue to spread despite the daily doses of 3 x 500 mg of oral cefaclor prescribed by the dosage regimen. Side-effects observed consisted of diarrhoea in one patient, and a transient slight increase of SGOT or alkaline phosphatase in another six patients.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2000

[Postinfectious Lucio phenomenon in diffuse leprosy. Report of 2 cases].

In the clinical classification of leprosy the diffuse nonnodular form belongs to the lepromatous subtype. In these patients only a diffuse cutaneous infiltration without nodules or plaques is seen. Although the cutaneous features can be difficult to identify, the reactional state in these cases may lead to a serious necrotizing vasculitis, known as Lucio's phenomenon. We describe two cases of Lucio's phenomenon triggered by erysipelas. The diagnosis of leprosy was established only after the immunologic reaction had occurred. Both patients were treated with steroids and thalidomide. In the second case, the bacterial infection led to sepsis and death. In at-risk patients with a necrotizing vasculitis, leprosy should be considered in the differential diagnosis.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Human inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor and immunologically related inhibitors investigated by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. II. Pathological conditions.

Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (I alpha I) and the immunologically related prealbumin-like-migrating proteinase inhibitor (pA-PI) were investigated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis in sera from 68 persons with myocardial infarction, neoplastic diseases, inflammatory diseases, collagenosis, cirrhosis of the liver or uremia. The concentration of pA-PI in serum increased during each of these diseases (p less than 0.01). The concentration of I alpha I was significantly decreased in patients with cirrhosis (p less than 0.01). In day to day studies of a patient with myocardial infarction, a patient with erysipelas and a postoperative patient the concentration of I alpha I was low normal to decreased in the first days of the conditions and increased thereafter to high normal values. A comparison of the concentration of pA-PI with the excretion of the immunologically identical urinary proteinase inhibitor (UPI) showed that the excretion could not be caused by simple overflow of pA-PI in the kidney. The excretion of UPI followed closely the acute-phase-response, as measured by serum C-reactive protein.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Long-term antimicrobial therapy in the prevention of recurrent soft-tissue infections.

Thirty-six patients who had suffered two or more episodes of erysipelas or cellulitis during the previous year were randomly divided into two equal groups; one group received erythromycin base 250 mg b.i.d. for 18 months, while the other group received no prophylaxis for a similar period. No patients in the treated group developed infection during the 18 months' follow-up but eight of the control group (50%) relapsed and required antibiotic treatment. Prolonged antimicrobial prophylaxis is effective and safe in preventing recurrent episodes of soft-tissue infections.

Cellulitis↗
PubMed1985

Application of the indirect enzyme immunoassay for the detection of antibodies against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.

Sera from swine and rats experimentally infected with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and field sera from swine were investigated for antibodies against E. rhusiopathiae using the microtiter enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and, for comparison, the growth test (GT) and the agglutination test (AT). In principle there was a good correspondence between the results of EIA and those of the two other methods, but EIA and GT were more sensitive than AT. On the basis of the evaluation pattern of GT and AT on swine sera, EIA titers of 1/320 were considered as "chronic erysipelas titers". Compared with GT and AT, the EIA has some advantages: it is not influenced by contamination of the test sera, it takes only a few hours and using the microtiter system it is easy and economical to perform.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1989

Serological and pathogenic characterization of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolates from tonsils of slaughter pigs in Indonesia.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was isolated from tonsils of 245 (35.7%) of 687 apparently healthy slaughter pigs in Indonesia during the period of June 1987 to February 1988. A total of 150 of the 245 E. rhusiopathiae isolated could be serotyped within the 22 recognized serotypes. Serotype 2 was most prevalent with 23.7%, followed by Serotypes 11, 12, 1a, 5 and 6 representing 7.3, 5.3, 4.9, 4.9 and 4.1% of the isolates, respectively. The nine other serotypes (Serotypes 1b, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 13, 19 and 22) combined to make up 11.0% of the isolates. Antibiotic-resistant strains were not found. Of 86 selected isolates belonging to various serotypes, 76 (88.4%) were highly virulent for mice (LD50 less than 10(3.0) colony-forming units). In swine, 40 (51.2%) of 78 isolates induced local or generalized urticarial lesions after intradermal inoculation, and the remaining 38 isolates induced no clinical signs. Of 76 isolates used for challenge in the cross-protection study, 29 (38.2%) killed greater than 40% of mice immunized with an erysipelas bacterin marketed in Indonesia. A tendency to be refractory to the bacterin-induced immunity was observed in some isolates of various serotypes, but this characteristic was not consistent.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Arthroscopic treatment of septic arthritis in a patient with posterior stabilized total knee arthroplasty.

We report on a case of arthroscopic treatment of septic arthritis of the knee in a 73-year-old woman with a posterior stabilized knee endoprosthesis. Six months after arthroplasty of the right knee joint because of osteoarthritis, the patient experienced an erysipelas of the right lower leg after a cat bite. Although given intravenous antibiotic therapy, the patient developed septic arthritis of the right knee. Pasteurella multocida could be identified as the causative organism. The joint infection was classified as stage I according to Gächter. Via arthroscopic joint debridement, partial synovialectomy, the use of continuous irrigation-suction drains, and intravenous antibiotic therapy, the empyema could be cured without removal of the total endoprosthesis of the right knee.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bacterial infections: uncommon presentations.

The essence of dermatology is morphology. The most important instrument in the practice of dermatology has always been, and still is, the naked eye; however, "We see only what we are ready to see, what we have been taught to see" (Jean Martin Charcot). Although most practitioners will easily correctly diagnose common bacterial skin diseases (such as cellulitis, erysipelas, impetigo, etc), only a trained and updated dermatologist will recognize the unusual forms and rare variants of these diseases. Bacterial skin diseases are sometimes acute and life-threatening. The mortality rates from necrotizing fasciitis range from 20% to 40%, to name just one example. It is not unreasonable to expect that dermatologists, whether in clinical practice or in referral centers, will be the first physicians to be confronted with unusual variants of bacterial skin diseases that have been unrecognized by non-dermatologists. Some of these cases might even be life-threatening, and only prompt and early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment can make the difference between losing and saving a patient's life. In short, we dermatologists should hone our clinical diagnostic skills and expand our knowledge of the rare forms and unusual and atypical variants of skin diseases: the textbook variants will probably be recognized and treated by general practitioners.

Cellulitis↗
PubMed2004

Regulating effects of porcine interleukin-6 gene and CpG motifs on immune responses to porcine trivalent vaccines in mice.

In order to develop novel immunoadjuvants to boost immune response of conventional vaccines, experiments were conducted to investigate the regulating effects of porcine interleukin-6 gene and CpG motifs as the molecular adjuvants on immune responses of mice that were co-inoculated with trivalent vaccines against Swine fever, the Pasteurellosis and Erysipelas suis. Synthetic oligodeoxynuleotides containing CpG motifs were ligated into pUC18, forming recombinant pUC18-CpG plasmid. Eukaryotic plasmid expressing porcine interleukin-6 (VPIL-6) were also constructed as molecular adjuvants in an attempt to enhance levels of immune responses of mice co-administered with the trivalent vaccines in this paper. The cellular and humoral immune responses of mice were systematically analysed, and the experimental results were observed that the number of white blood cells, monocytes, granuloytes and lymphocytes significantly increased, respectively, in the mice immunized with VPIL-6, compared with those of the control; the IgG content and titre of specific antibodies to the trivalent vaccine mounted remarkably in the sera from the VPIL-6 vaccinated mice; the proliferation of lymphocytes and induced IL-2 activities were significantly increased in the vaccinated groups. The above-mentioned immune responses of mice co-inoculated with pUC18-CpG plasmid were significantly stronger than those of co-inoculated with pUC18 plasmid, suggesting that the immunostimulatory effect of oligodeoxynuleotides CpG is closely connected with the number of CpG motifs. These results suggest that the porcine IL-6 gene and CpG motifs could be employed as effective immunoadjuvants to elevate immunity to conventional vaccines.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2006

Characterisation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolates from pigs associated with vaccine breakdowns.

Swine erysipelas vaccines are routinely used to protect pigs against peracute and acute/urticarial forms of Erysipelothrix. Between 1995 and 1998, 34 swine herds across four Australian states experienced vaccine failure. Forty-four isolates of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae of serovars 2, 1a, 1b and 1bx21 were recovered from 15 of these 34 vaccine breakdown herds. These isolates were characterised by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses using RsaI and AluI on whole cell DNA and for the presence of plasmid DNA. Results were compared with those of 20 isolates from 16 herds unaffected by vaccine breakdown and 13 isolates representing 10 reference strains. The majority of breakdown herds possessed isolates of serovar 2 (9/15 herds), followed by serovar 1a (5 herds). No geographic predominance of a single serovar was evident. The identification of 10 RsaI profiles from whole cell DNA among the 44 isolates from 15 breakdown herds indicated that a single, new clonal lineage of E. rhusiopathiae was not responsible for vaccine failure. RsaI RFLP analyses detected a further 14 distinct profiles among 20 field strains unassociated with vaccine breakdowns, and none matched profiles of the 10 serovar reference strains for serovars 1a, 1b, 2 or 21. This technique is recommended for epidemiological studies of E. rhusiopathiae strains.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Induction of cross-protection in mice against dolphin Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolates with a swine commercial vaccine.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is well known to cause disease in dolphins. This disease occurs either in an peracute way, leading to mortality even before clinical signs are observed or in a sub-acute way, characterized by rhomboidal skin lesions, that can be treated with penicillin or its derivatives. Commercial swine vaccines, containing inactivated serotype 2 strains, are currently used for vaccination but it is not known whether these vaccines induce protection against E. rhusiopathiae isolates from dolphins. In the present study, it was demonstrated in a mouse model that vaccination with a commercial swine vaccine (Eurovac Ery, Eurovet, Belgium) containing inactivated serotype 2 E. rhusiopathiae strains induced protection against challenge with three E. rhusiopathiae isolates from dolphins. The duration of the protection varied, depending on the challenging isolate, between 8 and >23 weeks. There was however no positive correlation between the amount of antibodies at the moment of challenge and the observed protection. In conclusion, vaccination trials in mice indicate that commercial serotype 2 swine Erysipelothrix vaccines induce protection against erysipelas caused by dolphin pathogenic isolates.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Pathogenicity for mice and swine of Erysipelothrix isolates from the tonsils of healthy cattle.

The pathogenicity of 79 Erysipelothrix isolates from bovine tonsils for mice and swine was determined. Five (6.3%) isolates were lethal for mice. These isolates belonged to serovars 1b (one isolate), 2 (2), 19 (1) and 21 (1). The 50% lethal dose values of the isolates ranged from 0.33 to 5x10(2) CFUs in mice. Twenty Erysipelothrix isolates (25.3%) were weakly virulent inducing only emaciation while 12 (15.2%) inducing emaciation and ruffled hair. In swine, clinical signs of varying severity were observed. Four isolates were virulent, capable of inducing localized or generalized urticarial lesions accompanied with a rise in body temperature after intradermal inoculation. One isolate each of serovars 1b, 2 and 19 was highly virulent, capable of inducing generalized urticarial lesions while another Erysipelothrix isolate of serovar 2 induced only a localized urticarial lesion at the site of inoculation. Another isolate of serovar 1b induced itching and irritation without obvious urticarial lesion at the site of inoculation. On the other hand, one isolate of serovar 21 and two other isolates of serovar 2 could not induce experimentally any clinical sign of erysipelas other than rise in body temperature. There was a rise in growth agglutination (GA) titer of serum in all the inoculated swine. These observations suggest that Erysipelothrix isolates from cattle are pathogenic for mouse and swine, and may also be pathogenic for other animals and humans.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1988

Changes in the pattern of infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.

The distribution of T- and M-protein antigens was determined in 12,469 cultures of Streptococcus pyogenes sent to a reference laboratory. Of these 7232 (58%) were isolates from hospital patients, 249 (2%) from hospital staff and 4988 (40%) from the community. The survey extended from January 1980 to June 1987. During this time the numbers of isolates of M-types 6, 49 and 81 rose then fell, being replaced by types 1, 3 and 28. The proportion of isolates of M-types 4 and 12 remained constant. Few strains were received from cases of nephritis or rheumatic fever but there has been an increase in the number of strains from serious infections and deaths. Forty-four of the 55 (80%) strains received since 1985 from fatal infections have belonged to M-type 1. All other strains, bar two, received from fatal infections in those years belonged to M-type 3. Representatives of M-type 1 were also associated with erysipelas. Types 3 and 4 predominated among the isolates from scarlet fever, types 1, 4, 12 and 49 from nephritis, types 49 and 81 from skin infections in meat workers and type 28 in cases of puerperal sepsis. The M-typability rate was 97% but new M antigens await definition among strains causing pyoderma.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2001

Identification of the tetracycline resistance gene, tet(M), in Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.

This is the first report to demonstrate the presence of tet(M) in naturally occurring isolates of tetracycline-resistant Erysipelothrix rbusiopathiae, which causes swine erysipelas. The tet(M) gene was isolated from E. rhusiopathiae strain KY5-42. The nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequence were 99% identical to the tet(M) gene from Enterococcus faecalis. The gene was necessary and sufficient for the expression of tetracycline resistance in Escherichia coli. The presence of the tet(M) gene in the 114 tetracycline-resistant E. rhusiopathiae isolates from diseased pigs was detected by the polymerase chain reaction assay. The specific amplified DNA fragment was obtained from all 114 tetracycline-resistant strains. It was suggested that the tet(M) gene was widely present in the field isolates of E. rhusiopathiae resistant to tetracycline.

Amino Acid Sequence↗