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PubMed2005

Impact of interleukin-12, oxidative burst, and iNOS on the survival of murine fecal peritonitis.

Abdominal sepsis due to secondary fecal peritonitis following anastomosis insufficiency is a rare but life threatening complication of colorectal surgery. The induction of IFN-gamma by IL-12 is believed to play a key role in sepsis as it promotes antibacterial effector mechanisms such as oxidative burst or nitric oxide induction. The impact of gene deficiency for IL-12 (IL-12p40 KO), oxidative burst (p47(phox) KO), or NO induction (iNOS KO) on the outcome of fecal peritonitis was characterized using the murine Colon Ascendens Stent Peritonitis model (CASP). In the IL-12p40 KO model, 3 and 12 h after surgery, serum cytokine levels of IL-1beta, TNF, IL-18, and IL-10 were analyzed. Expression of IL-1beta, IL-10, IP-10, and MIP-1alpha was measured in lung and liver by RNAse Protection Assay. IL-12p40 and iNOS-deficient mice exhibited a significantly higher susceptibility to CASP as compared to the controls, whereas no significant difference was observed in p47(phox) KO mice. Absence of IL-12 resulted in delayed expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in both the liver and the lung, and was associated with significant reduction of IL-1beta levels in the serum 12 h after CASP. IL-12 and iNOS possess protective functions in fecal murine peritonitis. Surprisingly, no significant contribution of oxidative burst to the immune response was observed. Overall, these findings suggest that IL-12 deficiency causes a profound delay of the immune response after polymicrobial challenge resulting in significantly increased susceptibility in the CASP model.

Animals↗

PubMed2007

Impact of the direct application of therapeutic agents to the terminal recta of experimentally colonized calves on Escherichia coli O157:H7 shedding.

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an important intestinal pathogen of humans with a main reservoir of domesticated ruminants, particularly cattle. It is anticipated that the risk of human infection can be reduced by controlling the organism within its reservoir hosts. Several options for the control of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle have been proposed, but none have been demonstrated to be successful in the field. Here we describe a novel experimental method, based on the terminal-rectum-restricted colonization described previously, to eliminate fecal carriage of E. coli O157:H7. In experimentally challenged calves, direct application to the rectal mucosa of either of two therapeutic agents, polymyxin B or chlorhexidine, greatly reduced bacterial shedding levels in the immediate posttreatment period. The most efficacious therapeutic agent, chlorhexidine, was compared in orally and rectally challenged calves. The treatment eliminated high-level shedding and reduced low-level shedding by killing bacteria at the terminal rectum. A rapid-detection system based on the ability to identify E. coli O157:H7 from swabs of the rectal mucosa was also assessed. This test was sufficiently sensitive to identify high-level bacterial carriage. Thus, a combination of the detection method and treatment regimens could be used in the field to eliminate high-level fecal excretion of E. coli O157:H7, so greatly reducing its prevalence within this host and the risk of human infection.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Impact of supplement with Lactobacillus- and Bifidobacterium-containing yogurt on triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication.

AIM: To test whether supplements of Lactobacillus- and Bifidobacterium-containing yogurt (AB-Yogurt) affect the success of Helicobacter pylori eradication. METHODS: One hundred and sixty H. pylori-infected patients were randomized into a triple-plus-yogurt group or a triple-only group, receiving 1 week of triple therapy with and without supplements of AB-Yogurt, respectively. In the triple-plus-yogurt group, AB-Yogurt was continued for 4 weeks after triple therapy. Eight weeks later, patients were assessed for the success of H. pylori eradication. The stool samples of 22 randomly selected patients, 11 from each group, were provided on enrolment, at the first week and at the fifth week for evaluation of the percentage of Bifidobacterium in anaerobes. RESULTS: By intention-to-treat analysis, the triple-plus-yogurt group had a higher H. pylori eradication rate than the triple-only group (91% vs. 78%, P < 0.05). The per protocol H. pylori eradication rates were similar for both groups (93.5% vs. 89%, P = N.S.). Only patients supplemented with AB-Yogurt showed restoration of the percentage of Bifidobacterium in the anaerobes of stools at the fifth week to the level in the stools on enrolment. CONCLUSIONS: Supplement with AB-Yogurt can improve the intention-to-treat eradication rates of H. pylori, and can restore the depletion of Bifidobacterium in stools after triple therapy.

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles↗

PubMed1993

Environmental assessment of avermectins by the US Food and Drug Administration.

The Center of Veterinary Medicine (CVM) of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is required under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) to include in its decision making, an objective consideration of the potential environmental impacts associated with each contemplated action. As part of the application process for new animal drugs, detailed data must be submitted in order to develop a prediction of the environmental fate and effects of the drug and/or its active metabolites. Ivermectin (22,23-dihydroavermectin B1) is a highly active antiparasitic animal drug utilized in a variety of injectable, oral and topical formulations. Residues of this drug may reach the environment through manufacturing and animal wastes and may potentially have effects on terrestrial and aquatic organisms. A comprehensive data base has been submitted to the FDA in support of the environmental assessments for ivermectin drug products. Detailed information has been submitted on the physical and chemical properties, introduction, fate and effects of the ivermectins in the environment. These data indicate that ivermectin binds tightly to soil and is subject to photodegradation and biotransformation to less active compounds. In contrast, ivermectin is highly toxic to certain aquatic organisms but would not be expected to partition into the aquatic environment. Much lower toxicity has been demonstrated toward bacteria, fungi, earthworms, plants and birds. CVM evaluated ivermectin products based on the use pattern of the product, the metabolism pattern in target animals, calculations of potential ivermectin residue concentrations in the environment and data on persistence, soil sorption and acute toxicity in aquatic and terrestrial environments.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Impact of drug dosage and brand on bioavailability and efficacy of praziquantel.

The efficacy of two brands (brand 1 = Biltricide; Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany; brand 2 = Distocide; EPICO pharmaceuticals, Cairo, Egypt) of praziquantel (PZQ) in full and half doses (40 and 20 mg kg-1) monitored as percentage egg reduction and cure rate was investigated in S. mansoni infected school-children. A total of 506 school-children (8-16 years of age) were classified into three groups according to their intensity of infection, heavy [> 500 eggs per grams (epg)], moderate (100-500 epg) and light (< 100 epg), after examination three stool samples (three slides per sample) on three consecutive days. Percentage egg reduction and cure rate were monitored 4 and 10 weeks post-treatment for each dose regimen in the different test groups. Before testing the efficacy of either bran in patients, the pharmacokinetic parameters of the two brands were studied in non-infected normal volunteers. Statistical analysis of the pharmacokinetic parameters of brand 1 vs brand 2 (in a dose of 20 or 40 mg kg-1) revealed no significant difference in elimination (ke), absorption rate constant (ka), elimination half life (t1/2e), area under the time-concentration curve (Auc), serum maximum concentration (Cpmax) and time to maximum concentration (Tmax). As regards the efficacy of test drugs, statistical analysis revealed that up to 10 weeks post-treatment the two brands of PZQ in full dose were equally effective in reducing egg count as their half doses except in heavily infected cases treated with brand 2 of PZQ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

How important is milk for near-weaned red kangaroos ( Macropus rufus) fed different forages?

Red kangaroos (Macropus rufus) are large (>20 kg) herbivorous marsupials common to the arid and semi-arid regions of inland Australia, where drought is frequent. Young-at-foot (YAF) red kangaroos are the age/size class usually most affected by drought. Kangaroos at this YAF stage are making the transition from a milk-based diet to one of herbivory and an inability to adequately digest high-fibre feeds may contribute to their high mortalities during drought. We examined the role of milk in the nutrition of YAF red kangaroos fed forages of different fibre content and evaluated it as an extra energy and/or nitrogen source. Milk intake had little impact on the digestion of herbage by YAF red kangaroos fed low-fibre chopped lucerne (alfalfa) hay. Organic matter (OM) intake was 210+/-20 g day(-1) and 228+/-22 g day(-1), respectively, by YAF fed lucerne and lucerne with milk. Apparent digestibility of lucerne OM was ca. 55%, regardless of milk intake. Fed lucerne, with and without milk, YAF sustained growth rates of ca. 45 g day(-1). Conversely, even with a milk supplement, YAF red kangaroos ingested only 90+/-11 g day(-1) of high-fibre chopped oaten hay, of which they digested only ca. 36%. Despite milk intake, YAF fed chopped oaten hay lost between 0 and 75 g body mass day(-1) and were in negative nitrogen balance (-0.40+/-0.11 g N day(-1)). On all diets nitrogen loss was primarily as endogenous nitrogen (urinary and faecal) rather than as dietary nitrogen. Endogenous nitrogen losses were elevated in YAF fed chopped oaten hay, primarily as non-dietary faecal nitrogen. Overall, when high-quality feed was available, YAF were not markedly dependent on milk. However, YAF fed poor-quality chopped oaten hay would require up to 540 ml day(-1) of late-stage kangaroo milk to attain intakes of energy and nitrogen, and hence growth rates, comparable with those YAF fed lucerne.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Impact of mixed strongyle infections in foals after one month on pasture.

Twelve Standardbred foals (age 3-6 months), with little previous exposure to parasites, were allocated to 2 groups and put onto pasture with low (Group L) or high (Group H) levels of larval contamination of large strongyles and cyathostomes. After 4 weeks grazing in September, the foals were housed indoors until necropsy 15 weeks later. Foals in Group H became clinically more affected than those of Group L in that they showed loss of vigour, weight gain depression, intermittent soft faeces and inappetence. One foal of Group H had persistent diarrhoea and was subjected to euthanasia 12 weeks after housing. Signs of colic were not observed. Faecal egg counts were significantly higher in Group H than in Group L (P<0.05). At necropsy, the mean number of S. vulgaris and cyathostomes was 20 and 18,000, respectively, in Group L, and 167 and 25,000 in Group H. Routine blood chemistry did not specifically reveal presence of S.vulgaris in pre-patency. A transient neutrophilia and eosinophilia, most prominent in Group H, was seen 2-8 weeks after start of exposure and anaemia was observed later in Group H. Serum albumin and albumin/globulin ratio were reduced, particularly in Group H, and a marked hyperbetaglobulinaemia was observed at 16-20 weeks in Group H. In conclusion, heavy infections with strongyles including S. vulgaris may become established in weaned foals after a brief period on pasture. Infections may be expressed clinically as debilitation, inappetence and intermittent diarrhoea without colic, and the need for control is imperative.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1988

Impact of cefixime on the normal intestinal microflora.

The ecological effects on the normal intestinal microflora after cefixime tablets in doses of 200 mg twice daily for 7 days were studied in 10 healthy volunteers. Stool specimens were collected before and 2, 4, 7, 14 and 21 days after start of treatment. Plasma samples were collected during 12 h after the first dose on day 1 and 1 sample was taken on day 7 for bioassay of cefixime concentration. Peak plasma concentration of cefixime occurred after about 4 h with a mean of 3.0 mg/l. The mean AUC0----oc after a single dose was estimated at 21.9 mg x h/l and the mean elimination half-life was 3.9 h. The mean plasma concentration of cefixime 3 h after the morning dose on day 7 was 2.0 mg/l. The concentrations of cefixime in faeces increased during treatment. One subject had detectable concentrations in faeces on day 2, three subjects on day 4 and 8 subjects on day 7 in the order of 237-912 mg/kg faeces. There was a marked decrease in the numbers of streptococci and Escherichia coli and an increase in the numbers of enterococci during the administration of cefixime. In the anaerobic microflora, the numbers of cocci, clostridia and bacteroides were suppressed while there were minor changes in the numbers of bifidobacteria. Clostridium difficile was isolated in 5 subjects on day 7 but cytotoxin was only detected in one subject. The intestinal microflora was normalized within 2 weeks after treatment had stopped. Slightly soft stools were reported by 7 subjects. One subject had abdominal pain and diarrhoea 1 week after treatment followed by anal irritation and itching.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1983

The impact of schistosomiasis among rural populations in Liberia.

Human infection with Schistosoma haematobium and/or Schistosoma mansoni is known to be widespread in central Liberia, but no information is available about its clinical manifestations or its significance for public health. Details of a cross-sectional morbidity study are reported. A sample from hospital out-patients and samples from 3 villages situated in areas with different transmission patterns (lack of transmission, transmission of only S. haematobium and transmission of both S. haematobium and S. mansoni) were examined. All 184 individuals were examined by standardized case history, clinical and parasitological investigations, including a skin snip for onchocerciasis and a count of schistosomal and other intestinal worm eggs from stool and urine. A complete blood count, urine analysis, urine cultures, hepatitis-B surface antigen determination and abdominal X-rays were also carried out. Schistosomal egg counts ranged from 1 to 6200/10 ml urine for S. haematobium and from 1 to 228/g stool for S. mansoni. Difficulties for the definition of accurate morbidity indices are discussed. Except for haematuria and dysuria, the overall morbidity in the study area was not striking, neither for S. haematobium nor for S. mansoni infection. No cumulative pathology was observed in patients with mixed infection. The frequency of hypertension, hepato- and splenomegaly, ascites and bacteriuria was low and no relationship to schistosomiasis could be established. Bladder calcifications were found in 10% of people living in an area of transmission of S. haematobium. Although the intensity of infection is low for both S. haematobium and S. mansoni, long-term follow-up studies are essential for a more accurate assessment of the public health importance of these parasites.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Declining CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts are associated with increased risk of enteric parasitosis and chronic diarrhea: results of a 3-year longitudinal study.

From January 1991 through September 1994, we observed people who were infected with HIV to assess the impact of enteric parasite-associated diarrhea. Respondents answered comprehensive questionnaires covering clinical and epidemiologic information and provided stool specimens monthly, which were examined unstained as well as stained with trichrome, chromotrope 2R, and with Kinyoun carbol-fuchsin, and with indirect immunofluorescence for Cryptosporidium. In all, 602 participants, who were interviewed, provided stool specimens at 3254 monthly visits. Parasites were associated with 50 of 354 (14.1%) acute diarrheal episodes (lasting < or = 28 days) and with 97 of 279 (34.8%) chronic episodes (lasting > 28 days). A parasite was associated with 31 of 222 (14.0%) episodes that occurred when CD4+ counts were > or = 200 cells/microl and with 150 of 566 (26.5%) episodes that occurred when CD4+ counts were < 200 cells/microl. The most commonly identified parasite was C. parvum, which was associated with 18 of 354 (5.1%) acute episodes and 36 (12.9%) of the 279 chronic episodes of diarrhea. In this patient population, enteric protozoan parasites were commonly associated with illness, particularly as immunosuppression worsened, and were more likely to be associated with chronic rather than acute diarrhea.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed2005

Screening for Giardia/Cryptosporidium infections using an enzyme immunoassay in a centralized regional microbiology laboratory.

CONTEXT: Stool parasitologic testing for Giardia and Cryptosporidium (G/C) previously relied on staining (ie, modified iron hematoxylin-kinyoun), ethyl acetate concentration procedures, and microscopy (the stool ova and parasite method). In April 1999, a microplate enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (ProSpecT G/C, Remel, Inc, Lenexa, Kan) for routine screening of all stool specimens was implemented. OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical and laboratory impact of this service change. DESIGN: Changes were made to the regional microbiology requisition so that physicians could order either a G/ C EIA screen or stool ova and parasite examination. During a 3-year period (May 1999 through April 2002), changes in physician ordering practice, the rate of detection of G/ C infections, and test turnaround times were monitored. The economic outcomes have also been studied and compared annually since implementation and up to the current fiscal year (2004). RESULTS: The following effects have been noted since G/ C EIA screening was implemented: (1) 70% of all stool parasite tests ordered were converted to G/C EIA screens versus stool ova and parasite tests, (2) stool parasitologic volumes decreased by up to 30% because of physicians ordering a single test per patient, (3) most stool parasite results (70%-80%) were reported within 24 hours of specimen receipt, and (4) the screening assay has improved detection of cryptosporidiosis cases. Although the G/C EIA tests cost more than stool ova and parasite examination, the equivalent of 1.8 full-time employees have been freed up to perform other duties. CONCLUSIONS: Routine stool G/C EIA screening in our region is not only clinically relevant but also improves the timeliness and efficiency of detection of these important enteric parasite infections.

Alberta↗

PubMed2006

The impact of daily Duddingtonia flagrans application to lactating ewes on gastrointestinal nematodes infections in their lambs in the Netherlands.

Two experiments were performed in 2002 and 2003 to evaluate the effect of biological control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep through the daily feeding of 500,000 chlamydospores of Duddingtonia flagrans/kg bodyweight to lactating ewes during the first 9 weeks with their young lambs on pasture. In both experiments four groups of eight ewes and their April-borne lambs were used. They were turned out on four separate plots (plots A) at the beginning of May, moved to similar separate plots after 3 (plots B) and 6 weeks (plots C), respectively, and weaning occurred after 9 weeks. In both experiments, two groups were fed spores daily while the two other groups served as controls. The effect of D. flagrans application was evaluated through faecal egg counts of ewes and lambs, the yield of faecal cultures in ewes, pasture larval counts and worm counts of lambs and tracer lambs. The results demonstrated no effect of D. flagrans application during the first 5 (2002) or 4 (2003) weeks. Subsequently, fungus application strongly reduced the yield in faecal cultures of the ewes. This was, however, not reflected in the pasture larval counts, but lower worm burdens were observed in tracer lambs of 'treated' plots C in 2002 than on those of 'control' plots. In 2003 worm burdens in 'treated' lambs returned to plots B were lower than those of 'control' lambs and a tendency for the same was observed for plots C. However, in all groups, lambs and tracer lambs developed severe haemonchosis.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Impact on human intestinal microflora of an Enterococcus faecium probiotic and vancomycin.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the impact of a fermented milk product containing viable Enterococcus faecium on human intestinal microflora and to evaluate any risk of development of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Twenty Danish and 20 Swedish healthy volunteers were given 150 ml of the fermented milk product once daily, equivalent to a daily dose of 4.5 x 10(9) to 7.5 x 10(9) CFU E. faecium, for 10 d. Half of the volunteers also received 125 mg vancomycin orally q.i.d. for 10 d. Faecal samples were collected on day 0 before intake, on day 10 directly after end of intake and on day 31, 3 weeks after the end of the experiment. There was a significant increase in the total number of enterococci on day 10 (p < 0.01) in the group receiving only the E. faecium supplement, but 3 weeks later the level was as before intake. In the vancomycin group, the total number of enterococci was reduced on day 10 (p < 0.01) but had increased on day 31 (p < 0.01) in relation to day 0. In none of the Swedish and 4 of the Danish volunteers, VRE were sporadically detected, but without relation to intake of the probiotic or vancomycin. In healthy young Danish individuals the VRE carrier rate tended to be higher than previously found.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Sociosexual behavior, male mating tactics, and the reproductive cycle of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis.

Female distribution exerts a major impact on male mating tactics. Giraffe cows have a reproductive cycle, and a social system, that should favor a male roaming reproductive tactic. We conducted a 2-year study of female Rothschild's giraffe (G. c. rothschildi) reproductive endocrinology in order to characterize attributes of the reproductive cycle and investigate how female endocrine and behavioral cues influence mating activity. We used non-invasive fecal steroid methods to determine reproductive state among females residing in a herd in a large outdoor enclosure. We found that females had an estrous cycle of 14.7 days and that they regularly had multiple ovarian cycles prior to conception. Adult males were more likely to associate with, and sexually investigate, females when they were cycling than when they were either pregnant or acyclic. During the estrous cycle, male-female proximity and sociosexual behavior were more pronounced during the probable fertile phase than the rest of the cycle. Sexual activity between giraffe coincided with the periovulatory period, with male interest in females peaking during the fertile window in the absence of proceptive behavior by females. We conclude that males detect reliable cues revealing female reproductive status and partition their reproductive effort in response to such cues. We propose that male giraffe adopt a roaming reproductive strategy with their large size, enabling them to search for and mate guard fertile females while minimizing metabolic costs.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Colostrum protein concentrate enhances intestinal adaptation after massive small bowel resection in juvenile pigs.

OBJECTIVES: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) usually results from the surgical removal of a large segment of small intestine. Patient outcome depends on the extent of intestinal resection and adaptation of the remaining intestine. We evaluated the impact of colostrum protein concentrate (CPC) on intestinal adaptation after massive small bowel resection in a porcine model of infant SBS. METHODS: Four-week-old piglets underwent an approximate 75% small bowel resection (R, n = 23) or a control transection operation (C, n = 14). Postoperatively, animals from both groups received either pig chow (R = 6, C = 5), polymeric infant formula (R = 6, C = 3) or polymeric infant formula supplemented with CPC (R = 11, C = 6) for 8 weeks until sacrifice. Clinical outcome measures included weight gain and stool consistency. Morphologic measures were intestinal villus height and crypt depth. Functional outcome measure was mucosal disaccharidase activity. RESULTS: Resected animals fed polymeric infant formula alone had reduced weight gain compared with controls fed the same diet (P < 0.005). Despite massive small bowel resection, animals fed pig chow or polymeric infant formula supplemented with CPC grew at an equivalent rate to controls fed polymeric infant formula alone. Resected animals supplemented with CPC had increased villus length and crypt depth in the jejunum (P < 0.001) and ileum (P < 0.001) compared with resected animals fed either pig chow or polymeric infant formula alone. CONCLUSION: In an animal model of SBS, CPC supplementation of polymeric infant formula resulted in normal weight gain and features of enhanced morphologic adaptation.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1988

Impact of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone on the bowel and vaginal flora after single-dose prophylaxis in vaginal hysterectomy.

The aim of this randomised controlled study was to investigate the effect of a preoperative, single dose, intravenous injection of ceftriaxone 2g and cefotaxime 2g in 2 groups of 30 patients who underwent vaginal hysterectomy. The parameters were: efficacy and tolerance; impact on the aerobic bowel and vaginal flora; and serum concentrations. There were no significant differences in efficacy, haematology or clinical chemistry parameters. In the ceftriaxone group 2 patients had exanthemas, 2 had diarrhoea. In the cefotaxime group no such side effects occurred. Serum concentrations were 9.75 and 0.07 mg/L for ceftriaxone and cefotaxime, respectively, after 24 and 12 hours, respectively. Ceftriaxone had a pronounced and continuous effect on the bowel flora: Streptococcus faecium and Candida spp. increased, reaching counts of 10(8) and 10(7) organisms/g faeces, respectively, at day 10. Under cefotaxime no dramatic alteration was determined and growth of Candida spp. was not influenced. Growth of Escherichia coli and other bacteria of the vaginal flora was not influenced by either drug. Overgrowth of Candida spp. under ceftriaxone was significant (p less than 0.05) compared with that under cefotaxime. The results of this study indicate that the high biliary excretion of ceftriaxone (45%) and its long acting properties are responsible for the high selection pressure and overgrowth of Candida. Cefotaxime, a drug with low biliary excretion (5%) and shorter action, had only a negligible effect on the microflora with quick normalisation. The observed overgrowth of Candida spp., even after a single injection of ceftriaxone, could cause problems when this drug is being used for surgical prophylaxis or treatment. This applies especially to immunocompromised patients.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria in surgically treated chronic inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In order to assess the potential impact of bacterial eradication on recurrence rates, the prevalence of various enteropathogenic bacteria and toxins in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (CIBD) was prospectively examined. METHODOLOGY: Stool, sera and gut tissue samples from a total of 59 patients (33 males, 26 females; mean age: 42 years +/- 14; 21 Crohn's disease, 14 ulcerative colitis, 24 controls) were examined for the presence of enteropathogenic bacteria by culture, immunoblotting and PCR. RESULTS: Conventional cultures failed to detect obligate pathogenic bacteria. By PCR, mycobacteria were found in 85% of all groups, with mycobacterium paratuberculosis not detected. Yersinia species were observed in 63% of patients with Crohn's disease, in 46% of patients with ulcerative colitis, and in 36% of the control patients. Pathogenic E. coli were identified in stool samples of three patients with ulcerative colitis (21%) by amplifying the EAE-gene, one of whom exhibited shiga-like-toxin as well. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that mycobacteria do not play a causative role in CIBD. Yersinia species seem to persist in intestinal tissue in CIBD patients without adequate immune response and might, thus, contribute to tissue destruction. E. coli infections contribute to the disease process in a small group of patients with ulcerative colitis and their eradication might eliminate the need for immediate surgical intervention.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Impact of antimicrobial usage on antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli strains colonizing broiler chickens.

Escherichia coli strains isolated from commercial broilers and an experimental flock of chickens were screened to determine phenotypic expression of antimicrobial resistance and carriage of drug resistance determinants. The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of oxytetracycline, sarafloxacin, and enrofloxacin administration on the distribution of resistance determinants and strain types among intestinal commensal E. coli strains isolated from broiler chickens. We detected a high prevalence of resistance to drugs such as tetracycline (36 to 97%), sulfonamides (50 to 100%), and streptomycin (53 to 100%) in E. coli isolates from treated and untreated flocks. These isolates also had a high prevalence of class 1 integron carriage, and most of them possessed the streptomycin resistance cassette, aadA1. In order to investigate the contribution of E. coli strain distribution to the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and the resistance determinants, isolates from each flock were DNA fingerprinted by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (ERIC) PCR. Although very diverse E. coli strain types were detected, four ERIC strain types were present on all of the commercial broiler farms, and two of the strains were also found in the experimental flocks. Each E. coli strain consisted of both susceptible and antimicrobial agent-resistant isolates. In some instances, isolates of the same E. coli strain expressed the same drug resistance patterns although they harbored different tet determinants or streptomycin resistance genes. Therefore, drug resistance patterns could not be explained solely by strain prevalence, indicating that mobile elements contributed significantly to the prevalence of resistance.

Animals↗