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PubMed1998

Role of naturally occurring autoantibodies in senescence of normal and ATP depleted goat erythrocytes.

The possible role of autoantibodies in the senescence of goat erythrocytes has been investigated. For this purpose goat gammaglobulin was purified to homogeneity and antigoat gammaglobulin was raised in rabbits. Using the peroxidase labelled antigoat gammaglobulin it was possible to detect the presence of auto anti band-3 antibodies in goat sera. The goat erythrocytes were aged in vitro by ATP-depletion, which resulted in appearance of a 52,000 mol. wt. polypeptide. The in vitro aged goat erythrocyte membrane bound substantial amounts of auto anti band-3 antibodies as visualized by immunoblots.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1977

[Nickel--an essential trace element. 1. Influence of the supply of nickel on live weight gains, food consumption and body composition of growing pigs and goats].

Pigs and goats were used in long-term trials to investigate in which way supplements of 100 mug Ni per kg of a semisynthetic diet (control rations: 10 mg Ni per kg of the diet) would influence the rate of weight gains and food consumption and the body composition of the animals. A significant decline in the rate of weight increase was noted in the Ni-deficient animals. Ni-supplements added to the diet (10 mg/kg) increased the weight gains by 21% (goats) and 13% (pigs). In the present trial goats showed a more sensitive response to Ni-deficiency than pigs. Ni-deficiency did not affect the food consumption of neither the growing goats nor the growing pits. It was only during their lactation period that the Ni-deficient goats showed a statistically well-established decrease in food consumption. The level of Ni supply did not affect the crude protein, crude fat and crude ash content of the pigs.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1993

Study on the energy and protein requirements in goats.

The present study focussed on the energy and protein metabolism in pregnant and lactating goats, including young female goats up to 8 months of age, in order to determine feed availability, as also the energy and protein requirements. It was found that the diets consisting of alfalfa hay, oats hay, maize, wheat bran and mixed feeds (fed to suckling females) had different availabilities in terms of energy and protein, according to animal physiological condition and age. Thus, in pregnant goats, 21% of the metabolizable energy (ME) was used as net energy for pregnancy (foetus plus foetal membranes); the amount of energy required for maintenance was 0.400 MJ/kg 0.75. The availability of digestible protein in the intestines (PDI) for pregnancy was 41.2 +/- 3.1%, while the amount of protein required for maintenance was 2.32 g PDI/kg 0.75. In lactating goats 60.7% of the ME of the diets is used as milk net energy, and 58.9 of the PDI as milk protein. Young female goats had a daily net gain ranging between 173 g and 60 g; the amount of protein in the gain varied between 23 g (month 2) and 12 g (month 8); and that of fat, between 8 g (month 1) and 24 g (month 6). The energy and protein requirements for maintenance were found to be 0.450 MJ ME/kg 0.75 and 2.43 g PDI/kg 0.75, respectively. The net efficiency of ME for growth was of 46.2 +/- 3% and of PDI for protein retention, of 50.1 +/- 2%.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2001

Genetic variation within and among three Indian breeds of goat using heterologous microsatellite markers.

The parameters of genetic variation, genetic distances and time of divergence in three Indian goat breeds were studied using 16 cattle microsatellite markers. The mean number of alleles and mean allele size (bp) per microsatellite marker in goats were 5.37 +/- 0.78 and 143.9 +/- 33.75 bp respectively. The average values of heterozygosity and polymorphism information content were 0.54 +/- 0.2 and 0.48 +/- 0.20, respectively. Five of the eight genetic distance methods were highly correlated, revealing a closer relationship between Jamnapari and Barbari goats. A phylogenetic tree constructed from inter-individual distances revealed that the individuals clustered according to the breed to which they belonged, and the Jamnapari and Barbari goats formed a cluster. The divergence times between Sirohi and Jamnapari, and Sirohi and Barbari were approximately 2000 years, while its value between Barbari and Jamnapari goats was approximately 1370 years.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Hemoglobin switching in sheep and goats. VI. Commitment of erythroid colony-forming cells to the synthesis of betaC globin.

Bone marrow from mature goats and sheep was cultured in plasma clots, and three erythropoietin (ESF)-dependent responses-growth (colony formation), differentiation (globin production), and initiation of hemoglobin C (alpha2beta2C) synthesis--were quantitated. ESF concentrations below 0.01 U/ml supported colony growth and adult hemoglobin production in cultures of goat marrow, while maximal hemoglobin C synthesis (70%), as measured between 72 and 96 h in culture, required a 100-fold higher ESF concentration. Sheep marrow was cultured in a medium enriched to enhance growth and to permit complete maturation of colonies. These colonies active in hemoglobin synthesis between 24 and 96 h produced mainly adult hemoglobin, and only between 96 and 120 h did sheep colonies develop which produced mainly hemoglobin C (up to 70%). A similar heterogeneity may exist among goat colonies. Thus, when goat bone marrow was fractionated by unit gravity sedimentation, more hemoglobin C synthesis was observed in colonies derived from cells of intermediate sedimentation velocity than in colonies derived from the most rapidly sedimenting cells. Brief exposure of sheep (in vivo) and goat (in vitro) bone marrow to a high ESF concentration committed precursor cells to the generation of colonies which, even at low ESF concentration, produced hemoglobin C. Committment to hemoglobin phenotype appears to be an early and probably irreversible event in the development of an erythroid cell.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Production of cloned goats from enucleated oocytes injected with cumulus cell nuclei or fused with cumulus cells.

This study was designed to produce cloned goats from cumulus cells. Cloning donor nuclei were from cumulus cells either freshly isolated or cultured in vitro. Enucleated oocytes were either injected with cumulus cell nuclei without piezo-driven manipulator (injection method) or fused with cumulus cells (fusion method). The survival rate of cloned embryos, obtained by injection, was higher than that derived from fusion (62.7 and 45.9%, respectively). Two cloned goats were derived by fusion with in vitro cultured cumulus cells without starvation, but died shortly after natural birth, from respiratory difficulties. Their birth weights (2.23 kg and 2.03 kg) were within the normal range (2.0-2.7 kg) and postmortem analysis revealed no morphological abnormalities. The third cloned goat, derived by injection of nuclei from freshly isolated cumulus cells, weighed 3.3 kg at birth, and was 37% overweight compared with the average weight of the same species. This goat is healthy and well as this paper is being prepared. Nested PCR-RFLP analysis confirmed that all the cloned goats were derived from the donor cells.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Tissue-engineered bone repair of goat-femur defects with osteogenically induced bone marrow stromal cells.

Tissue engineering can generate bone tissue and has been shown to provide a better means of repairing weight-bearing bone defect. Previous studies, however, have heretofore been limited to the use of nonosteogenically induced bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) or the application of slow-degradation scaffolds. In this study, weight-bearing bone was engineered using osteogenically induced BMSCs. In addition, coral was used as a scaffold material, due to its proper degradation rate for the engineering and repair of a goat femur defect. A 25 mm long defect was created at the middle of the right femur in each of 10 goats. The rates of defect repair were compared in an experimental group of ten goats receiving implants containing osteogenically induced BMSCs and in the control group of goats (n = 10) receiving just coral cylinders. In the experimental group, bony union was observed by radiographic and gross view at 4 months, and engineered bone was further remodeled into newly formed cortexed bone at 8 months. There was increased gray density of radiographic rays in the repaired area, which was significantly different (p < 0.05) from that of the control group. H&E staining demonstrated that trabecular bone was formed at 4 months. Moreover, irregular osteon was observed at 8 months. Most importantly, the tissue-engineered bone segment revealed a similarity to the left-side normal femur in terms of bend load strength and bend rigidity, showing no significant difference (p > 0.05). In contrast, the coral cylinders of the control group showed no bone formation. Furthermore, almost complete resorption of the carrier had occurred, being evident at 2 months in the control group. H&E staining demonstrated that a small amount of residual coral particle was surrounded by fibrous tissue at 4 months whereas the residues disappeared at 8 months. Based on these results, we conclude that engineered bone from osteogenically induced BMSCs and coral can ideally heal critical-sized segmental bone defects in the weight-bearing area of goats.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

SNP identification and analysis in part of intron 2 of goat MSTN gene and variation within and among species.

Part of intron 2 of the myostatin (MSTN) gene of 140 goats from 24 populations and 38 sheep from 8 breeds were sequenced, and similar sequences of different species from Gene bank were also obtained to study MSTN diversity within and among species. The results indicated that there were seven polymorphic sites in the sequenced region of goat, which have not been separated by recombination (or recurrent mutation), presented complete linkage disequilibrium, and could be sorted into three haplotypes. There was no polymorphic site in the sequenced region of sheep. The haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity, and average number of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) differences of goats from the South group are higher than those of North group, and the corresponding value of the Foreign group is also higher than that of Chinese. The genetic differentiation (0.7558) between the Foreign and Chinese group is significant. There are two main haplotypes of the MSTN intron 2 in the goat, which may represent two ancestral types, in support of the theory that domestic goats in the world mainly originated from two ancestors based on morphology, history, archaeology, and molecular markers. The sequence differences of the MSTN intron 2 among species are greater than those within species.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Selenium content and distribution of human, cow and goat milk.

Studies were undertaken to compare the content and distribution of selenium in human, cow and goat milk. Selenium content of cow milk was found to be lower than that of either human or goat milk. Regardless of source, less than 3% of total milk selenium was associated with the lipid fraction. Selenium within the 120,000 X g supernatant accounted for 72, 62 and 30% of the total in cow, human and goat milk, respectively. Glutathione peroxidase occurred in all milk samples with goat greater than human greater than cow. Percent of total peroxidase activity associated with glutathione peroxidase was 29, 27 and 65 for human, cow and goat milk, respectively. Approximately 20-28% of the selenium in milk was removed by dialysis (molecular exclusion of 6-8 kDa). After gel chromatography, 8-12 selenoprotein fractions were detected in undialyzed skim milk from each species. Most of the glutathione peroxidase activity was found in the fractions corresponding to 170 and 96 kDa in milk from all species examined. The diameric form of glutathione peroxidase also appeared in dialyzed and undialyzed milk. Distinct differences in the content and distribution of selenoproteins among these species in fresh and dialyzed milk are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Estimating erosion of phenotypic variation in a French goat population.

A survey was made on a sample of 45 flocks of the goat population in Provence France in 1982. The sample included 56 male goats and 757 breeding females within a 30 km radius of the town of Forcalquier (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence). The visible phenotypic profile was established for the following characters: ear length, ear curling, ear erectness, presence of horns, type of horns, presence of wattles, presence of beard, length of hair, hair coat pigmentation pattern, type of eumelanin in hair, pigment alteration of hair, and white spotting (36 different phenotypes). The visible genic profile is based on 23 various alleles at eight loci. This high degree of genetic variability comes from the traditional local population that is in the process of being upgraded to standardized breeds such as Saanen, Rove and, mainly, Chamois Alpine (95 percent of upgraded flocks). The average coefficient of phenotypic erosion ep had a value of 32 percent among the breeding females in 1982. At the present rate of upgrading the estimate is 90 percent for the male and 85 percent for the female coefficient of genotypic erosion eg by the year 2002. A small nucleus of purely traditional Provence goat (5 percent of the present size of the population: about 1500 goats for the PACA (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region) will probably have disappeared by that time. Phenotypic and genic profiles of this Provence population have been compared to the profiles of other traditional goat populations in Central Asia, Norway, Sardinia, and Corsica. The available data show profiles that are very similar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alleles↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cytogenetic analysis of experimental interspecies goat-sheep chimera.

Chromosomal analysis was carried out on blood lymphocytes, skin fibroblasts, and germinal cells of an interspecies goat-sheep chimera. This chimera was produced by aggregation of blastomeres of goat and sheep embryos. A cell chimerism 54,XX/60,XY was found in blood lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts. At birth the percentage of lymphocytes with karyotype 54,XX (sheep) amounted to 80% and with karyotype 60,XY (goat) to 20%. With age the percentage of lymphocytes with chromosome complement 54,XX increased, so that at 18 months it was 94% sheep and 6% goat. At the same age, in skin fibroblasts the percentage of cells with goat karyotype reached 25%. Analysis of germinal cells showed in spermatogonia the presence of only karyotype 60,XY and in primary spermatocytes of 29 autosomal bivalents and the sex bivalent XY.

Aging↗

PubMed2000

Male reproductive condition is the limiting factor of efficiency in the male effect during seasonal anestrus in female goats.

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether the failure of males to induce sexual activity in goats during seasonal anestrus is due to unresponsiveness of females to male stimulus or insufficient stimulation from males. In the first study, one group of males (sexually inactive, SI; n = 4) was kept under natural photoperiod while the other (sexually active, SA; n = 4) was subjected to 2.5 mo of long days (16L:8D) and received 2 s.c. implants of melatonin. Two mo later, 2 different flocks of anovulatory goats previously separated from bucks were exposed to either SI (n = 34) or SA (n = 40) bucks. Progesterone assays and estrous behavior were used to determine ovarian and behavioral responses of the females to teasing. Of the goats exposed to SI males, only 2 ovulated, and none showed estrous behavior during the 35 days of the study. In contrast, all females (40 of 40) in contact with SA males ovulated and showed at least one estrous behavior during the first 11 days following male introduction (P < 0.001). Overall, 38 of 40 females stimulated with SA bucks were diagnosed pregnant at Day 35, according to progesterone assay (versus 0 in SI-treated group: P < 0.001). To control for a possible difference of responsiveness between flocks, the experiment was repeated 1 yr later using a single flock of goats divided into 2 groups. Again, over the first 14 days, 1 of 33 goats showed estrous behavior in the SI-treated group versus 27 of 33 in the SA-treated group (P < 0.001). Therefore, treating bucks with long days and melatonin increased their teasing capacity to induce sexual activity in females during anestrus. These results indicate that the absence of response to teasing at this time of the year is not due to female unresponsiveness, but to insufficient stimulation from the male.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Technetium metabolism in goats and swine.

The intestinal absorption of 99mTc given as pertechnetate (TcO4-) was studied in female goats and swine. In goats given TcO4- orally, only a small fraction of the given radioactivity was found in milk (x = 0.1% of dose) and urine (x = 1.2% of dose). These figures were not substantially changed by pre-treatment with I. Ninety percent was found in feces. In goats injected intraabomasally, secretion of 95mTc into milk increased fivefold and urinary excretion was doubled. In swine administered 95mTc intragastrically, urinary excretion was about 30% of the dose. Swine did not retain the radionuclide in the thyroid gland as long as the goats (T 1/2 20 h in swine versus 30 h in goats). Other organs containing substantial concentrations of Tc 200 h post-administration were livers and kidneys, but in swine the liver contained three times as much 95mTc as the thyroid or kidneys. The conclusion of these experiments would, however, be that the concentrations were insufficient to present a hazard to man from consumption of milk or meat.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2006

Creation of an experimental idiopathic-type scoliosis in an immature goat model using a flexible posterior asymmetric tether.

STUDY DESIGN: Longitudinal follow-up of animals after a surgically initiated scoliosis. OBJECTIVE: To create a progressive, structural, idiopathic-type, lordoscoliotic curve convex to the right in the thoracic spine of the immature goat using a flexible posterior asymmetric tether with minimal disruption of the spinal elements along the curve. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Our previous work created an experimental scoliosis model using a rigid posterior asymmetric tether to study the safety and efficacy of fusionless scoliosis treatments. Posterior asymmetric tethers, whether rigid or flexible, represent the most reliable method of creating an experimental deformity that approximates idiopathic scoliosis. Although our initial rigid model was unique in creating progressive structural scolioses without violation of the essential spinal elements along the curve, there were a number of shortcomings associated with the model. These included substantially stiff curves and unpredictability of curve progression. METHODS: Scoliosis was created in 24 Spanish Cross X female goats (age, 6-8 weeks; weight, 8-12 kg) using a braided synthetic ligament as a left posterior asymmetric tether from T5 to L1. Convex rib resection and concave rib tethering from ribs 8 to 13 were performed without disruption of the spinal elements before tensioning of the posterior tether. All goats were followed over an 8-week period with serial radiographs to document progression of the deformity. At the end of 8 weeks, the 20 goats with progressive curves were randomized into treatment groups for a separate study. However, 6 of these 20 remained untreated in the subsequent study and, therefore, were followed for an additional 12 to 16 weeks. RESULTS: There were two deaths in the early postoperative period due to pulmonary complications. Of the remaining 22 goats, 20 (91%) developed progressive, structural, idiopathic-type, lordoscoliotic curves convex to the right in the thoracic spine. Initial scoliosis after tethering measured 55.4 degrees on average (range, 37 degrees-75 degrees) and progressed to 74.4 degrees on average (range, 42 degrees-93 degrees) over 8 weeks. The average progression of 19.0 degrees (range, 5 degrees-33 degrees) was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The average initial lordosis after tethering measured -18.9 degrees (range, -13 degrees to -27 degrees) and progressed to -40.7 degrees on average (range, -28 degrees to -56 degrees) over 8 weeks. The average progression in lordosis of -21.8 degrees (range, -5 degrees to -43 degrees) was significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the effectiveness of a flexible posterior asymmetric tether in creating idiopathic-type deformities in a shorter tethering period than previously described. With substantial remaining spinal growth after the 8-week tethering period and preservation of the essential spinal elements in an undisturbed state, this model is suitable for the study of scoliosis progression and various fusionless scoliosis treatment methods.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

B-cell epitopes of the envelope glycoprotein of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and antibody response in infected goats.

Goats infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) develop high titres of antibodies to Env. Not only is no consistent neutralizing response found but anti-Env antibodies have even been associated with disease in infected goats. To identify the continuous antigenic determinants involved in this atypical anti-Env response, we mapped CAEV-CO Env by screening an epitope expression library with infected goat sera. In addition to the four previously described epitopes, seven novel antigenic sites were identified, of which five were located on the surface (SU) and two in the transmembrane (TM) subunits of Env. The SU antibody-binding domains located in the variable regions of the C-terminal part of the molecule (SU3 to SU5) showed the strongest reactivity and induced a rapid seroconversion in six experimentally infected goats. However, the response to these immunodominant epitopes did not appear to be associated with any neutralizing activity. The pattern of serum reactivity of naturally infected goats with these epitopes was restricted, suggesting a type-specific reaction. Interestingly, the reactivity of peptides representing SU5 sequences derived from CAEV field isolates varied with the geographical and/or breeding origin of the animals. This suggests that peptides corresponding to the immunodominant SU epitopes may well be useful in the serotyping of CAEV isolates. Furthermore, the identification of the CAEV Env epitopes will permit us to functionally dissect the antibody response and to address the role of anti-Env antibodies either in the protection from or in the pathogenesis of CAEV infection.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Colonization of 8-week-old conventionally reared goats by Escherichia coli O157 : H7 after oral inoculation.

Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 : H7 infections of man have been associated with consumption of unpasteurized goat's milk and direct contact with kid goats on petting farms, yet little is known about colonization of goats with this organism. To assess the contribution of flagella and intimin of E. coli O157 : H7 in colonization of the goat, 8-week-old conventionally reared goats were inoculated orally in separate experiments with 1x10(10) c.f.u. of a non-verotoxigenic strain of E. coli O157 : H7 (strain NCTC 12900 Nal(r)), an aflagellate derivative (DMB1) and an intimin-deficient derivative (DMB2). At 24 h after inoculation, the three E. coli O157 : H7 strains were shed at approximately 5x10(4) c.f.u. (g faeces)(-1) from all animals. Significantly fewer intimin-deficient bacteria were shed only on days 2 (P = 0.003) and 4 (P = 0.014), whereas from day 7 to 29 there were no differences. Tissues from three animals inoculated with wild-type E. coli O157 : H7 strain NCTC 12900 Nal(r) were sampled at 24, 48 and 96 h after inoculation and the organism was cultured from the large intestine of all three animals and from the duodenum and ileum of the animal examined at 96 h. Tissues were examined histologically but attaching-effacing (AE) lesions were not observed at any intestinal site of the animals examined at 24 or 48 h. However, the animal examined at 96 h, which had uniquely shed approximately 1x10(7) E. coli O157 : H7 (g faeces)(-1) for the preceding 3 days, showed a heavy, diffuse infection with cryptosporidia and abundant, multifocal AE lesions in the distal colon, rectum and at the recto-anal junction. These AE lesions were confirmed by immunohistochemistry to be associated with E. coli O157 : H7.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗

PubMed1997

Polymorphic sequence of Korean Native goat lactoferrin exhibiting greater antibacterial activity.

Lactoferrin, which exhibits antibacterial activity to protect infants from infectious disease, is a major component of colostrum and milk. Lactoferrin was purified from the colostrum of Korean Native goat, and the cDNA from the mammary gland mRNA of the animal was cloned and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence of the lactoferrin gene of Korean Native goat was found to differ in 15 sites from that of the goat lactoferrin gene reported earlier. This difference in nucleotide sequence resulted in six amino acid substitutions: five in the N-lobe and one in the C-lobe. The antibacterial activity of Korean Native goat lactoferrin was found to be greater than that of Sannen goat lactoferrin.

Amino Acid Substitution↗

PubMed1992

Comparative pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin administered intravenously to sheep and goats.

The pharmacokinetic behavior of sodium amoxicillin was studied after intravenous administration to six sheep and five goats to determine if there are species differences in disposition. The plasma drug concentrations vs. time following intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg were best described by the biexponential equations Cp = 42.9e-0.077.t + 3.68e-0.0134.t for goats, and Cp = 53.5e-0.06.t + 1.69e-0.015.t for sheep. The terminal disposition half-lives for sheep and goats were 46.3 and 66.9 min respectively and were not significantly different. Amoxicillin clearance for sheep and goats were 10.1 and 11.4 ml/min.kg respectively. There were no significant differences between any of the pharmacokinetic parameters measured in sheep and goats.

Amoxicillin↗