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PubMed1999

Assessing the need for faculty development in women's health among internal medicine and family practice teaching faculty. The Women's Health Education Working Group (WHEWG).

Women's health education is an emerging interdisciplinary field that has recently received national attention. The American Board of Internal Medicine and the American Academy of Family Practice recently have published competencies in women's health for their residents, with increased attention to gynecological and mental health issues. Increasing women's health in the curricula of internal medicine (IM) and family practice (FP) residents will certainly require faculty development among IM and FP teaching faculty. We report a multiinstitution needs assessment among IM and FP teaching faculty for continuing medical education (CME) in multidisciplinary women's health topics. The survey (n = 100) asked whether faculty desired CME in 30 women's health topics. It also requested rates of referral to specialists for breast and menstrual problems and performance of tests commonly carried out in the care of women (e.g., endometrial biopsy, colposcopy, skin biopsy, and sigmoidoscopy) as measures of possible need for CME. Of the 69 respondents, 37% were IM physicians and 63% were FP physicians. Among the 30 women's health topics listed, breast cancer treatment alternatives, infertility for primary care providers, cervical dysplasia, medical treatment in pregnancy, vulvar disease, indications for pelvic ultrasound/endometrial biopsy, and menstrual disorders were of highest interest. The ranking of desirability of topics by IM and FP faculty correlated by .54 (Spearman rank, df = 28, p < 0.01). Analysis of variance revealed a significantly higher interest overall by IM than FP physicians, 58% vs. 42% (F = 4.1, df = 1, 50, p < 0.05). None of the IM teaching faculty performed endometrial biopsy or colposcopy compared with 57% of FP physicians, and only 12.5% of internists performed skin biopsy and sigmoidoscopy compared with 70% of FP physicians (F = 33, df = 1, 38, p < 0.001). We conclude that faculty development in women's health would benefit resident training in IM and FP, and topics of interest are identifiable. The correlation in interests between the IM and FP teaching faculty might make joint programs successful, although gynecological skills and knowledge clearly are needed more by IM teaching faculty. Obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) faculty could be instrumental in improving women's health education among their IM and FP colleagues.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗
PubMed1979

Assessment of the readability of dental health education literature.

General dental practitioners have an important role in the dissemination of information to their patients and their advice is often reinforced with written health education material. Unfortunately, this written information is often of limited value for particular groups of patients because of its level of readability. This investigation of the problem was in two parts; firstly, a group of 140 secondary schoolchildren were asked to explain the meaning of a selection of words in common use in dental health education, and secondly, the readability of some current dental health education literature was assessed using the Fog Index. The results indicate that current dental health education literature reflects the reading ability of the designers rather than the ability of the potential target group. Many of the words in the dental profession's preventive vocabulary were not understood by the children. Over 80% were unsure of the meaning of fluoride tablets, gum disease, gingivitis and oral hygiene. The results of this investigation indicate that dentists should ensure that dental health education literature is not unduly complex and should take more time explaining the dental vocabulary in lay terminology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Health education in nursing: perceptions of practice in acute settings.

A postal questionnaire survey design was utilized to establish a national overview of perceptions of health education practice in general acute ward settings. Questionnaires were sent to individuals identified as the most senior nurse within each district health authority in England (n = 195). Respondents were asked to specify--with the help of their nursing teams--the progress made on wards within their respective district health authorities in relation to a range of health education activities. A response rate of 73% (n = 142) was achieved. The majority of responses reflected the perceptions of senior nurse managers or their deputies. The data showed that respondents felt health education activities generally are a feature of nursing practice on acute wards. However, on the majority of wards, they were seen as only partially included into some areas of nursing practice. On only a small proportion (4%) of wards was health education of any type reported not to be a feature of practice. Of the five specific health education areas explored in the questionnaire, 'patient education' and 'information-giving' were felt to be occurring on a significantly greater number of wards and significantly more frequently than 'encouraging patients and their families to participate in care'. Data analysis also showed that all the activities specified--that is, patient education, information-giving, healthy lifestyle advice and encouraging patient and family participation in care--were positively correlated.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2001

Selected ethical issues in research and publication: perceptions of health education faculty.

A national random sample of 195 university health education faculty at graduate degree-granting programs completed a 31-item survey with regard to their perceptions of ethical issues in research and publishing. Most respondents were male (57%), tenured (75%), had graduate faculty status (92%), had presented original research at conferences (85%), and had published articles in health education journals (89%). Faculty members were requested to assess whether 21 scenarios dealing with ethical issues in research and publishing were ethical, unethical, questionable, or not an ethical issue. Of the scenarios, 3 were considered ethical and 7 unethical by the majority of respondents. The perceptions of how ethical the remaining 11 scenarios were varied considerably. Perceptions of the ethical scenarios did not differ among respondents by sex, academic rank, years taught as a faculty member, whether the department taught units/classes on research ethics, or whether the respondents were from doctoral-level versus master's-level programs.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

The Finnish Family Competence Study: young fathers' views on health education.

The views of fathers of young families on health education were obtained using questionnaires issued through Maternity Health Care Clinics and Well-Baby Clinics. The present study is part of the Finnish Family Competence Study. The first phase of the study included 1,414 fathers whose wives were expecting their first baby. Of them, 1,279 returned a questionnaire. In the second phase, at week 28 of the wife's pregnancy, 1,123 fathers returned a questionnaire. A third questionnaire issued when the baby was born was completed by 1,134 fathers. A further questionnaire issued three months after the baby's birth was completed by 1,089 fathers. When the child was three years old, 753 fathers returned a questionnaire. Basic educational level, age and occupation were used as demographic variables. Backgrounds of respondents were studied using questions on the socioeconomic status of the fathers, as well as that of their wives and parents, and the locations of respondents' childhood and present homes. Subjects were asked comment on health education intended for their children. The socioeconomic status and age of the father affected preferences for the content and form of the child's health education. In memorizing their childhood experience of dental visits, most fathers stated that they had been frightened. Attention was not paid in the study to the extent to which the fathers had transferred this fear to their children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Dentists and dental health education: a study of the perceptions of 28 community dentists.

The aim of this paper is to describe the perceived problems and difficulties of 28 community dentists when carrying out dental health education. Their perceptions are discussed in relation to some wider implications for prevention and dental health education. Sociological literature has identified two differing approaches to health education; these are the lifestyle/individualistic and the socio-structural approaches. The dentists' responses were found to be congruent with the former. The format of the paper is first, to highlight the increasing emphasis in the official literature on the need for dentists to practise dental health education in the dental surgery. Second, the study method, which is essentially qualitative, is outlined, and third, the findings of interviews carried out with the 28 dentists are presented. These findings raise issues for discussion. An underlying concern of this paper is that before enthusiastically endorsing dental health education in the dental surgery it is necessary to clarify what the people involved understand by it, and the extent to which they are willing and able to adopt new practices.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The use of illustrations and narrative text style to improve readability of a health education brochure.

Research suggests that much of the available health education literature requires a level of reading ability that makes it inaccessible to a large proportion of the population in greatest need of health information. The present study tested the value of illustrations and a narrative text style as means of improving the readability of a brochure designed to provide information on cervical cancer and condyloma. Two versions of the brochure were designed, one that had only text presented as simple sentences in bullet-type format (SMOG reading level score of 7.7), and a second version that had somewhat more difficult text formatted in a narrative style (SMOG grade level score of 8.4) together with drawings designed to complement the text. A randomized study design was used to test for comprehension, perceived ease of understanding, and overall rating of the two brochures. Women selected from one private and three public health primary-care clinics were randomly assigned to read one of the two brochures. The brochure with illustrations and narrative text was given a significantly higher overall rating than the one with bullet-type text and no illustrations, while no difference was found in perceived ease of reading. Among poor readers, comprehension was significantly greater for women who read the brochure with illustrations and narrative text, with no difference in comprehension of the two brochures for better readers. The results suggest that the use of aids such as illustrations and text style can make health education literature more accessible to high-risk populations, while remaining interesting enough to appeal to individuals at all levels of reading ability.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Interest in participation in a peer-led senior health education program.

A study was made of the characteristics of older adults showing an interest in participating in a health education course given by peers. Determining the degree of interest in health education is important for assessing the impact on the target-population and evaluating the dissemination strategy. In the course 'Successful Aging' groups of older adults came together to discuss health related issues. The course was given by senior health educators aged 55 years and over from the peer group. To determine interest in the course answer cards were sent with a letter of invitation to all independently living inhabitants aged between 55 an 79 in a Dutch community. The rate of expressed interest in the course was 5.8%. Interest was highest among females in the 55-64 age group, the unmarried and those with low wellbeing. Males in the age group 65-79, females aged 75-79, those with a lower socio-economic status and the inactive were comparatively less interested. Subscription to the course was distinguished from mere interest in the course. From those who expressed interest, more people of low socio-economic status, with a reduced level of wellbeing, many physical limitations and poor self-efficacy actually subscribed. It is concluded that the health education program will be continued and that special attention will be paid to groups that showed lower levels of uptake. Involving intermediates from these groups in the course development is recommended.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Popular health education and propaganda in times of peace and war in Mexico city, 1890s-1920s.

Health education and propaganda acquired importance during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Mexico City, as physicians, hygienists, and schoolteachers attempted to teach the principles of public health to a culturally and socially heterogeneous urban population.I explore the organization of the Popular Hygiene Exhibition of 1910 and the importance of health education before and after the armed phase of the Mexican Revolution, and why children and the indigenous populations became the main recipients of health education programs.

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMed2002

Breast health educational interventions. Changes in beliefs and practices of working women.

Health education programs supported by women's groups or workplaces have been successful in reaching large populations and changing intentions to perform breast health behaviors. This study examined the responses women working in the automotive industry had to two health education interventions, mailed pamphlets, and a combination of mailed material and classes at the worksite compared to a control group. A quasi-experimental design was used. Of the 948 women completing the pre-test, 437 also completed the post-test and were highly representative of the initial sample. The findings suggest that although the mailed information produced some change in practices and intentions, the classes in combination with the mailed pamphlets produced greater change. In addition, confidence in breast self examination as a method of detecting an existing breast lump increased from pre-test to post-test across all age groups. The reported influences on the women's decisions related to breast health varied across the life span. The results of this study can be used to support the development of effective health promotion programs for use at workplaces to increase the likelihood of women engaging in healthy breast practices.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Development of a replicable process for translating science into practical health education messages.

There has been considerable discussion about translating science into practical messages, especially among urban minority and "hard-to-reach" populations. Unfortunately, many research findings rarely make it back in useful format to the general public. Few innovative techniques have been established that provide researchers with a systematic process for developing health awareness and prevention messages for priority populations. The purpose of this paper is to describe the early development and experience of a unique community-based participatory process used to develop health promotion messages for a predominantly low-income, black and African-American community in Baltimore, MD. Scientific research findings from peer-reviewed literature were identified by academic researchers. Researchers then taught the science to graphic design students and faculty. The graphic design students and faculty then worked with both community residents and researchers to transform this information into evidence-based public health education messages. The final products were culturally and educationally appropriate, health promotion messages reflecting urban imagery that were eagerly desired by the community. This early outcome is in contrast to many previously developed messages and materials created through processes with limited community involvement and by individuals with limited practical knowledge of local community culture or expertise in marketing or mass communication. This process may potentially be utilized as a community-based participatory approach to enhance the translation of scientific research into desirable and appropriate health education messages.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1983

The rural dental health program: the effect of a school-based, dental health education program on children's utilization of dental services.

Eighteen-hundred rural children ages five through thirteen were randomly assigned for dental treatment to a school-based practice, and to private practitioners in the community. Simultaneously, five of the nine public schools attended by the children offered an enriched program of dental education while the remaining schools taught the regular health education courses. All children participated in a school based fluoride program and their dental treatment was provided without charge. Data indicating how the children utilized dental services were collected over the three-year treatment phase of the study. Evidence from the third treatment year indicates that children assigned to the school based practice who also attended a school offering enriched dental health education used dental services on a more regular basis than children in the other three groups. Evidence obtained from log-linear modeling supports the hypothesis that dental health education had a positive effect on children's utilization of dental service.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Effects of health education on prevention of smoking among eighth-grade students.

This paper reports on the effects of health education intervention on the smoking knowledge, attitudes, decision-making capabilities, and intentions not to smoke of eighth-grade students. The study selected one intervention and two control groups. The intervention group received six-hour's health education. Data were collected before and immediately after and two months after the intervention to examine the immediate and later effects of the intervention. Data were analyzed with a repeated measures analysis of variance. Results indicated that while health education could significantly enhance students' smoking knowledge, it did not significantly change the students' nonsmoking attitudes, decision-making capabilities, or intention not to smoke. The findings suggest that school health nurses can design and provide health education activities to increase junior high school students' smoking knowledge and smoking frequency.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Distance learning: health education for ninth-grade students.

A telehealth programme for schools was established by staff at the East Carolina University schools of nursing, health education, social work, nutrition, education and medicine, in conjunction with the Eastern Area Health Education Center. A health education curriculum was developed for rural high schools using the North Carolina Information Highway for delivery. A Web page provided additional resources for teachers, teenagers and health professionals. Four telehealth sessions were conducted over three years: two with the pilot school and two with a second school on-line simultaneously. A total of 76 ninth-grade students completed the courses. Evaluation indicated successful outcomes in student learning. Respondents to a follow-up survey of members of the first telehealth class had positive comments about the experience. Utilization of the Web page increased steadily from 1997.

Education, Distance↗
PubMed2004

Health education for pregnant women: the role of background characteristics.

This was a pilot study with the purpose of determining the effect of health education in enhancing the self-care agency of pregnant women and to define the role of their background characteristics in the success of this education. Subjects of this study were 30 pregnant women who visited a university hospital for check. The success of the given education was measured by pre- and post-tests that were applied before and after health education using "self-care agency scale". Data were evaluated according to t-test and variance analysis. After health education, the self-agency scores of the pregnant women increased significantly (P < 0.05). It was defined that pregnant women with the least self-care agency scores before health education, displayed the best progress after the education.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Developmental stages of health education in HMOs.

With no standards for comparison, expectations for health education programs and judgments of their success are subjective. Regardless of initial differences in variables such as starting point of the program, resource allotment, and organizational characteristics and structures, all health education programs have some similar goals and development processes. The goals are: the need to establish long-term relationships, gain visibility, and appeal to the dominant domains within the organization in order to survive. An empirical three-stage model is proposed as a generic development process. The stages, formation, action, and stabilization, propose more sophisticated and complex programmatic content evolving as the initial strategic organizational issues are resolved.

Health Education↗
PubMed1984

Does health education prevent childhood accidents?

In an attempt to test the assumption that health education directed at parents and children can reduce childhood accidents, a controlled study was carried out in Ely , one area of Cardiff. Using conventional health education techniques, the campaign was carried out in June and July 1981 and monitored by the numbers of injured children attending the local Accident and Emergency Department. Comparison of accident numbers in Ely between 1980 and 1981 and between Ely and the whole of Cardiff in 1981 showed no significant change. A slight increase in trivial injuries suggested an increased willingness to attend hospital. There was no change in the age distribution of victims. The benefits of health education and alternative methods of accident prevention are discussed and the need for further research is emphasized.

Accidents, Home↗