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PubMed1979

[A report on studies on the child's adaptation to school and family environment after neoplastic disease].

The objective of this study was to learn the course of child's adaptation process to school and family environment following the neoplastic disease. The study also aimed select the environment and personality factors influencing adaptation effect. The study pertains to the child's personality and how it works at home and at school. It also tries to get to know the child's environment. 65 children of different social environment were studied. Motor functions of these children were limited as the result of tumour disease. Special scale of adaptation was prepared when the research was over. By means of this sale two groups of children were distinguished: those who were well adapted to the environment and those who were not. Statistical analysis was used to compare the groups on account of the following factors: health factors including: a kind of tumour, duration of the disease, prevalence of pain, manipulation and locomotive abilities, visibility of handicap; sociological factors including: age and sex of studied persons, the place of residence and education of parent's, living standard of the family, a degree of family participation in cultural life of the society, mother's attitude towards the insane child. These factors allow to formulate the following dependences: The more a level of the child's locomotive functions, following neoplastic disease approaches to the standard, the more favourable course takes the process of child's adaptation to the family and peers. If a neoplastic disease leaves permanent and always visible handicap then child's adaptation effect to the environment is not favourable. An active participation of the family in socially life is beneficial for regular adaptation of a child. Personality development as the result of participation in cultural life allows socially accepted defence mechanism to work in stress situations connected with the disease. Parent's rational attitude towards an insane child correlates with a beneficial child's adaptation to an environment. Other factors did not differentiate the two groups statistically. During clinicalontgenetic analysis concerning particular studied cases, 3 models of nonfunctional adaptation were distinguished: maladjustment of aggressive type prevailing among the children with permanent physical handicap coming of families characteristic for socially nonaccepted standard of behaviour; maladjustment of neurotic type prevailing among the children coming of compliant families whose adult members manifest neurotic vegetative reactions in difficult situations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1992

[Travel as a stabilizing factor in folie a deux?].

Case report on a folie à deux (double insanity) in a relatively young, married couple who decompensated psychologically subsequent to the failure of different compensation mechanisms after premorbid strange behaviour and jointly developed delusions of ugliness and of injury. The history of the disease pattern of "folie à deux", or double insanity, is described, as well as the present-day definitions, and the case report is set against this background.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

[Assessment of psychiatric and mental health services in Québec.].

One of the ways of finding out where we are going consists of asking ourselves where do we come from. Here the author uses a historical approach to give an overview of the problem of insanity in Québec. The author discusses how people view insanity, its causes and treatments and the characteristics of the organizations (actors, values, knowledge, human and financial resources) that have met its challenge. The author describes two periods: the period of bureaucratic rationalization (the Bédard and Castonguay-Nepveu reports) and the period of community responsibility. Rather than presenting anecdotes, the author concentrates on raising a number of questions that can help unravel the debate on forming a policy on mental health.

English Abstract↗

PubMed1977

[Sexuality, psychiatric institution and normalization of the mentally ill.].

The author sets three objectives: to determine the status of sexuality in pedagogical institutions; to examine the means used to control sexuality; and to trace a global interpretation of the links between sexuality and the institution. The development of the asylum saw the appearance of moral treatment which sought to promote certain social values and to repress those behaviours such as sexual activity which opposed the fundamental bourgeois social virtues. These notions were presented in the guise of an ethical standard and a normative scientific current (eg. sexuality is a symptom to be eliminated; it is a cause of insanity.) Now, while no longer attacked in the institution, sexuality is nonetheless perceived as lacking any inherent value and is worthwhile only in terms of its therapeutic utility* The same phenomenon is observable in the school. To illustrate the second point the author analyses the phenomenon of masturbation. The 18th century saw masturbation cited as the cause of insanity and numerous physical disorders. Viewed as a diversion of the child's natural forms, and as bringing into question the substitutive educational system, masturbation was excluded from the school of the period. At present, masturbation is permitted but there is no recognition of the child's free enjoyment. Instead a system of exercises has been developped which permit the child greater body control. This masturbation has become a therapeutic technique to obtain a normative level of pleasure.Touching on the third point, the author states that society regulates sexual life with a complex normative system in order to incorporate it within an identification with sexual institutions and no longer with judicial sanctions. Applying this analysis to the situation of the mentally ill, the author argues that the latter's sexuality is socially normalized by the definition and utilisation of illegal areas where it's actualization is permitted.

English Abstract↗

PubMed1978

[The language of madness.].

Following a description of the chaos existent in the therapeutic, political and methodological approaches to madness, the author underlines the importance of language in the explanation of the totality of attitudes regarding the insane. He formulates two hypotheses: listening to madness can be accomplished by the awareness of what the speech of the insane touches in us and tends to modify among our conception; the practice of speaking of madness can avoid bias in as much as it is rooted in a quality of hearing which permits anything to happen to those who put themselves in such a hearing situation. These hypotheses are then demonstrated by an analysis of texts and interviews with people having experienced psychosis.

English Abstract↗

PubMed1978

[The temporary asylum of Toronto (1841-1850) or the temporary impossibility of the utopia of asylum.].

The article analyzes the medical discourse of the directors of the Toronto asylum during the period from 1841 to 1850. These administrators gave the asylum the double objective of returning human dignity to the insane and of curing their insanity. Thus, they elaborated policies congruent to this double objective, policies, whéch when subjected to an elaborate analysis are seen to be ambiguous. In addition, a study of the unofficial day practices, reveals the Utopian nature of the official objectives and the veritably unchanged situation of these unfortunate people.

English Abstract↗

PubMed1981

[Fear of the mad.].

The author shows us that, apart from a physical fear that we may experience at times, there exists a more subtle and destructive fear of the insane which determined - and still determines in many circumstances - the attitudes and even the policies which we advocate in regard to the mentally ill. The fear of being overcome, of being consumed by the avidity, the hate, and the projective identification which exist in the psychotic. In the face of this fear we have developed a series of rather inadequate and inefficient defense mechanisms which range from the denial of insanity to institutiona-lization and include all forms of activism and intolerance. In the end, however, this fear must not create in us a state of helplessness nor an oppressive reaction of omnipotence. Perhaps all that is necessary is simply to continue to listen to oneself and others?

English Abstract↗

PubMed2006

["Zerquälte Ergebnisse einer Dichterseele"--literary critiques on psychiatry around 1900].

In the last decade of the 19th century dozens of "mad" people from the respectable bourgoisie went public with most stigmatizing details of their private lives. The authors told about healthy people branded as insane, and incarcerated in insane asylums. They took their cases to the "court of public opinion". These stories became the stuff of public scandals and also the basis of an organized "lunatics' rights" movement, which was a protest movement against the power and competency of psychiatric expertise. Inspired by this movement some authors and playwriters took up the criticism towards psychiatry and wrote novels and stage plays in which they told frightening and desparate stories of restrained people who had to suffer from arbitrary decisions of psychiatrists. The paper deals with three novels and stage plays written between 1908 and 1917 by Heinrich Mann, Frederik van Eeden, and Waldemar Müller-Eberhart. It analyses the gloomy picture of the asylum and the practice and attitudes of the asylum doctors painted by the three authors. I argue that the narratives had an impact on the public as well as the professional discourse on the problem of psychiatric arbitrariness, and that the authors not only conveyed citicism but also pointed out a concept of a humaine interaction between "normal" and "abnormal" people.

Germany↗

PubMed1990

[From "morbus democraticus" to passionate idealism. Different reactions of French alienists after the Commune of Paris].

Literary and medical works published immediately after the fall of the Commune of Paris purport an analysis which deserves a critical reading: the study of the influence that alcoholism and the federate movement had on each other, easily naïve and not without excess, stamped with obviously reactionary emotions, appears as historically and scientifically questionable as the proposals towards an interpretation of the event in terms of mental pathology. The search of cases of insanity among the rebels, the idea that their acts could only express some kind of phrenopathic disorder opens the debate on the very existence of some morbid types such as Falret's and Pottier's "reasoning, inexhaustible and proselyte lunatics", the "many characters with fanciful projects, including reformists of the human race, and various utopists" that Morel includes in his classification of hereditary insanity, Serieux's and Capgras "idealists concerned with justice" found amongst delusions related to altruistic claims, Dide's and Guiraud's "idealistic passions, social reformers, anarchists" appear to us as very outdated classifications, on the border of the psychiatric field.

History, 19th Century↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Women, crime and mental disorders in the province of Buenos Aires].

A clinical research was carried out in order to typify the main characteristics of female delinquency within the frame of reference of mental patients from the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The material was collected at the Prison Service of the said Province by their Forensic Psychiatry Laboratory. The experience covered a 20-year period. So that the reader be given basic references some previous considerations deal with female delinquency in general, and delinquency among female mental patients as well. The research was split into two courses of action: The first one was a comparative analysis between male and female offenders ranking among mental patients. The second one aimed at plotting out the principal features to be found among insane female offenders if compared to non-insane female offenders. The following parameters were taken into account: number of patients, type of offense, age, education, maternity, and relapse.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The National Reporting Program for Mental Health Statistics: history and findings.

The National Reporting Program for Mental Health Statistics had its origins in the decennial U.S. census, with enumeration of the "insane and idiotic" in 1840. A series of special censuses of the insane and feebleminded in public and private hospitals and other institutions began in 1904, and annual censuses of patients in mental institutions were conducted from 1926 to 1946. The National Institute of Mental Health of the Public Health Service took over responsibility for the annual census of patients in mental institutions in 1947. Coverage and content remained the same until the mid-1960s, when only State and county mental hospitals were included in the census. Because the annual census could not provide the data needed, separate programs were begun for inpatient and outpatient service. These were integrated into the National Reporting Program in 1966. Trend data for the last 40 years describe how the specialty mental health sector has developed. Non-Federal general hospitals with separate psychiatric services increased dramatically, from 81 in 1940 to 1,531 in 1982, as did community mental health centers, from 125 in 1965 to 691 in 1980. There was generally less emphasis on inpatient care and more on outpatient care. Full-time equivalent staff in specialty mental health facilities increased from about 325,000 in 1970 to about 432,000 in 1982. Expenditures by facilities also increased dramatically.

Community Mental Health Centers↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The Belgian Law of Social Defense: its drawbacks and a viewpoint of possible realization].

The belgian law of social defense of 1930 has presented several drawbacks which have led to the present revision of July 1964. Among these drawbacks were the limited duration of the confinement, which became unlimited, and the obligation to discharge the insane criminal, which has become a possibility instead of an obligation. The most obvious drawback remains the evaluation of the degree of "severe mental disorder", which explains divergences between experts, especially at the level of the therapeutic possibilities. The Special Hospital of Paifve for he french-speaking belgian insane criminals represents a prototype where the patient is constantly in interaction with a highly qualified personnel.

Belgium↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The administrative control of involuntary commitment at the department of Gironde 150 years following promulgation of the law of 30 June 1838].

The authors take initially stock of compulsory commitments and voluntary confinements (both types of commitment) in Gironde during 1985-1987. They note a rate of more important commitment for 100,000 inhabitants in urban zone, in particular for the voluntary confinements. The urgent procedure of compulsory commitment remains, in 1987, three time more used than the ordinary procedure. Psychiatric expertise of control on prefectoral requisition are frequently carried out before, as well as after the compulsory commitment (visits residence or in the particular hospital for the insane). 55 observations concerning medical checks at home are analyzed in the field of the origin and reasons for descriptions to the D.D.A.S.S. of Gironde as well as the diagnosis of the examined persons. The authors note finally that almost all the patients have a discontinuance of their compulsory commitment to the profit of another mode of placement during the hospitalization. They conclude that, applied and controlled well, the law of 30 june 1838 makes it possible to reconcile the protection of the public order, the care of the insane and the respect of individual freedom.

Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders↗

PubMed1986

Pathological gambling and criminal responsibility.

There exists significant interdisciplinary support for eliminating the volitional component of the insanity defense. Somewhat in contrast to this trend is the presentation of pathological gambling as a potentially exculpatory condition in criminal trials. The authors discuss three federal appellate court decisions on this attempted inappropriate usage of psychiatric diagnostic nomenclature. All have upheld convictions, and thereby rejected contentions that such an impulse disorder can form the basis for a valid plea of lack of criminal responsibility. It is suggested that the public interest will be served by statutorily making disturbances of behavioral control insufficient to raise a defense of insanity.

Crime↗

PubMed1977

An assessment of community suicide risk.

The contributions of several core variables to the white suicide rates in 24 Florida counties were examined, and a prediction equation, using multiple linear regression, was developed. Age was found to be about 50% more important than divorce. With both age and divorce controlled, loneliness and insanity were found to be significant core variables (p less than .05). A prediction equation including age, crime rate, insanity, and alcoholism was found that accounted for 79% of the variation in the suicide rates across counties. The observed rates were divided by predicted rates to yield standardized mortality ratios. It is proposed that these ratios may serve to assess both the need for and the impact of community suicide prevention services by placing suicide rates in the context of relevant social conditions.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

[Aid to patients with mental disorders in Provence in the 18th century].

The provençal attitude towards the "insane" presents during the studied period several leading characteristics; they separate it clearly from the other part of the Kingdom, but, on the other hand, integrate it into a more specific latino-mediterranean behaviour. These characteristics are chiefly: a comparatively kind demeanor towards the mentally ill; an already very medical sight of madness, compared with that of North Europe; the foundation of specialized institutions for insane earlier than in other parts of Western World. The investigations of the leading "provençal" mental hospitals, public and private, confirms this statement. The authors have studied for that purpose: the three "lunatic asylums" of Avignon (1681, the most conclusive), Aix (1691) and Marseille (1699); several private foundations at Saint Remy, Salon de Provence, Manosque. The study of the attendance on mental patients in Provence during the Classic Era shows the danger to speculate perilously as Michel Foucault in his book "La Folie à l'Age Classique much greater than. The investigations on the institutions, that only begins, proves it was very diversified, and the patients were took charge medically long before Pinel.

France↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Present state and evolution of the law of social defence (author's transl)].

The law of April 9, 1930 concluded to the non responsibility of the insane. It applyed a measure of social defence and treatment of some length. The evolution of ideas, the psychological and biological discoveries had bring a change in July 1964. The measure was finalized, not for the "insanes", but demented people, severe mental disturbed patients and severe mental retarded patients. The measure became non determined in time. The role of the lawyer is important, not only for the decision, but following the decision. The role of the physician is also important and the creation of a center of guidance becomes urgent. Therapy can be extended by ambulatory care with the necessary security measures.

Ambulatory Care↗

PubMed1980

Interface between psychiatry and the law on the issue of murder.

Not guilty by reason of insanity is a legal defense of murder. The acquittal of such an act is based on the court finding that the crime was due to the defendant's mental illness and not to criminal intent. The author presents characteristic case histories, as seen by him in the role of expert witness, that may serve as paradigms when the doctrine "not guilty by reason of insanity" is an appropriate defense.

Adult↗