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PubMed2003

Concealment of psychopathology in forensic evaluations: a pilot study of intentional and uninsightful dissimulators.

Dissimulation is the concealment of genuine psychiatric symptoms in an attempt to present a picture of psychiatric health. In this pilot study, the authors set out to demonstrate that defendants may conceal psychiatric illness even in forensic settings, contrary to their apparent self-interest. They reviewed their records for forensic assessments of dissimulators and malingerers and classified dissimulators as "intentional" or "uninsightful" depending on whether their concealment of symptoms appeared to be a volitional act or driven by a lack of insight. Although there were obvious diagnostic differences, the only other significant difference between malingerers and dissimulators was that malingerers were more likely to be facing charges related to financial crimes. Uninsightful dissimulators were significantly older than were intentional dissimulators. Uninsightful dissimulators were also more likely to be psychotic, particularly delusional and schizophrenic, than were intentional dissimulators. While forensic psychiatrists are vigilant in attempts to detect malingering, these data suggest that they should be equally vigilant regarding the possibility of dissimulation. Although further study is indicated, it appears that dissimulators are a heterogeneous group.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Contraceptive practices and intentions of Ukrainian women.

OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to investigate contraceptive practices and factors behind contraceptive preferences among Ukrainian women attending for abortion or gynecological health check-up. METHODS: Women attending for abortion (n = 919) and healthy non-pregnant women (n = 297) were studied by an anonymous 192-item self-questionnaire in a hospital-based unmatched case-control design. RESULTS: The average number of abortions per woman rose with age to 4.6 in the abortion group and 2.4 abortions in the non-pregnant group. In the abortion and non-pregnant groups, no contraceptive use during the past year was reported by 27% and 20% and at the time of conception or during the previous month, by 61% and 51%, respectively. Nevertheless, no intention to use contraception in the future was reported by 15% and 8% of women, respectively. A history of previous childbirth (odds ratio (OR) = 1.8), at least two induced abortions (OR = 1.7) and sexual education obtained from literature (OR = 1.8) were associated with preference to use modern contraceptives. Intention to use no contraception in the future was associated with giving no answer about acceptance of abortion as a birth control method (OR = 5.4), uncertainty whether to use abortion or an intrauterine device in a situation of choice (OR = 1.8), low income (OR = 1.9) and no answer about housing situation (OR = 3.9). Lack of experience with contraception reduced the intention to use any method in the future. CONCLUSIONS: Better reproductive education/information and economic incentives could contribute to a change from abortion to use of contraception.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Increasing condom-use intentions among sexually active black adolescent women.

Whether a social cognitive theory AIDS prevention intervention would increase intentions to use condoms among 109 sexually active inner-city black female adolescents was tested. Analyses revealed that the women scored higher in intentions to use condoms, AIDS knowledge, outcome expectancies regarding condom use, and self-efficacy to use condoms after the intervention than before the intervention. Although increased self-efficacy and more favorable outcome expectancies regarding the effects of condoms on sexual enjoyment and sexual partner's support for condom use were significantly related to increased condom-use intentions, increases in general AIDS knowledge and specific prevention-related beliefs were not.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2004

Intentional dental reimplantation: a case report.

It is well known dental reimplantation is indicated following traumatic avulsion by the preservation of cellular vitality in the periodontal ligament and under conditions of asepsis. The rate of endodontic success at five years reported in the literature ranges between 70% and 91%. However, intentional dental reimplantation is an effective strategy for the treatment of teeth that would be difficult, if not impossible, to treat using traditional root canal therapy. Different prognoses exist for intentional dental reimplantation and trauma-related reimplantation. This is due to such important variables such as the level of cellular vitality in the periodontal ligament; the degree of trauma to surrounding tissues, and the degree of asepsis when a tooth is removed. Surgical extraction is more favorable in this regard compared to a traumatic avulsion scenario. This paper presents a report of an intentional dental reimplantation of a maxillary right first molar.

Humans↗

PubMed1992

Adolescent smoking intentions: gender differences in peer context.

Despite widespread interest in adolescent smoking behavior, little research has been directed to the social dynamics of adolescent smoking. In this paper, smoking intentions and peer group influences among a sample of 1,689 Grade 8 students from southern Ontario were analyzed to ascertain possible gender-specific correlates in adolescent smoking intentions. The peer environment was found to be a crucial factor in adolescent smoking behavior. Particularly striking for adolescent girls was the firmness of their expressed intentions to continue to smoke quite early in their smoking lives.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Evaluation of a required statewide interdisciplinary Rural Health Education Program: student attitudes, career intents and perceived quality.

INTRODUCTION: A shortage of healthcare providers in West Virginia led to creation of a statewide, community-based program with a required three-month rural experience for most state-sponsored health professions students. Project Description: Initiated using funding from the W. K. Kellogg Foundation and expanded using both state funds and Area Health Education Center support, the West Virginia Rural Health Education Partnerships (WVRHEP) program impacts institutions of higher learning, 50 counties, and 332 training sites, and all students in state-funded health professions schools. A longitudinal database has been constructed to study program effects on students' reported attitudes, service orientation, and career intents. METHODS: Baseline data are collected from medical students, and students in all disciplines provide feedback on rotations and information about career intents, social responsibility, and attitudes towards rural practice. RESULTS: Data indicate an association between perceived quality of the rural experience and increased interest in rural health, social responsibility and confidence in becoming part of the community. Medical students may tend to rate social responsibility higher after completion of the first rural rotation. Students who anticipate practice in smaller towns also tend to rate the quality of the rotation higher, to anticipate careers in primary care, and to acknowledge social responsibility. CONCLUSION: As WVRHEP program graduates who have completed these surveys enter practice, both personal and community-specific program characteristics may be identified which strengthen interest in rural practice. The predictive validity of intermediate outcomes of attitudes and career intents in forecasting the ultimate outcomes of recruitment and retention may be studied.

Attitude↗

PubMed1992

Intentional replantation of a removable partial denture abutment tooth: a case report.

Intentional tooth replantation is a last-resort procedure, recommended only when all other techniques, short of tooth extraction, have been exhausted or are impractical. Although most endodontic textbooks describe the procedure, and many reports of intentional replantation have appeared in the dental literature, none have reported use of the technique to retain a removable partial denture abutment tooth. This article presents such a case and the rationale for the decision to intentionally replant. Eighteen-month follow-up clinical and radiographic results are presented.

Bicuspid↗

PubMed2006

[The diagnosis and treatment for carcinoma in situ of the bilateral upper urinary tracts after total cystectomy and ileal conduit by intentionally inducing hydronephrosis].

We report the diagnosis and treatment for carcinoma in situ of the bilateral upper urinary tracts after total cystectomy and ileal conduit by intentionally inducing hydronephrosis. A 75-year-old man whose chief complaints were macroscopic hematuria and bladder irritabilities was diagnosed carcinoma in situ of the bladder and underwent total cystectomy and ileal conduit. 26 months after the operation, the cytological examination of ileal conduit urine revealed urothelial carcinoma. Since the radiographic findings in the upper urinary tracts and ileal conduit were negative, we constructed bilateral percutaneous nephrostomies by intentionally inducing hydronephrosis. Since two serial cytological examinations of the urine sampling from the bilateral pyeloureteral systems revealed urothelial carcinoma, we performed the percutaneous Bacillus Calmatte-Guerin perfusion of the bilateral upper urinary tracts. The therapy was repeated at weekly intervals for a total of 11 perfusions and the cytological examination of ileal conduit urine became negative 4 months after the beginning of the therapy. Intentionally induced hydronephrosis is useful for the diagnosis and treatment for carcinoma in situ of the bilateral upper urinary tracts after total cystectomy and ileal conduit.

Aged↗

PubMed1991

Intent-to-treat analysis and the problem of crossovers. An example from the Veterans Administration coronary bypass surgery study.

In randomized clinical trials of treatment for ischemic heart disease that compare medical with surgical treatment, many persons initially assigned to medical therapy eventually receive surgical intervention. For example, in the three major trials of bypass grafting for stable angina, crossover rates from medical to surgical therapy were approximately 25% at 5 years. For this reason, the classic intent-to-treat analyses have been criticized for their inability to evaluate the "true" effect of treatment. In this article we emphasize the concept of "initial treatment" as it applies to intent-to-treat analyses and examine four proposed alternative methods of analysis based on adherence with survival data from the Veterans Administration Cooperative Study to illustrate the concepts. The alternative methods include (1) censoring crossovers when treatment changes, (2) transferring crossovers from the original to the new treatment group when treatment changes, (3) excluding all crossovers from analysis, and (4) counting crossovers from the date of randomization in the treatment ultimately received group. We point out the biases attendant on analyses based on adherence and reaffirm the validity of intent-to-treat analysis.

Actuarial Analysis↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Attitudes, subjective norms, and behavioral intentions of nurses toward dying patients and their families.

This investigation aimed to develop and validate an instrument, "Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Behavioral Intentions of Nurses Toward the Care of Dying Patients and Their Families" (ASBID), and to examine the relationship among selected demographic variables, death anxiety, and social desirability response tendency on the behavioral intentions of nurses toward the dying. The Ajzen-Fishbein theory of reasoned action was used as the conceptual framework. Nursing behaviors toward the dying included in the ASBID were developed from interviews with bereaved family members. Three hundred seventy-two registered nurses caring for dying patients were used as the sample population for testing the ASBID. Internal consistency reliability coefficients for the ASBID achieved satisfactory standards. Factor analysis suggested three factors were being measured: general acute care measures for the dying, open communication with the dying, and continuing care for bereaved family members. Results supported the Ajzen-Fishbein theory that attitudes and subjective norms were major determinants of intentions. Findings indicate that educational programs planned to influence nursing care of the dying should focus on the consequences of specific behaviors of nurses rather than on death anxiety in nurses, and they should include nursing supervisors as well as nurses providing direct care for the dying.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

The relationship of work satisfaction and organizational commitment to retirement intention.

The relationship between attitudes, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment has been shown to influence turnover/retirement. This relationship is important because of changing demographic patterns in the U.S. that are contributing to present and future foodservice labor shortages. The labor shortage has potential for retarding the long-term growth of the foodservice industry. However, recruitment and retention of older workers could be a factor in controlling the problem. Therefore, the major purpose of this research was to obtain information from current older foodservice employees to permit the determination of how various aspects of their jobs affect job satisfaction and organizational commitment and, thus, intention to remain on the job by delaying retirement. Non-management-level hospital and college/university foodservice workers aged 55 years and older (no. = 243) were surveyed. Hospital employees were selected from corporate rosters provided by a major contract foodservice company. College and university employees were selected from the roster of the National Association of College and University Food Services (NACUFS). No statistically meaningful relationship (r greater than or equal to .30) between work satisfaction (measured by the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire) and organizational commitment (measured by the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire), as correlated with retirement intention, was found. Although not considered meaningful, a slight statistical relationship was found (r = .15, p less than .02) between intrinsic satisfaction and the desire to delay retirement (work intention).

Aged↗

PubMed1986

Lateral-posterior (LP) and pulvinar unit activity related to intentional upper limb movements directed to spatially separated targets, in behaving Macaca nemestrina monkeys.

We have showed in a previous paper that the pulvinar extracellular unit activity in behaving monkeys was dependent on the attention the animal paid to the stimulus, or on its behavioral significance or on the intentional movements the animal performed. Several groups of pulvinar cells quantitatively studied in the behavioral tasks the monkeys performed were described. "Projection and hand manipulation" neurons belong to a group of pulvinar cells that increased their activity when the animal made an intentional movement of the limb towards an object that attracted his attention. Some of these cells showed temporal patterns of discharge as well as peak rates of activity that frequently differed for reaching movements to spatially separated targets. This suggested that the overall pattern of discharge of these population of cells differ for different directions of arm movements. We give here a description of the observations made in three behaving Macaca Nemestrina monkeys trained to project there hands and arms to four spatially separated targets situated on a panel in front of them and at arm's reach. The extracellular unit activity in the LP-pulvinar was simultaneously recorded during the execution of the behavioral task. Statistical analysis were applied to objectively quantify the electrophysiological data. In 39 microelectrode penetrations, 362 neurons were recorded. 50 cells, a 13 p. 100, showed significative changes in their discharge during the execution of the task. Neurons of this class were activated when the monkey made an intentional movement with his upper limb towards something that attracted his attention. They were driven very poorly, and in a not easily reproducible way by passive manipulation of the limb.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Family size intentions and socioeconomic status in Singapore, 1974-1981.

Singapore has in recent years undergone a tremendous fertility decline that has affected couples at all socioeconomic levels. Using representative biographical sketches, this article presents the results of a panel study on family planning intentions and behavior among 45 young Chinese Singaporean couples. The couples, ranked as average or affluent working-class, or middle-class, were first interviewed in 1974-76 and were followed up in 1981. The study compares early childbearing intentions with actual childbearing behavior, examining the motivation for childbearing by socioeconomic group and highlighting the differences found. The follow-up interviews reveal that, on average, all couples in the sample bore 0.4 fewer children than originally intended. The motivation for changed childbearing intentions, however, differed according to socioeconomic status and the perceived role that children play in the family economy.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Spatial location judgments as a function of intention to learn, and mood state: an evaluation of an alleged automatic encoding operation.

An assessment of the Hasher and Zacks (1979) conceptualization of the automatic nature of the acquisition of spatial location information was made in the context of manipulations of subjects' intention to learn and mood state. The Velten (1968) mood induction procedure was used to establish depressed and nondepressed subjects. Half of each group was then presented with a matrix of geometric forms under instructions to learn the location of the forms (intentional) or to evaluate the pleasantness of the array (incidental). Subsequent tests of spatial location performance found no differences as a function of subjects' mood state, but did find a strong effect for instructional condition. The superior performance of the intentional subjects raises questions about the automatic nature of the encoding of spatial location.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Residential preferences, community satisfaction, and the intention to move.

This paper explores the role of size of place residential preference in the evolution of the intention to move out of the present community using data from the March 1974 NORC Amalgam Survey. People who prefer to live in a community having different size or location characteristics than their present residence are five times more likely to intend to move than those who have attained their preferred type of residence. Within these two groups, however, the particular configuration of current and preferred residence has no significant effect on the likelihood of intending to move. This finding justifies the creation of a simple dichotomous variable, preference status, contrasting these two groups. Community satisfaction and preference status are highly interrelated and each has an independent effect on intentions to move. Moreover, the effect of preference status on mobility intentions is somewhat larger than that for community satisfaction, indicating that residential preference plays a significant role in the decision-making process regarding migration.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Development of the ability to distinguish communicative intention and literal message meaning.

Children's ability to distinguish the literal meaning of a message and the speaker's communicative intent was investigated in 2 experiments. First- and second-grade children evaluated brief referential communication messages for ambiguity under 2 conditions. In an informed condition, the children knew which referent the speaker had intended. In an uninformed condition, they did not know the intended referent. 2 communication systems were used. In Experiment 1, the messages were written on cards and read to the child; in Experiment 2, a novel communication system was used. The developmental pattern of results was similar for both studies. The results showed that the first graders in the informed condition often claimed that an ambiguous message could not refer to a referent the speaker had not meant, whereas children in the uninformed condition were able to detect the referential ambiguity of the message. There were no condition differences for the second graders. The results suggest that young children's ability to analyze the literal meaning of a message is affected by the accessibility of the speaker's communicative intent and that children may develop a general ability to analyze representations of communicative intention.

Child↗

PubMed1983

Mothers' intentions and the immunization of their infants.

One hundred and seventy-eight mothers who had recently been delivered were interviewed before discharge from hospital to ascertain their initial intentions about vaccination of their children. Nine months later the behaviour of 154 mothers was checked from health service records; 24 were lost to follow-up.One hundred and forty-one (92 per cent) of the infants had received at least one dose of vaccine against polio, diphtheria and tetanus. Eighty-five infants (63 per cent of 135) had received at least one dose of vaccine against whooping-cough; 19 mothers had been advised against the vaccine. Failure to have their children vaccinated against whooping-cough correlated with the mothers' initial intentions, although a high proportion of mothers who were initially against the vaccine had started vaccination by the time their child was nine months old. Mothers attending general practitioners were more likely to have their infants vaccinated against whooping-cough than those attending community health clinics, and this difference was not explained by the social characteristics of the mothers nor by more positive early intentions among the mothers who attended general practitioners.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Factors related to the intention to have additional children in the United States: a reanalysis of data from the 1965 and 1970 national fertility studies.

Reproductive intentions of white mothers with no more than three children in 1965 and in 1970 were analyzed for their stability and change with respect to such factors as parity, age of the youngest child, wife's employment, and husband's education. Parity and age of the youngest child were found to have a much more important effect on the intent to have additional children than were such socioeconomic variables as wife's employment and husband's education. Parity and the interval since the latest birth (or the age of the youngest child) were found to have a nonlinear effect and to interact in affecting the reproductive intention. This suggests a convergence to a two-child family as the threshold size and that the lenght of childspacing is contingent on the parity. Change during 1965--1970 in this direction was found to be greater among mothers with husbands having college or higher educations.

Adult↗