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PubMed2005

Understanding spatial concentrations of road accidents using frequent item sets.

This paper aims at understanding why road accidents tend to cluster in specific road segments. More particularly, it aims at analyzing which are the characteristics of the accidents occurring in "black" zones compared to those scattered all over the road. A technique of frequent item sets (data mining) is applied for automatically identifying accident circumstances that frequently occur together, for accidents located in and outside "black" zones. A Belgian periurban region is used as case study. Results show that accidents occurring in "black" zones are characterized by left-turns at signalized intersections, collisions with pedestrians, loss control of the vehicle (run-off-roadway) and rainy weather conditions. Accidents occurring outside "black" zones (scattered in space) are characterized by left turns on intersections with traffic signs, head-on collisions and drunken road user(s). Furthermore, parallel collisions and accidents on highways or roads with separated lanes, occurring at night or during the weekend are frequently occurring accident patterns for all accident locations. These exploratory results show the potentiality of the frequent item set method in addition to more classical statistical techniques, but also suggest that there is no unique countermeasure for reducing the number of accidents.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed2006

Characterizing red light runners following implementation of a photo enforcement program.

Red light running causes about 260,000 crashes and 750 fatalities each year in the US (Retting, Ulmer, & Williams, 1999, Accident Analysis & Prevention). This study investigated the effects of photo enforcement cameras on reducing red light running and characterized the typical red light runner throughout photo enforcement program implementation. In Southeast Virginia, eight intersections were observed over an 8-month period during which photo enforcement cameras were installed at three sites. To assess spillover effects, three other sites served in a same city comparison group. Two additional sites from a nearby city served in a control group for city. Over 1750 light cycles were observed with red light running occurring at least once during 13% of these cycles. Predictors of red light runners included being at a site without a camera or at an intersection before deployment of cameras, being under the age of 26, being in the non-camera city, not using a safety belt, and driving in more traffic. While overall red light running decreased at camera sites, characteristics of the typical red light runner remained the same at camera and non-camera locations.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed2006

An on-road assessment of cognitive distraction: impacts on drivers' visual behavior and braking performance.

In this on-road experiment, drivers performed demanding cognitive tasks while driving in city traffic. All task interactions were carried out in hands-free mode so that the 21 drivers were not required to take their visual attention away from the road or to manually interact with a device inside the vehicle. Visual behavior and vehicle control were assessed while they drove an 8 km city route under three conditions: no additional task, easy cognitive task and difficult cognitive task. Changes in visual behavior were most apparent when performance between the No Task and Difficult Task conditions were compared. When looking outside of the vehicle, drivers spent more time looking centrally ahead and spent less time looking to the areas in the periphery. Drivers also reduced their visual monitoring of the instruments and mirrors, with some drivers abandoning these tasks entirely. When approaching and driving through intersections, drivers made fewer inspection glances to traffic lights compared to the No Task condition and their scanning of intersection areas to the right was also reduced. Vehicle control was also affected; during the most difficult cognitive tasks there were more occurrences of hard braking. Although hands-free designs for telematics devices are intended to reduce or eliminate the distraction arising from manual operation of these units, the potential for cognitive distraction associated with their use must also be considered and appropriately assessed. These changes are captured in measures of drivers' visual behavior.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed2006

[Evaluation of the iliac crest as anatomic landmark for spinal anaesthesia in pregnant women].

OBJECTIVE: Estimate the relevance of the Tuffier line, which connects both iliac crests, in analyzing the location of the puncture point for spinal anaesthesia for pregnant women. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and uterine height, (HU) of 121 patients admitted in the delivery room in July 2005, were recorded. The intersection point of the Tuffier line with the rachis was recorded in seating and sleeping positions. The corresponding vertebral level was verified by counting spiny apophyses from C7. RESULTS: The Tuffier line crossed the spine at the expected level for 29.7% of the patients. The intersection point was below the expected in 6.6% of the cases and above in 63.7% of the cases. Only the weight and the BMI were significantly connected with stronger probability of error (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The error level with this method is important and comparable to error level in the series published in patients who are not pregnant woman. The main risk is the spinal injury, since the level of ending of the spinal cord is variable. It seems safe to use another method of location, especially with patients experiencing excessive weight.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The suture-weave technique: a method of reloading a deployed unloaded suture anchor.

Many suture anchors hold 2 sutures per anchor. Occasionally during a procedure, 1 of these sutures may be inadvertently pulled out of the anchor eyelet. We describe the technique of rethreading a deployed suture anchor in the event that 1 of the sutures is inadvertently unloaded from the anchor eyelet. We have evaluated its effectiveness in vivo. The basic steps of the "suture-weave" technique are as follows. If 1 strand remains threaded through the anchor eyelet, it is tensioned so that there is 1 long end and 1 short end. The free suture is threaded into the eye of a graft preparation needle and this needle is then used to pierce the braids of the long end of the threaded suture. The free suture is interwoven through the braids of the threaded suture. The short end of the threaded suture is then pulled while visualizing the anchor eyelet arthroscopically. The free suture passes through the eyelet as the intersection of the 2 woven sutures traverses the eyelet. During this process, 3 suture strands are traversing the eyelet. Finally, the intersecting suture limbs are pulled free from each other such that there are 2 separate suture strands that slide independently and pass through the anchor eyelet once again. This procedure has been successfully used in vivo without complications. It is important to note that this procedure will only work in an anchor eyelet that will allow for the passage of 3 suture strands.

Arthroscopy↗

PubMed2004

Data mining and genetic algorithm based gene/SNP selection.

OBJECTIVE: Genomic studies provide large volumes of data with the number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) ranging into thousands. The analysis of SNPs permits determining relationships between genotypic and phenotypic information as well as the identification of SNPs related to a disease. The growing wealth of information and advances in biology call for the development of approaches for discovery of new knowledge. One such area is the identification of gene/SNP patterns impacting cure/drug development for various diseases. METHODS: A new approach for predicting drug effectiveness is presented. The approach is based on data mining and genetic algorithms. A global search mechanism, weighted decision tree, decision-tree-based wrapper, a correlation-based heuristic, and the identification of intersecting feature sets are employed for selecting significant genes. RESULTS: The feature selection approach has resulted in 85% reduction of number of features. The relative increase in cross-validation accuracy and specificity for the significant gene/SNP set was 10% and 3.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The feature selection approach was successfully applied to data sets for drug and placebo subjects. The number of features has been significantly reduced while the quality of knowledge was enhanced. The feature set intersection approach provided the most significant genes/SNPs. The results reported in the paper discuss associations among SNPs resulting in patient-specific treatment protocols.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2006

Developmental changes in the expression of GABAA receptor subunits alpha1, alpha2, and alpha3 in brain stem nuclei of rats.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A) receptor subunit switching is a suggested postnatal mechanism for changes in GABA transmission from depolarization to hyperpolarization. Previously, we found an apparent switch between GABA(A) alpha3 and alpha1 subunit expression in the rat pre-Bötzinger complex (PBC) on postnatal day (P) 12, a presumed peak critical period of respiratory nuclei development. The present study aimed at determining if GABA(A) subunit switching occurred in another respiratory nucleus, the ventrolateral subnucleus of the solitary tract nucleus (NTS(VL)), and in a non-respiratory cuneate nucleus (CN) of P0 to P21 rats. In both nuclei: (1) the expression of GABA(A) alpha1 subunit was relatively low at birth but increased with development; (2) that of GABA(A) alpha3 was relatively high at birth but declined with age; and (3) GABA(A) alpha2 remained relatively low and constant throughout development. However, the specific patterns differed between the two nuclei, but were similar between the NTS(VL) and the PBC. In the NTS(VL), GABA(A) alpha1 expression gradually increased from birth and peaked at P12, whereas that in the CN sharply rose from P7 and peaked at P10. GABA(A) alpha3 expression had a prominent decrease from P11 to P12 in the NTS(VL), whereas that in the CN only gradually declined from P10 to P12. The developmental trends of alpha1 and alpha3 in the NTS(VL) intersected close to P12, whereas those in the CN intersected at P10. Despite differences in timing, GABA(A) alpha subunit switching may be a common theme in the brain stem that may mediate different functional properties of GABA transmission.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

In the pursuit of complexity: systems medicine in cancer biology.

Adler et al., in a paper appearing in Nature Genetics, exploited the intersect of genetic information from expression profiles with that from array comparative genomic hybridization in human breast cancers to identify genes that may induce the transcription of the prognostic "wound response" expression signature. The amplification of two genes, MYC and CSN5, appeared to be correlated with the wound response cassette. In vitro validation showed that the wound signature could be induced in MCF10A cells only when MYC and CSN5 were coexpressed. This work shows that the intersect analysis of gene amplification and transcriptional expression on a genome-wide scale can uncover complex conditional interactions embedded in the systems map of transcriptional regulation.

Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic↗

PubMed2006

A three-dimensional analysis of soft and hard tissue changes after a mandibular setback surgery.

This paper is concerned with a three-dimensional (3D) analysis on soft and hard tissue changes after mandibular setback surgery. For comparing with previous two-dimensional (2D) cephalometric data, we proposed a three-dimensional registration and analysis method based on the cephalometric knowledge. The 3D changes of bone, soft tissue and the ratio of soft tissue to bony movement were investigated in eight skeletal class III mandibular prognathism patients. CT scans of each patient were taken at pre- and post-operative states. Each scan was registered to a universal 3D coordinate system defined by cephalometric landmarks. A grid, parallel to the coronal plane, was also designed for the comparison of the changes. The bone and soft tissue was intersected by the projected line from each point on the grid. The coordinate values of intersected point were measured and compared between the pre- and post-operative models. In addition, the reproducibility of the universal coordinate system and the grid was evaluated. The facial surface changes after setback surgery occurred not only in the mandible but also in the mouth corner region. The soft tissue changes of the mandible were measured relatively by the proportional ratios to the bone changes. The ratios at the mid-sagittal plane were 77-102% (p<0.05). The ratios at all other sagittal planes had similar patterns to the mid-sagittal plane with decreased values. All the results conformed to the previous 2D based clinical knowledge and instinct of orthodontists. It is expected that the proposed approach would be applicable to other oral and maxillofacial surgeries as well as plastic surgeries.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

The relationship of workers' compensation to the Americans with Disabilities Act and Family and Medical Leave Act.

This article examines the intersection of workers' compensation laws with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA). Much ADA and FMLA litigation stems from work-related injuries or illnesses. Knowledge of the ADA and FMLA may help prevent workers' compensation cases from resulting in costly employment litigation. Employees who are absent from work for a work-related condition often have rights under other laws, besides workers' compensation laws, such as the ADA and FMLA. Employers need to be cognizant of this while addressing these cases. First, the goals of state workers' compensation laws and the ADA and FMLA are reviewed. Then specific issues involving the intersection of workers' compensation, ADA,and FMLA are discussed.

Employment↗

PubMed2004

Recruitment of attentional resources during visuomotor tracking: effects of Parkinson's disease and age.

The ability to recruit attentional resources during distracted tracking was studied in 19 moderate PD patients, 21 healthy elderly subjects and 20 young controls. All subjects tracked a 1-cm circle that moved across a computer screen along a sinusoidal path (training) and along a circular path (testing). Tracking consisted of maintaining a dot cursor within the target by moving an unseen manipulandum across a digitizing tablet. Distraction consisted of adding one or three, colored 12-mm circles that moved around and intersected with the target circle, and one or three dots that moved around and intersected with the subject-controlled cursor. The performance of tasks with a low level of distraction (one dot and one circle distractor) and of tasks with a high level of distraction (three dot and three circle distractors) was compared to performance with no distraction. The elderly and young controls did not differ in the baseline task. Both groups surpassed the patients, who failed to keep pace with the target, despite preserved ability to attain the necessary movement speed. Under a low level of distraction, the ability to adjust the direction of hand movement diminished in both control groups, but task management was unaltered. In the patients adjustment of hand movement direction lowered, as in the controls, but task management reduced significantly. Under a high level of distraction, all groups showed further decrement in both aspects of task performance. We conclude that PD, but not age, significantly reduces the attentional resources required for administrative control of tracking, which are associated with prefrontal function.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Progressive lossless compression of volumetric data using small memory load.

Nowadays, applications dealing with volumetric datasets, Medical applications being a typical representative, have become possible even on low cost computers due to a rapid increase of computer memory and processing power. However, even today, dealing with volumetric datasets creates two considerable problems: slow visualization and large file sizes. While recently, due to significant progress in graphics hardware, real-time or near real-time volume visualization has become possible, volume compression still remains a problematic issue. This paper introduces a new method for lossless compression of volumetric datasets. It is based on quadtree encoding. The method consists of three steps: during initialization, so-called division quadtree is built. The smallest unit of the division quadtree is called basic macro-block. During the processing phase, Boolean intersection is built on pairs of quadtrees, and the differences are stored. In the last phase, the variable length encoding is applied to reduce the entropy among the differences. Proposed method supports progressive visualization, what is especially important when a transfer trough the internet is needed. To test the efficiency of this method it was compared to popular octree encoding scheme. The results proved that data coherence is exploited more sufficiently using proposed quadtree approach. Additional advantage of this approach is that the algorithm does not need a lot of memory space. Only two quadtrees of two consecutive slices need be loaded in the memory at the same time. This feature makes this algorithm extremely attractive for possible hardware implementation. This paper introduces a new method for the compression of volumetric datasets. It is based on quadtree encoding. This method consists of three steps: during initialization, a so-called division quadtree is built. The smallest, unit of the division quadtree is called a basic macro-block. A Boolean intersection is built on pairs of quadtrees during the processing phase and the differences are stored. In the last phase, variable length encoding is applied to reduce entropy among the differences. This method has been compared with the popular octree-based method and gives, in general, better compression results. In addition, this method can be realized using small on-board memory.

Data Compression↗

PubMed2026

Malaria driven mechanisms shaping cancer risk and aggressiveness in African populations.

Malaria and cancer represent intersecting public health challenges in sub-Saharan Africa, where malaria remains endemic and cancer incidence is rapidly increasing. Emerging evidence indicates that chronic or recurrent malaria infection may influence carcinogenesis and tumour aggressiveness through complex biological mechanisms. This narrative review critically synthesizes data from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to elucidate the mechanistic intersections between malaria and cancer risk, progression, and therapeutic response. The review highlights five principal axes linking malaria to oncogenesis: malaria-induced oxidative stress and chronic inflammation driving genomic instability; gut microbiome dysbiosis altering systemic immunity and tumour microenvironment; exploitation of shared molecular targets such as the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) and oncofetal chondroitin sulfate by Plasmodium parasites and cancer cells; cooperative interactions between malaria and oncogenic viruses like Epstein-Barr virus in lymphomagenesis; and malaria-associated vitamin D deficiency impairing immune surveillance. Furthermore, pharmacological evidence reveals that several antimalarial agents, including artemisinin derivatives, chloroquine, and quinacrine, possess anticancer properties, while some anticancer drugs exhibit antimalarial activity, underscoring opportunities for dual-action or repurposed therapeutics. The convergence of malaria and cancer biology underscores the urgent need for integrative, multidisciplinary research spanning molecular epidemiology, immunology, and pharmacology. Unveiling these mechanisms may unveil novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets, guiding context-specific interventions to reduce the disproportionate cancer burden in malaria-endemic African populations.

Humans↗

PubMed2006

Tasks of research in forensic medicine - different study types in clinical research and forensic medicine.

In the last years the research output of forensic medicine has sometimes been regarded as insufficient and as of poor quality, especially when parameters as impact factors and external funding were taken into account. However, forensic medicine has different tasks compared to clinical medicine. The main difference between basic subjects, clinical and forensic medicine is not a lack of scientific efficiency in forensic medicine but is a result of the questions asked, the available methods and specific aims. In contrast to natural-scientific research, forensic science has furthermore important intersections with arts and socio-scientific disciplines. Etiologic and pathogenetic research is of only limited relevance in forensic medicine. Thus, forensic medicine is excluded from these research fields, which are mainly supported by external funding. In forensic medicine research mainly means applied research regarding findings, the probative value and reconstruction as well as examination at different points of intersection between medicine and law. Clinical types of research such as controlled randomised, prospective cross-sectional, cohort or case-control studies can only rarely be applied in forensic medicine due to the area specific research fields (e.g. thantatology, violent death, vitality, traffic medicine, analytical toxicology, hemogenetics and stain analysis). The types of studies which are successfully established in forensic medicine are comparison of methods, sensitivity studies, validation of methods, kinetic examinations etc. Tasks of research in forensic medicine and study types, which may be applied will be addressed.

Biomedical Research↗

PubMed2005

Domestic violence and minoritisation: legal and policy barriers facing minoritized women leaving violent relationships.

This article on service responses to women of African, African-Caribbean, Irish, Jewish and South Asian backgrounds facing domestic violence draws on our recently completed study based in Manchester, UK () [Batsteeler, J., Burman, E., Chantler, K., McIntosh, S.H., Pantling, K., Smailes, S., Warner, S., et al. 2002. Domestic violence minoritisation: Supporting women to indepence. Women's Studies Centre: The Manchester Metropolitan University]. We frame our analysis of domestic violence and minoritisation around the question that is frequently posed in relation to women living with domestic violence: 'why doesn't she leave?' In response, we highlight the complex and intersecting connections between domestic violence, law, mental health provision, entitlement to welfare services, which function alongside constructions of 'culture' and cultural identifications, structures of racism, class and gendered oppression. All these contribute to maintain women, particularly minoritized women, in violent relationships. Further, we illustrate how leaving violent relationships does not necessarily guarantee the safety of women and children escaping domestic violence. Despite many recent legal and social policy initiatives in the UK that have usefully brought domestic violence into the public domain, there have also been counter-measures which have made leaving violent relationships correspondingly more difficult, in particular for women from minoritized communities. We offer an analysis of how state practices, particularly facets of immigration law in the UK (although , provides an equivalent U.S. analysis), interact with domestic violence. These not only equip perpetrators with a powerful tool to oppress minoritized women further, but it also indicates how state structures thereby come to impact directly on women's distress (Chantler et al, 2001). In addition, we highlight how other aspects of state policy and practice which enter into the material well-being of survivors of domestic violence, for example, housing, levels of state benefits, and child-care also pose significant obstacles to minoritized women leaving violent relationships. Whilst women from majority/dominant groups also face many of these barriers, we illustrate how the racialized dimensions of such policies heightens their exclusionary effects. It is argued that legal and psychological strategies need to address the complexity of how public, state and institutional practices intersect with racism, class and gender oppression in order to develop more sensitive and accessible ways of supporting minoritized women and children living with domestic violence.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Committed to memory: lineage choices for activated T cells.

The mechanisms for the generation of memory T cells and their delineation into heterogeneous subsets remain unknown. The linear model for memory T-cell generation from differentiated effector cells has been favored, although there is evidence that memory T cells can emerge directly from naive T cells undergoing homeostatic expansion and from activated T cells lacking effector functions. Here, we discuss the evidence from diverse studies of memory generation that support a new 'intersecting pathway' model for memory T-cell generation in which antigen-driven effector differentiation and homeostasis-driven memory differentiation follow distinct but analogous pathways. Antigen withdrawal during effector differentiation enables intersection with the memory pathway through a pre-memory intermediate, and memory heterogeneity is influenced by homeostasis, migration and persistence in vivo.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Synergy between medical informatics and bioinformatics: facilitating genomic medicine for future health care.

In this paper, we review the results of BIOINFOMED, a study funded by the European Commission (EC) with the purpose to analyse the different issues and challenges in the area where Medical Informatics and Bioinformatics meet. Traditionally, Medical Informatics has been focused on the intersection between computer science and clinical medicine, whereas Bioinformatics have been predominantly centered on the intersection between computer science and biological research. Although researchers from both areas have occasionally collaborated, their training, objectives and interests have been quite different. The results of the Human Genome and related projects have attracted the interest of many professionals, and introduced new challenges that will transform biomedical research and health care. A characteristic of the 'post genomic' era will be to correlate essential genotypic information with expressed phenotypic information. In this context, Biomedical Informatics (BMI) has emerged to describe the technology that brings both disciplines (BI and MI) together to support genomic medicine. In recognition of the dynamic nature of BMI, institutions such as the EC have launched several initiatives in support of a research agenda, including the BIOINFOMED study.

Biotechnology↗

PubMed2005

Effects of skin and hydraulic fractures on SVE wells.

Soil vapor extraction (SVE) systems are intended to cause substantial volumes of air to flow through the subsurface with the purpose of removing volatile contaminants. The effectiveness of SVE can be influenced by any effect that changes the specific gas capacity (discharge as a function of vacuum) of a well. Skins of low permeability material enveloping a well bore are widely recognized to affect the performance of wells used to recover water, natural gas, or petroleum, and skin can also significantly diminish the performance of an SVE well. Skins a few mm thick consisting of material whose gas phase permeability is 0.01 of the formation can reduce the specific gas capacity of an SVE well by factors of 2 to 10 or more. Hydraulic fractures created in the vicinities of shallow wells commonly resemble sand-filled layers shaped like flat-lying disks or gently dipping saucers. The contrast between the gas-phase permeability of the sand in the fracture and that of the formation is particularly important, with significant effects requiring the ratio to be greater than approximately 50. Shallow hydraulic fractures filled with several tenths of m3 of sand in formations that are several orders of magnitude less permeable than that of the enveloping formation should increase specific gas capacity by factors of 10 or more. Field tests of the effects of hydraulic fractures on the performance of SVE were conducted by creating four wells intersecting fractures and a suite of control wells created using conventional methods in silty saprolite. Specific gas capacities ranged over more than an order of magnitude for 10 wells completed within a small area (2 m2) and at the same depth. Specific capacities correlate to the drilling method that was used to create the bore for the well: lowest values occurred in wells drilled with a machine auger, slightly better results were obtained using a Shelby tube, and the best results were obtained from conventional wells bored with a hand auger. Skin factors determined for wells created with a machine auger could be explained by a layer 1 cm thick that has 0.007 times the permeability of the enveloping material, which could readily have been created during the drilling procedure. Specific capacities of wells intersecting hydraulic fractures were 5 to 100 times more than those of conventional wells. The large difference in performance appears to be due in part to the beneficial effects of the fracture, and in part to the detrimental effects of well skin.

Gases↗