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PubMed1990

Classification and clinical manifestations of oral yeast infections.

By tradition oral candidosis has been classified into acute pseudomembranous (thrush), acute atrophic, chronic atrophic, and chronic hyperplastic types. However, pseudomembranous candidosis is not always acute but may last for many months. Furthermore, the value of using the term atrophic to describe an erythematous area is limited. Moreover, some of the various types have been associated with other clinical entities, which appear to have a combined bacterial/mycologic etiology. A revision of the classification should be based on the use of clinical terms, and in a previous study of multifocal oral candidosis, erythematous, plaque-like, and nodular forms were identified. A revised classification of oral candidosis which considers these aspects could be as follows: acute types: pseudomembranous and erythematous; chronic types: pseudomembranous, erythematous, plaque-like, and nodular; and Candida-associated lesions: denture stomatitis, angular cheilitis, and median rhomboid glossitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

Understanding Down's syndrome: a review.

Each year, one child in every 800 births in the U.S. is born with Down's syndrome. It is the most prevalent chromosomal abnormality found in humans. Of the approximately four million births in the U.S. per year, 5,000 newborns with Down's syndrome can be expected. All health care providers should understand the unique features of this condition. Likewise, dental hygienists should be cognizant of its specific oral manifestations to provide optimum oral care for these clients.

Dental Care for Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed2002

Oral HIV lesions and oral health behaviour of HIV-positive patients attending the Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, Maseru, Lesotho.

AIM: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions strongly associated with HIV infection and to assess the oral health behaviour among patients attending Queen Elizabeth II Hospital in Maseru. The objectives were: (i) to determine the prevalence of group 1 lesions in HIV-positive patients according to the ECC/WHO classification; (ii) assess the oral hygiene practices of these patients; and (iii) make recommendations based on the findings. METHODOLOGY: A questionnaire was administered by an interviewer to a sample of 270 patients with a serological diagnosis of HIV infection to assess their oral health behaviour; they were then examined for oral manifestations. The assessment of oral health behaviour involved determining the regularity and frequency of oral hygiene practices, and use of mouth wash, interdental and other adjunct cleaning aids. The presumptive criteria as defined by the ECC/WHO classification were used for diagnosis of the oral mucosal lesions. Results were entered and analysed using Epi info-6 statistical software RESULTS: The prevalence of specific oral mucosal lesions in order of occurrence was pseudomembranous candidiasis 27%, erythematous candidiasis 26%, angular cheilitis 14%, hairy leukoplakia 12%, ulcerations 12%, necrotising gingivitis 5%, linear gingival erythema 3%, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma less than 1%. This pattern reflects the findings in other regional studies where pseudomembranous candidiasis is often the most common lesion found. Nearly all patients reported cleaning their mouths; 82% did it every day. Mouth wash and interdental cleaning aids were not often used. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence (73%) of oral mucosal lesions was found. Oral candidiasis was the most common group of lesions (54%). The oral hygiene practices reported by the patients were considered acceptable.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A study on Candida carriage and cytological evaluation of oral mucosa in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients.

This study was undertaken for identification and prevalence of various oral manifestations seen in the oral cavity of HIV infected patients. A quantitative evaluation of candida was done by counting the colony forming units from the oral cavity of HIV infected and non infected individuals. Further, cytopathological changes were evaluated in the oral mucosa of HIV infected patients. Study group consisted of 30 enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) confirmed HIV seropositive patients, while the control group consisted of 10 subjects who were HIV negative (by ELISA).

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1989

Clinical manifestations of oral precancer and cancer.

Oral squamous cell carcinomas generally metastasize early and are associated with a poor survival rate. Their prevention depends largely on timeous identification of precancerous oral mucosal lesions, which may present clinically as a homogeneous or nodular white plaque (leucoplakia), a mixed white and red lesion (erythroleucoplakia) or a homogeneous or nodular red lesion (erythroplakia). Red premalignant lesions generally have a higher malignant potential than white lesions.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed1989

Clinical manifestations of oral precancer and cancer.

Oral squamous cell carcinomas generally metastasise early and are associated with a poor survival rate. Their prevention depends largely on timeous identification of precancerous oral mucosal lesions, which may present clinically as a homogeneous or nodular white plaque (leucoplakia), a mixed white and red lesion (erythroleucoplakia) or a homogeneous or nodular red lesion (erythroplakia). Red premalignant lesions generally have a higher malignant potential than white lesions.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed1985

Immunodeficiency manifested by oral candidiasis and bacterial septicemia in foals.

Oral candidiasis and bacterial septicemia were diagnosed in 8 foals that had laboratory and/or pathologic evidence of immunodeficiency. Two foals suffered solely from complete failure of passive transfer of colostal immunoglobulins. Six foals had evidence of immune defects but did not meet the criteria for diagnosis of any of the currently recognized primary equine immunodeficiency syndromes. All six of these foals died or were euthanatized due to bacterial infections. One foal with failure of passive transfer recovered and the other died of a mesenteric torsion before the effect of treatment could be evaluated.

Animals↗