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PubMed2005

Craniofacial changes in Icelandic children between 6 and 16 years of age - a longitudinal study.

The aim of the present study was to describe the craniofacial changes between 6 and 16 years of age in a sample of Icelandic children. Complete sets of lateral cephalometric radiographs were available from 95 males and 87 females. Twenty-two reference points were digitized and processed by standard methods, using the Dentofacial Planner computer software program. Thirty-three angular and linear variables were calculated, including: basal sagittal and vertical measurements, facial ratio, and dental, cranial base and mandibular measurements. For the angular measurements, gender differences were not statistically different for any of the measurements, in either age group, except for the variable s-n-na, which was larger in the 16-year-old boys (P < or = 0.001). Linear variables were consistently larger in the boys compared with the girls at both age levels. During the observation period mandibular prognathism increased but the basal sagittal jaw relationship, the jaw angle, the mandibular plane angle and cranial base flexure (n-s-ba) decreased in both genders (P < or = 0.001). Maxillary prognathism increased only in the boys from 6 to 16 years. Inclination of the lower incisors and all the cranial base dimensions increased in both genders during the observation period. When the Icelandic sample was compared with a similar Norwegian sample, small differences could be noted in the maxillary prognathism, mandibular plane angle and in the inclination of the maxilla. Larger differences were identified in the inclination of the lower incisors. These findings could be used as normative cephalometric standards for 6- and 16-year-old Icelandic children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

A cephalometric evaluation of patients presenting with persistent digit sucking habits.

Persistent digit sucking habits are an important aetiological factor for malocclusion, and patients with persistent habits are frequently referred for orthodontic treatment. The present study investigated the effects of digit sucking habits on vertical and anteroposterior dentofacial characteristics by employing a cephalometric analysis of patients with persistent digit sucking habits compared with patients without such habits. Significant differences were seen in maxillary prognathism, relative prognathism, maxillary incisor angulation, interincisal angle, maxillary length and maxillary plane angulation. No significant differences were observed for mandibular prognathism or length, maxillary mandibular plane angle, cranial base measurements nor any measurement of facial height. The digit sucking group were also found to have a larger variation of lower incisor angulation than the controls, although no significant difference in the mean value for this variable was detected. It is concluded that persistent digit sucking may cause largely dentoalveolar change, together with some minor effects on the skeletal pattern.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Cephalometric characteristics of Korean Class III surgical patients and their relationship to plans for surgical treatment.

In comparison to gender-matched normal Koreans, Korean patients selected for surgical correction of skeletal Class III problems have, on average, a shorter anterior and posterior cranial base, a shorter maxilla, a longer mandible, increased lower facial height, and a retrusive upper lip. In both males and females, about 40% of a group of Class III patients scheduled for surgery had a maxilla within one standard deviation of the normal position and a prognathic mandible, as compared with a group of normal Korean adults. Almost as many males (37%) in the surgical group had both a retrognathic maxilla and a prognathic mandible, while 18% had a retrognathic maxilla and normal mandible. In females, 25% had only a retrognathic maxilla and 25% had both jaws outside the normal range. The percentage of the Korean patients whose Class III relationship was primarily a result of mandibular prognathism (48%) is more than twice as high as the corresponding number for American Class III surgical patients (19%), somewhat higher than in Chinese patients (39%), and similar to the percentage of Japanese (50%). Maxillary surgery, alone or in conjunction with mandibular setback, is currently used in the treatment of most Class III patients. Both the esthetic consideration of widening the already broad Asian nose and the relative proportions of maxillary versus mandibular abnormalities suggest that mandibular setback alone can be considered for a higher number of Asian than Caucasian Class III patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

[Rehabilitation of patients with lower asymmetrical macrognathia].

Unilateral subcondylar vertical osteotomy of the mandibular ramus was performed in 26 patients with asymmetric mandibular prognathism (AMP). 16 of 26 patients had temporomandibular joint (TMJ) symptoms before surgery. Asymmetric mandibular prognathism was combined with maxillary micro-retrognathism in 15 patients. Condyle position was evaluated by pre- and postoperative computed tomography (CT) data. Unlike mandibular sagittal split osteotomy with rigid fixation, the vertical subcondylar osteotomy with wire osteosyntheses allows to keep preoperative condylar head position on the side of hypertrophy and thus to prevent and eliminate TMJ symptoms postoperatively. Wire osteosynthesis promotes the most complete mechanism of adaptation and self-regulation of TMJ elements in surgical treatment of patients with asymmetric mandibular prognathism. All 26 patients had no TMJ symptoms postoperatively.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

[A study of skeletal types of class III malocclusion].

300 class III cases of mixed dentition, early permanent dentition were discriminated quantitatively according to their SNA, SNB and SN-MP angles. Six quite different types were grouped: 1. Mandibular prognathism with normal maxilla. Most common type, in which about 40% are "high angle" or "low angle" cases, which show more severe class III skeletal face than normal SN-MP angle ones; 2. Maxillary retrognathism with normal mandible. More than 50% cases are with high SN-MP angle, which show less severe class III skeletal face than those with normal one; 3. Normal maxilla and mandible type, the "high" and "low" angle cases are fewer. The severity of class III skeletal face is slight; 4. Maxillary retrognathism and mandibular prognathism type, the class III skeletal face, especially for those with high SN-MP angle cases is most severe; 5. Bimaxillary prognathism type, it is the expression of racial feature of Chinese face and 6. Bimaxillary retrognathism.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Frontal and facial flatness of major human populations.

In the present study, the frontal and facial features of 112 populations from around the world are compared in terms of frontal and facial flatness measurements. Univariate analyses and canonical correlation analysis were applied to six indices representing flatness of frontal and facial bones. The deep infraglabellar notch, marked prognathism, and flat frontal bone show distinctive Australian/Melanesian characters among recent populations. Very flat faces in the transverse plane are the most common condition in eastern Asians. Some subSaharan Africans share similar characteristics with Australians in terms of marked prognathism and flat frontal bones in the sagittal plane on the one hand, and with eastern Asians on the other hand, for flat nasal and zygomaxillary regions. These results are not necessarily inconsistent with the evidence for regional continuity. The examination of relationships between frontal and facial flatness through canonical correlation analysis reveals a significant association between morphological features such as a deep infraglabellar notch, prognathism, flat frontal bone, and flat faces in the transverse plane. In this context, together with the generalized features of the late Pleistocene fossil record, the features of Australians having transversely projecting faces and of eastern Asians showing weak infraglabellar notches, ortho-/mosognathism, and rounded frontal bones can be interpreted as a differential retention of ancestral traits of anatomically modern humans. This may allow us to suppose that the frontal and facial flatness features treated herein can be explained by the hypothesis of a single origin of anatomically modern humans.

Asian People↗

PubMed2005

Perceived relative attractiveness of facial profiles with varying degrees of skeletal anomalies.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to answer the following questions: Are profiles of Class I patients perceived as more attractive than profiles of Class II or Class III patients in Germany today? How pronounced must a skeletal malocclusion be to be perceived as less attractive? Are there differences in perception between dentists and laypersons? MATERIAL AND METHOD: For the present study we examined seven patients with skeletal Class I, orthognathic maxillae and mandibles, and straight average faces (ideal biometric face as defined by A. M. Schwarz). Using the Onyx Ceph software, their profile lines were modified to reflect three different Class II profile variants and three different Class III profile variants. The 49 profiles thus obtained were assigned to two groups. Group 1 comprised the seven straight average faces and the first part of the retrognathic and prognathic profile variants. Group 2 comprised the same seven straight average faces and the remaining retrognathic and prognathic profile variants. Both groups of faces were scored by 130 laypersons and 126 dentists. RESULTS: Both groups of observers perceived the seven straight average faces similarly both in the first and second (subsequent) scoring rounds. The straight average face was perceived as most attractive by laypersons (mean, 5.48; 95% confidence interval (CI:) 5.33-5.60) and dentists (mean, 5.44; 95% CI, 5.28-5.50) alike, followed by the mildest variant of the retrognathic face (laypersons, mean, 4.85; 95% CI, 4.68-5.01; dentists, mean, 4.98; 95% CI, 4.81-5.10). Dentists differentiated more clearly by degree of skeletal malocclusion than did laypersons. Both groups alike perceived the extreme variant of the prognathic and retrognathic profile lines as the least attractive. Grouping the subjects by gender yielded only minor differences in perception. CONCLUSION: The straight average face is perceived as most attractive by representative German populations today. Dentists make clearer gradual distinctions in their perceptions than do laypersons.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Posttreatment changes of skeletal morphology following treatment aimed at restriction of maxillary growth.

In the evaluation of the success of orthodontic treatment, an analysis of posttreatment changes was essential. Twenty-eight patients with increased overjet and overbite, a high mandibular plane angle, and perioral dysfunction had been treated by means of normal maximal restriction of maxillary development. The posttreatment changes of the skeletal morphology was analyzed and related to both pretreatment morphology and treatment-produced changes. The correlation analysis demonstrated that less than 25% of the variation in posttreatment changes could be accounted for by pretreatment morphology. However, the dependency of posttreatment changes on treatment-produced changes was stronger with regard to both linear and angular measurements. Upon analyzing the changes in mandibular prognathism during and after treatment, all combinations of downward and forward growth were presented. In some cases the increase in prognathism during treatment would continue after treatment; in others the reverse was true. Opening of the Y axis would in some cases be constant, leading to a decrease in mandibular prognathism. In others a pronounced anterior rotation moved the pogonion forward following treatment. A dental relapse as a consequence of skeletal relapse was seen only in cases in which normal perioral function, including normal lip closure and absence of tongue-thrust swallowing, had not been established.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Correlation of the cranial base angle and its components with other dental/skeletal variables and treatment time.

Many authors have studied the correlation of cranial base flexure and the degree of mandibular prognathism and classification of malocclusion. This indicates that the cranial base flexure may or may not have an effect on the degree of mandibular prognathism and classification of malocclusion. This study evaluates the correlation of the pretreatment cranial base angle and its component parts to other dental and skeletal cephalometric variables as well as treatment time. The sample consisted of 99 Angle Class II and Class I malocclusions treated in the mixed dentition with cervical headgear and incisor bite plane. Thirty of the patients required full appliance treatment. Treatment duration averaged 4.3 years (SD, 1.5 years). Only the starting cephalograms were used to acquire linear, proportional, and angular cranial base dimensions using Ba-S-N (total cranial base), Ba-S/FH (posterior cranial base), and SN/FH (anterior cranial base). Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were computed and used to assess the association of the following skeletal and dental variables: N-Pg/FH, MP/FH, Y-axis/FH, U1/L1, L1/MP, A-NPg mm, A-Perp, B-Perp, and treatment time with the cranial base measurements. Significance was determined only when the confidence level was P < .05. Although there was no significant correlation of BaSN or SN/FH with NPg, the angular BaS/FH, linear BaS mm, and proportional length of BaS %BaN were all statistically negatively correlated to the facial angle. This indicates that the posterior cranial base leg is the controlling factor in relating the cranial base to mandibular prognathism.

Cephalometry↗

PubMed1998

Temporomandibular joint growth adaptation in Herbst treatment: a prospective magnetic resonance imaging and cephalometric roentgenographic study.

The aim of this investigation was to analyze three possible adaptive TMJ growth processes contributing to the increase in mandibular prognathism accomplished by Herbst appliance therapy: (1) condylar remodeling; (2) glenoid fossa remodeling; and (3) condyle-fossa relationship changes. The subjects were 15 consecutive Class II malocclusions (11 males and four females, aged 11.5-17.5 years) treated with the Herbst appliance for an average period of 7 months. Condylar remodelling, glenoid fossa remodelling, and condyle-fossa relationship changes were analyzed by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). From each subject, four MR images were evaluated: before treatment, start of treatment (when the Herbst appliance was placed), during treatment (6-12 weeks after appliance placement), and after treatment (when the appliance was removed). 'Effective condylar growth' (= the sum of condylar remodelling, fossa remodelling, and condyle-fossa relationship changes) was analyzed with the aid of pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalometric roentgenograms. In all 15 subjects, Herbst therapy resulted in an increase in mandibular prognathism. After 6-12 weeks of treatment MRI-signs of condylar remodelling were seen at the posterior-superior border in 29 of the 30 condyles. MRI-signs of glenoid fossa remodelling at the anterior surface of the postglenoid spine were noted in 22 of the joints. Condylar remodelling seemed to precede fossa remodelling. The condyle-fossa relationship was, on average unaffected by Herbst therapy. 'Effective condylar growth' during treatment was, on average, approximately five times larger in the Herbst group than in an untreated group with ideal occlusion (Bolton Standards) and the direction of the growth changes was relatively more horizontal in the treated cases. The results indicate that condylar as well as glenoid fossa remodelling seem to contribute significantly to the increase in mandibular prognathism resulting from Herbst treatment, while condyle-fossa relationship changes are of less importance. MRI renders an excellent opportunity to visualize temporomandibular remodelling growth processes.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2000

Craniofacial form and obstructive sleep apnea in Polynesian and Caucasian men.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: This aim of this study was to determine the relative contributions of craniofacial form and anthropometric factors to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in two different racial groups, both markedly obese and with a similar mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI). DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of New Zealand Maori (Polynesian) and European (Caucasian) men with RDI> or =15, using lateral and postero-anterior cephalometric radiography. SETTING: N/A. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Measurements of facial and cranial width, length and height, airway size, stature, weight, body mass index (BMI), neck circumference, RDI, and age were obtained. The Polynesian men had, on average, a greater neck circumference than the Caucasian men. There were no significant differences in age, weight, BMI or RDI between the two groups. The Polynesian men also had broader craniofacial skeletons, larger and more prognathic mandibles, greater neck extension, and some larger airway dimensions than the Caucasian men. In the Polynesian men, the width of the bony nasal aperture was positively associated with RDI, and mandibular prognathism was negatively associated with RDI. In contrast, in the Caucasian men only neck circumference was positively associated with RDI, while the retropalatal airway was negatively associated with RDI. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that OSA in these two racially distinct groups is due to different etiological factors. Small reductions in mandibular prognathism and a wider bony nasal aperture were major factors associated with OSA in Polynesians. On the other hand, in the Caucasian group OSA was associated with a larger neck circumference and a reduced retropalatal airway size.

Anthropometry↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Morphofunctional aspects of the head capsule topography in Aculeata (Hymenoptera)].

According to degree of segmental fusion insect head is the most integrated part of the body. Head skeleton subdivides into capsule and skeleton of appendages. Exo- and endoskeleton (tentorium) of head capsule have complex segmental origin. Marked margins are generally absent between such traditionally discriminated capsule parts as clypeus, frons, vertex, occiput, genae, etc. Relative position to marked structures (appendages, eyes, ocelli, occipital foramen and etc.) defines the capsule parts, but homologization of last ones is complicated both by absence of substantive functions and complex segmental origin. Based on the technological point of view author characterizes head capsule construction in Aculeata. Capsule parts were studied as components of six technological systems associated with the head: maxillolabial, antennal, pharyngeal, optical, cranio-articulate and mandibular. Spatial relations, named by I.I. Schmalhausen as topographical co-ordinations, integrate head systems. Therefore relative position of the capsule parts incorporated in such systems is unvaried under any reconstruction. At the same time varieties of their forms and proportions reflect on form and topography of capsule as a whole. Comparative analysis of the capsule construction in Bethyloidea, Formicoidea, Sphecoidea, Vespoidea, Pompiloidea and Scolioidea has shown that many differences are determined by mutual modification of technological systems. In particular the increase in head elevation related with reconstruction of cranio-articulate system is accompanied with the shift of antennae to anterior end of the head. The capsule construction in Aculeata considered to be represented by hypognathous, prognathous and hypo-prognathous morphological types that determine head orientation towards longitudinal body axis. The role of topographical co-ordinations in formation of prognathous or hypognathous condition of the head in Aculeata is discussed.

Anatomy, Comparative↗

PubMed2000

[Effects of chincap therapy for early anterior crossbite].

OBJECTIVE: To analysis the effects of chincap therapy for early anterior crossbite and mandibular prognathism. METHODS: 136 patients anterior crossbite and mandibular prognathism aged from 3 to 14 years old at the start of treatment were treated with active chincap with bilateral force of 700 to 1000 gram. Every patient wore chin cap 12 to 14 hours daily, and most of those patients used removable appliances to open the crossbite of incisors. According to the age of patients, they were divided into four groups, C1 (3-5 years old), C2 (6-8 years old), C3 (9-11 years old) and C4 (12-14 years old). When the treatment ended after two years, we analyzed the models by measuring the length of maxillary on the models before and after treatment (U1 and U2 that's the distance between the tip of 1|1 and the distal plane of 6|6 or V|V and the overjet before and after treatment (L1 and L2). Then we calculated the obtained distance for the mandible related to the maxillary position X(X = (L2-L1)-(U2-U1)) and analyzed treating time and mandibular retreating speed in the four groups. RESULTS: The obtained distance for the mandible related to the maxillary position in C1, C2, C3 and C4 groups were 3.27 +/- 0.99 mm, 4.62 +/- 1.33 mm, 4.43 +/- 1.28 mm and 2.63 +/- 0.92 mm respectively, and the treating time in four groups were 8.92 +/- 2.66 months, 10.47 +/- 2.21 months, 13.07 +/- 2.00 months, 20.50 +/- 3.96 months respectively. The retreating speed of the mandible related to the maxillary position in the four groups were 0.37 mm/month, 0.44 mm/month, 0.34 mm/month and 0.13 mm/month respectively. The effects of the treatment in C1, C2 and C3 groups (3-11 years old) were remarkable, especially in C1 group (3-5 years old). CONCLUSION: The effects of chincap therapy for early anterior crossbite and mandibular prognathism were remarkable, especially for the very early crossbite patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Evolutionary dental changes.

In the evolution of primates there has been a tendency towards reduction in jaw length and prognathism, mandibular canine size and first molar cusp number, and third molar presence. These oral structures were contrasted, and compared with cranial size, body height and weight, and finger length in 118 males and 102 females of the Burlington Growth Centre. Body weight was significantly related to canine width and to jaw length and prognathism. These relationships were stronger in the males than in the females. The evolutionary reduction in these dental dimensions may result from an evolutionary reduction in genetically determined body size. In the males the number of molar cusps was related to finger length and cranial height. Agenesis of third molars was related to the length of the maxilla in both sexes. In the females, canine width was related to the number of cusps of the first molars, agenesis of third molars, and length of a finger. Simultaneous reductions in dental structures were more frequent in the females.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Cranial base and jaw relationship.

The lateral skull radiographs of 124 boys aged approximately 10 years divided equally between the four angle classes were digitized in an effort to establish the relationship between cranial base size and shape and jaw relationship. Comparison of the means for occlusal groups showed a trend from class II to class III as cranial base dimensions and angle decreased. The condyle was also more distally positioned with respect to nasion, point A and the Pterygomaxillary vertical in the class II groups. Cranial base length correlated strongly with maxillary length but weakly with mandibular length. Nevertheless, the size of the maxilla did not influence its prognathism. The cranial base angle was strongly correlated (-0.7) with angle sella-nasion-point B. It is concluded that cranial base size and shape influence mandibular prognathism by determining the anteroposterior position of the condyle relative to the facial profile.

Cephalometry↗

PubMed1990

[The early treatment of progenia in the deciduous dentition compared to treatment in the mixed dentition].

The aim of this research was to examine the effect of the chin cap on mandibular prognathism (Angle class III) with or without a Fränkel appliance. 30 class III patients were examined. Head plates and casts made before and after active treatment were evaluated. The patients were divided into group I (initial X-ray incisivi decidui ID) and group II (initial X-ray incisivi permanentes IP). Group I (ID) showed a stronger skeletal response. Group II (IP) already showed more severe prognathic values in the initial X-rays. In group I (ID) a decrease of the gonial angle, SNB- and SNPog angle as well as an increase of both the ANB- and articulare angle were observed, however not in group II (IP) or at least not to the same extend. Overbite and overjet values reached the ideal values. In both groups dental compensation was observed.

Activator Appliances↗

PubMed1996

Cephalometric investigations concerning the geometry of the viscerocranium of human anencephalic fetuses.

Cephalometric investigations were carried out on 16 macerated skulls of anencephalic fetuses aged around 6 months and compared with the values obtained from a group of 18 normally developed specimens. The skull geometry of the anencephalic fetuses was different from normal proportions: anencephalic fetuses showed a clear mandibular prognathism, and a maxilla tilted in anterior direction. The values describing length of maxilla and length of the anterior cranial base, and NS-Ba angle were found to be within the normal range. From the results it can be concluded that the defective development of the forebrain seems to have no effects on the length development of the anterior cranial base although it does influence the form of the surrounding bony structures. The formation of the mandibular prognathism cannot be brought into direct connection with the defective brain development.

Anencephaly↗

PubMed1975

Diagnosis and treatment of maxillomandibular dysplasias.

Skeletal dysplasia of the maxilla and/or mandible is responsible for prognathism or retrognathism. The severity of either condition is in direct proportion to the degree of dysplasia noted within each jaw. Mandibular prognathism is real or apparent. Some of the patients described in this article demonstrate this quite clearly when the jaws are analyzed individually and related to each other. A differential diagnosis is essential to determine whether the abnormality is in the maxilla or the mandible, or both. When recognized early in the formative years, it permits the orthodontist to employ guidance and full therapy procedures in a treatment plan that is programmed to include surgical procedures specifically for the skeletal aberration to be corrected. The treatment skills of the orthodontist and his knowledge of growth of the skeletal and dental structures aid in diagnosis and treatment planning in the areas of both orthodontics and surgery. Close cooperation between the orthodontist and the surgeon permits a more definitive resolution of the existing and potential skeletal and dentoalveolar abnormalities.

Adolescent↗