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PubMed2002

Effects of age and recovery duration on peak power output during repeated cycling sprints.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of age and recovery duration on the time course of cycling peak power and blood lactate concentration ([La]) during repeated bouts of short-term high-intensity exercise. Eleven prepubescent boys (9.6 +/- 0.7 yr), nine pubescent boys (15.0 +/- 0.7 yr) and ten men (20.4 +/- 0.8 yr) performed ten consecutive 10 s cycling sprints separated by either 30 s (R30), 1 min (R1), or 5 min (R5) passive recovery intervals against a friction load corresponding to 50 % of their optimal force (50 % Ffopt). Peak power produced at 50 % Ffopt (PP50) was calculated at each sprint including the flywheel inertia of the bicycle. Arterialized capillary blood samples were collected at rest and during the sprint exercises to measure the time course of [La]. In the prepubescent boys, whatever recovery intervals, PP50 remained unchanged during the ten 10 s sprint exercises. In the pubescent boys, PP50 decreased significantly by 18.5 % (p < 0.001) with R30 and by 15.3 % (p < 0.01) with R1 from the first to the tenth sprint but remained unchanged with R5. In the men, PP50 decreased respectively by 28.5 % (p < 0.001) and 11.3 % (p < 0.01) with R30 and R1 and slightly diminished with R5. For each recovery interval, the increase in blood [La] over the ten sprints was significantly lower in the prepubescent boys compared with the pubescent boys and the men. To conclude, the prepubescent boys sustained their PP50 during the ten 10 s sprint exercises with only 30 s recovery intervals. In contrast, the pubescent boys and the men needed 5 min recovery intervals. It was suggested that the faster recovery of PP50 in the prepubescent boys was due to their lower muscle glycolytic activity and their higher muscle oxidative capacity allowing a faster resynthesis in phosphocreatine.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Effect of iron chelation therapy on recovery from deep coma in children with cerebral malaria.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral malaria is a severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection in children, with a mortality rate of 15 to 50 percent despite antimalarial therapy. METHODS: To determine whether combining iron chelation with quinine therapy speeds the recovery of consciousness, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the iron chelator deferoxamine in 83 Zambian children with cerebral malaria. To be enrolled, patients had to be less than six years old, have P. falciparum parasitemia, have normal cerebrospinal fluid without evidence of bacterial infection, and be in a coma from which they could not be aroused. Deferoxamine (100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, infused intravenously for 72 hours) or placebo was added to standard therapy with quinine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. The time to the recovery of full consciousness, time to parasite clearance, and mortality were examined with Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis. RESULTS: The rate of recovery of full consciousness among the 42 patients given deferoxamine was 1.3 times that among the 41 given placebo (95 percent confidence interval, 0.7 to 2.3); the median time to recovery was 20.2 hours in the deferoxamine group and 43.1 hours in the placebo group (P = 0.38). Among 50 patients with deep coma, the rate of recovery of full consciousness was increased 2.2-fold with deferoxamine (95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 4.7), decreasing the median recovery time from 68.2 to 24.1 hours (P = 0.03). Among 69 patients for whom data on parasite clearance were available, the rate of clearance with deferoxamine was 2.0 times that with placebo (95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 3.6). Among all 83 patients, mortality was 17 percent in the deferoxamine group and 22 percent in the placebo group (P = 0.52). CONCLUSIONS: Iron chelation therapy may hasten the clearance of parasitemia and enhance recovery from deep coma in cerebral malaria.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2004

Rapid recovery from the Late Ordovician mass extinction.

Understanding the evolutionary role of mass extinctions requires detailed knowledge of postextinction recoveries. However, most models of recovery hinge on a direct reading of the fossil record, and several recent studies have suggested that the fossil record is especially incomplete for recovery intervals immediately after mass extinctions. Here, we analyze a database of genus occurrences for the paleocontinent of Laurentia to determine the effects of regional processes on recovery and the effects of variations in preservation and sampling intensity on perceived diversity trends and taxonomic rates during the Late Ordovician mass extinction and Early Silurian recovery. After accounting for variation in sampling intensity, we find that marine benthic diversity in Laurentia recovered to preextinction levels within 5 million years, which is nearly 15 million years sooner than suggested by global compilations. The rapid turnover in Laurentia suggests that processes such as immigration may have been particularly important in the recovery of regional ecosystems from environmental perturbations. However, additional regional studies and a global analysis of the Late Ordovician mass extinction that accounts for variations in sampling intensity are necessary to confirm this pattern. Because the record of Phanerozoic mass extinctions and postextinction recoveries may be compromised by variations in preservation and sampling intensity, all should be reevaluated with sampling-standardized analyses if the evolutionary role of mass extinctions is to be fully understood.

Biodiversity↗

PubMed2001

Spontaneous corticospinal axonal plasticity and functional recovery after adult central nervous system injury.

Although it is believed that little recovery occurs after adult mammalian spinal cord injury, in fact significant spontaneous functional improvement commonly occurs after spinal cord injury in humans. To investigate potential mechanisms underlying spontaneous recovery, lesions of defined components of the corticospinal motor pathway were made in adult rats in the rostral cervical spinal cord or caudal medulla. Following complete lesions of the dorsal corticospinal motor pathway, which contains more than 95% of all corticospinal axons, spontaneous sprouting from the ventral corticospinal tract occurred onto medial motoneuron pools in the cervical spinal cord; this sprouting was paralleled by functional recovery. Combined lesions of both dorsal and ventral corticospinal tract components eliminated sprouting and functional recovery. In addition, functional recovery was also abolished if dorsal corticospinal tract lesions were followed 5 weeks later by ventral corticospinal tract lesions. We found extensive spontaneous structural plasticity as a mechanism correlating with functional recovery in motor systems in the adult central nervous system. Experimental enhancement of spontaneous plasticity may be useful to promote further recovery after adult central nervous system injury.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Ca2+ pools and cell growth: arachidonic acid induces recovery of cells growth-arrested by Ca2+ pool depletion.

The intracellular Ca2+ pump blocker, thapsigargin, induces emptying of Ca2+ pools and entry of DDT1MF-2 smooth muscle cells into a quiescent G(0)-like growth state. Although thapsigargin blocks pumps essentially irreversibly, high serum (20%) induces appearance of new pump protein, return of functional pools, and reentry of cells into the cell cycle (Waldron, R. T., Short, A. D., Meadows, J.J., Ghosh, T. K., and Gill, D. L. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 11927-11933). Through analysis of the effects of defined serum components and growth supplements, we reveal here that the factors in serum responsible for inducing recovery of Ca2+ pools and growth in thapsigargin-arrested DDT1MF-2 cells are exactly mimicked by the three essential fatty acids, arachidonic, linoleic, and alpha-linolenic acids. The EC50 values for arachidonic and linoleic acids on growth induction of thapsigargin-arrested cells were the same, approximately 5 microM. Nonessential fatty acids, including myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, and arachidic acids, were without any effect. Although not proven to be the active component of serum, levels of arachidonic and linoleic acids in serum were sufficient to explain serum-induced growth recovery. Significantly, arachidonic or linoleic acids induced complete recovery of bradykinin-sensitive Ca2+ pools within 6 h of treatment of thapsigargin-arrested cells. Protein synthesis inhibitors (cycloheximide or puromycin) completely blocked the appearance of serum-induced or arachidonic acid-induced agonist-sensitive pools. The sensitivity and fatty acid specificity of Ca2+ pool recovery in thapsigargin-arrested cells were almost identical to that for growth recovery. No pool or growth recovery was observed with 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid, the nonmetabolizable analogue of arachidonic acid, suggesting that conversion to eicosanoids underlies the pool and growth recovery induced by essential fatty acids. The results provide not only further information on the link between Ca2+ pools and cell growth but also evidence for a potentially important signaling pathway involved in inducing transition from a stationary to a proliferative growth state.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor treatment does not improve functional recovery after hair cell regeneration in the pigeon.

CONCLUSIONS: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) supply to the inner ear does not improve the time course or the extent of functional recovery after hair cell regeneration. Specifically it does not improve the residual threshold elevation observed after the completion of spontaneous recovery. OBJECTIVE: The avian inner ear is capable of hair cell regeneration and substantial functional recovery, but residual hearing deficits remain. We investigated whether functional recovery can be improved by intracochlear application of BDNF, which plays an important role in auditory ontogenesis and maintenance during adult life. METHODS: Hair cells in adult pigeons were destroyed by local application of gentamicin. After 3 days either BDNF or control solution was administered to the scala tympani by implanted osmotic minipumps for 8 weeks. Auditory brain stem responses (ABR) to tone pips were used to assess recovery of hearing thresholds in both groups. RESULTS: The application of gentamicin caused a frequency-dependent hearing loss that ranged from 24.8 dB SPL at low frequencies to 66.2 dB SPL at high frequencies. After day 10 substantial recovery was observed, but a significant threshold shift remained. The time course of recovery in the control and BDNF-treated groups was similar, without significant residual threshold differences in any frequency range.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1998

Effect of combined dynamic and static workload on heart rate recovery cost.

The objective of the present study was to develop a simplified heart rate recovery cost (RC) model and to validate it under various degrees of dynamic and static task components. The simplified model of heart rate recovery cost consisted of two parameters: heart rate increase (delta HR) and recovery time (T). The following formula revealed their relationship: RC (recovery cost) = T x (delta HR-1)/ln delta HR Exercise, including cycling at three work loads (40, 60, 80 W) on a cycle ergometer, and carrying a backpack with three weights (0, 7.5, 15 kg) was studied in seven male subjects. For each exercise condition, resting HR, working HR, and recovery time (T) were recorded. The results support the hypothesis that neither heart rate increase nor recovery cost could completely assess the physical stress incurred when performing a combined dynamic/static exercise. The delta HR measurement was more sensitive to the increase of static load and the calculated RC value increased with both dynamic and static load. The simplified model of recovery cost can be easily applied without interfering with a person's work routine and without discomfort.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Stage model of recovery for chemically dependent adolescents: part 1--methods and model.

This qualitative study, presented in two parts, refines the model of how chemically dependent adolescents initiate and engage in the recovery process. Part 1 describes the research process and results used to derive the model. The model was derived from theory grounded in verbatim reports of 30 chemically dependent participants who first attempted recovery from chemical dependence during adolescence. The constant comparative method of grounded theory was used to analyze the data. This stage model of adolescent recovery includes the using/precontemplation, transition, early recovery, and ongoing recovery stages; the transition stage is divided into contemplation and action phases. The stages, phases, and significant events are similar, but not identical to, those presented in adult-based models of recovery from chemical dependence. In Part 2, the resulting theory is compared with extant theories on stages of recovery in chemically dependent adults, treatment implications for the adolescent population are reviewed, and topics for further research are suggested.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

An exploration of lesbians' images of recovery from alcohol problems.

The author's purposes in this article are to explore the images lesbians use to describe their recovery from alcohol problems and to derive from this exercise relevant implications for health care. Lesbians' experiences in recovery are particularly significant because of growing concerns about the prevalence of alcohol problems among lesbians, the vulnerability of lesbians as an aggregate, and the cultural trend away from substance use in lesbian communities. Images of recovery are the descriptions that people offer about their healing from alcohol problems. They are the frameworks by which problem drinkers interpret the meanings of their experiences and determine which aspects of their lives are most pertinent to their recovery efforts. The images persons use to represent their progress and the difficulties they encounter in recovery also provide important bases for developing relevant resources, therapeutic techniques, and social support. Excerpts from an ongoing ethnographic interview study about the recovery experiences of lesbians with alcohol problems illustrate the diversity of recovery images that are characteristic of this population.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed1980

Rapid recovery in human diploid fibroblasts.

Rapid split dose and single dose recovery were examined in exponentially growing and in density inhibited, stationary phase culture of human diploid fibroblasts. The cultures were exposed to cobalt-60 gamma rays at a dose-rate of 50 rad/s:0-90 min were allowed between exposures or following a single exposure prior to subculture at low density. A rapid phase of recovery occurred which was of greater magnitude in the plateau phase cultures. Dose-dependent rapid recovery occurred within 2-10 min of the initial exposure, and was greater following single dose versus split dose irradiations. When the post-irradiation temperature was maintained at 37 degrees C, two phases of recovery were observed, one at early times (2-10 min) and one later (30-90 min). No recovery was observed with incubation at 4 degrees C, whereas incubation at room temperature (25 degrees C) allowed rapid recovery (2-10 min) to take place, but not the slower process (30-90 min). The hypothesis that this rapid recovery phenomenon is related to cell-to-cell contact and to repair of potentially lethal damage is discussed.

Cell Line↗

PubMed2000

Impact on T-cell depletion and CD34+ cell recovery using humanised CD52 monoclonal antibody (CAMPATH-1H) in BM and PSBC collections; comparison with CAMPATH-1M and CAMPATH-1G.

BACKGROUND: Ex vivo T-cell depletion of allogeneic BM (BM) grafts can effectively reduce graft versus host disease (GvHD) and may also apply to transplantation of allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplants. METHODS: Here we have evaluated T-cell depletion and progenitor cell recovery by antibody-mediated cells lysis using three CD52 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) at different concentrations and cell densities. RESULTS: CAMPATH-1M was superior to CAMPATH-1H for T-cell depletion of BM samples. Treatment with CAMPATH-1M resulted in up to 2.55 log depletion of CD3+ cells, with recoveries of >or=45% CD34+ cells, >or=67% CFU-GM and >or=65% BFU-E. CAMPATH-1H treatment resulted in up to 1.64 log depletion of CD3+ cells and similar recoveries of CD34+ cells, CFU-GM and BFU-E as seen with CAMPATH-1M. Depletion of CD19+ cells was similar to that observed for CD3+ cells while natural killer (NK) cells were relatively spared compared with the T and B cell populations. Log depletions of T cells from PBSC, as determined by immunofluorescence studies and limiting dilution analyses, were similar using CAMPATH-1M, -1H, and -1G. There were also no differences in the depletion of CD19+ cells or NK cells using the three MAbs. Similar results were obtained for recoveries of CD34+ cells, CFU-GM and BFU-E using all three MAbs, although the recovery of CD34+ cells using the highest concentration of MAbs was significantly greater in CAMPATH-1H treated samples. Increasing the number of PBSC treated with CAMPATH-1H and -1M had no effect on the log depletion of T, B or NK cells and there were no major differences in the log depletions achieved with CAMPATH-1H or -1M. Likewise, the higher PBSC density had no effect on the recoveries of CD34+ cells or committed progenitors and once again CAMPATH-1H gave similar recoveries to those obtained using CAMPATH-1M. DISCUSSION: Although CAMPATH-1M resulted in greater ex vivo T-cell depletion of BM than CAMPATH-1H, in all other respects, the humanised CAMPATH-1H was just as effective as CAMPATH-1M and -1G.

Alemtuzumab↗

PubMed2006

Multi-laboratory evaluation of procedures for reducing the volume of cord blood: influence on cell recoveries.

BACKGROUND: Various procedures can be used to isolate stem and progenitor cells from cord blood. This study evaluated the hydroxyethyl starch sedimentation (HES) with two centrifugation steps, and the top and bottom (T&B) isolation of buffy coat following a single centrifugation, and two filter systems for processing cord blood, one developed by Asahi Kasei Medical (filter A) and the second by Terumo (filter B). METHODS: Each of seven laboratories was randomly assigned the evaluation of either the HES or T&B method and one of the filter methods (n=8 cord blood units, per laboratory, for each method). The leukocyte-containing fraction with the stem/progenitor cells was recovered from the filters by reverse flushing. Utilizing the routine traditional processing and testing procedures of each laboratory, in vitro parameters were determined, with samples obtained after collection, after processing and after freezing/thawing. The results were expressed as the percentage recovery of viable cells in processed vs. collected samples (performance 1; PF1) and in thawed vs. processed samples (performance 2; PF2). The composite results obtained by the seven laboratories were summarized. RESULTS: The median PF1 percentage recovery of total nucleated cells (TNC) was comparable with both traditional methods (HES 79%, T&B 86%) and statistically reduced with both filtration procedures (filter A 58%, filter B 61%). Mononuclear cell (MNC) PF1 recovery was highest statistically with the T&B method (91%) and reduced on using filter A (77%) and filter B (70%) and the HES method (72%). CD34+ cell recovery was judged to be essentially comparable with the four methods, although the range of unit recoveries differed. The percentage recovery of TNC and MNC in PF1 was influenced by the volume of the collected cord blood, especially with use of the filtration procedures. This correlated with TNC content. A greater percentage of red cells and platelets was removed during processing with both filter methods. The time to process cord blood preparations with filter A was significantly shorter than the other methods. Processing with the HES method took the longest time. The recoveries for TNC, MNC and CD34+ cells in PF2 did not appear to be influenced by the specific processing procedure. DISCUSSION: These data indicate that filters that capture stem and progenitor cells may be an appropriate methodology for processing cord blood collected for banking.

Antigens, CD34↗

PubMed1991

Recovery of lung pyridine nucleotides following acute exposure of adult and aged rats to ozone.

Male, pathogen-free Fischer 344 rats aged 6 and 24 mo were exposed to 1.5 or 3.0 ppm for 8 h and recovery rates of diphosphonucleotides (NAD+ and NADH) and triphosphonucleotides (NADP+ and NADPH) were measured and compared to controls. Recovery after 0.5 ppm was not examined because no significant changes occurred in either age group after this lower exposure. At zero time (immediately after exposures) both concentrations are depressed in adults and aged animals except for NADH in aged animals at 3.0 ppm; NADP+ in adults at 1.5 and 3.0 ppm was decreased, but not significantly. For NAD+ and NADH, recovery of whole lung concentrations is complete by 24 h following an 8-h exposure to 1.5 or 3.0 ppm of ozone. Only after 3.0 ppm of ozone was the ratio of the reduced to oxidized form (NADH/NAD+) still elevated after 24 h; however, it also returned to control levels by 96 h. For the triphosphonucleotides, an 8-h exposure to 1.5 ppm of ozone resulted in a sustained depression of whole lung concentrations of NADPH throughout the 96-h recovery period. Also, only after the 1.5 ppm exposure was the reduced to oxidized ratio (NADPH/NADP+) significantly depressed throughout the 96-h recovery period. Unexpectedly, recovery of whole lung levels returned to normal within 24 h after the 8-h exposure to both the 1.5 and the 3.0 ppm concentrations. With the exception of the sustained effect on NADPH levels, these data indicate that di- and triphosphonucleotide concentrations rapidly return to normal in the lung after severe, acute oxidant injury. There were no differences in recovery rates between the adult and the aged groups.

Aging↗

PubMed2005

Collaborative recovery: an integrative model for working with individuals who experience chronic and recurring mental illness.

OBJECTIVES: Recovery is an emerging movement in mental health. Evidence for recovery-based approaches is not well developed and approaches to implement recovery-oriented services are not well articulated. The collaborative recovery model (CRM) is presented as a model that assists clinicians to use evidence-based skills with consumers, in a manner consistent with the recovery movement. A current 5 year multisite Australian study to evaluate the effectiveness of CRM is briefly described. CONCLUSION: The collaborative recovery model puts into practice several aspects of policy regarding recovery-oriented services, using evidence-based practices to assist individuals who have chronic or recurring mental disorders (CRMD). It is argued that this model provides an integrative framework combining (i) evidence-based practice; (ii) manageable and modularized competencies relevant to case management and psychosocial rehabilitation contexts; and (iii) recognition of the subjective experiences of consumers.

Chronic Disease↗

PubMed1968

The thymus and recovery from cyclophosphamide-induced tolerance to sheep erythrocytes.

Recovery from specific immunological tolerance to sheep erythrocytes induced with the drug cyclophosphamide was studied with the hemolytic plaque technique of Jerne. The base line plaque (19S antibody-forming cell of the unstimulated spleen) and the proliferative response to antigen, both of which had disappeared during tolerance induction, returned with the recovery of specific immunological reactivity. When cyclophosphamide is injected without sheep cells there is temporary immunological unreactivity and lymphoid depletion of the spleen, but specific tolerance is not induced. Recovery is largely complete at the end of 2 wk and does not require the participation of the thymus. When cyclophosphamide is injected together with sheep cells, 18 days after drug injection, tolerance is still complete. In nonthymectomized mice there is rapid recovery during the next 10 wk, followed by much slower restoration over the remaining 20-30 wk of observation. The entire recovery process evidently takes 40-50 wk. In thymectomized CBA mice only minimal recovery takes place in the first 10 wk and no further restoration occurs thereafter. Thymectomy performed 18 days after tolerance is induced, when tolerance is complete, is equally effective in preventing this recovery.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

H-2D (Rfv-1) gene influence on recovery from Friend virus leukemia is mediated by nonleukemic cells of the spleen and bone marrow.

H-2D (Rfv-1)-associated control of recovery from FV leukemia was studied in congenic mice. In irradiation chimeras, the high recovery phenotype was transferred by cells of the spleen, bone marrow, and fetal liver. Furthermore, in cell transfers using unirradiated recipients, spleen and bone marrow cells of the high-recovery genotype were able to mediate recovery from leukemia in mice of the low-recovery genotype. Thus, the H-2D (Rfv-1) influence on recovery appeared to operate via nonleukemic cells of the spleen and bone marrow rather than via leukemic cells. The specific nonleukemic cell type(s) involved in recovery remains unknown. However, the mechanism appears to be complex and probably involves both anti-FV antibody and FV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Desensitization onset and recovery at the potassium-depolarized frog neuromuscular junction are voltage sensitive.

The influence of voltage on the time-course of desensitization onset and recovery has been studied at the frog neuromuscular junction. The activation-desensitization sequence was determined from carbachol-induced end-plate currents in potassium-depolarized fibers voltage-clamped either to -40 mV or +40 mV. The time-course of both desensitization onset and recovery developed exponentially, with onset occurring more rapidly than recovery. Desensitization onset was voltage dependent, the onset time constant being 8.3 +/- 1.3 s (11 fibers) at -40 mV and 19.3 +/- 3.4 s (15 fibers) at +40 mV. Recovery from desensitization was also influenced by voltage. The extent of recovery after 2 min was 80.4 +/- 6.3% in those fibers voltage-clamped to -40 mV and 57.4 +/- 3.6% in those fibers voltage-clamped to +40 mV. The voltage dependence of desenistization onset and recovery did not result from a difference in ability to control voltage at these two levels of membrane potential. These results demonstrate that in the potassium-depolarized preparation the processes controlling both desensitization onset and recovery of sensitivity from the desensitivity from the desensitized state are influenced by membrane voltage.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of an acute temperature change on the metabolic recovery from exhaustive exercise in luvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).

This research examined the influence of acute changes of water temperature on the recovery processes following exhaustive exercise in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). White muscle phosphocreatine (PCr), ATP, lactate, glycogen, glucose, pyruvate, plasma lactate, and plasma osmolality were measured during rest and at 0, 1, 2, and 4 h following exhaustive exercise in fish acclimated and exercised at 12 degrees C and acutely exposed to either 6 degrees C or 18 degrees C water during recovery. An acute exposure to 6 degrees C water during the recovery period resulted in a severe reduction of metabolic recovery in salmon. However, metabolites such as muscle PCr and ATP and plasma lactate recovered very quickly (2-4 h) in fish acutely exposed to 18 degrees C during recovery. Overall, differences exist when postexercise metabolite levels are compared between acclimated fish and those fish acutely exposed to different water temperatures (either higher or lower). Taken together, the findings of the acute experiments suggest that at some point following exercise fish may seek warmer environments to speed the recovery process. However, the relationship between behavioural thermoregulation and recovery following exhaustive exercise in fish is not well understood.

Analysis of Variance↗