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PubMed1996

Screening for psychiatric disorders in an area affected by the Chernobyl disaster: the reliability and validity of three psychiatric screening questionnaires in Belarus.

The reliability and criterion validity of Russian versions of three psychiatric screening questionnaire (the General Health Questionnaire, 12-item version; the Goldberg scales for anxiety and depression; and, the Bradford Somatic Inventory) were assessed in the Gomel region (Belarus), one of the most severely contaminated areas that resulted from the nuclear power plant explosion at Chernobyl in 1986. All instruments were found to have good internal reliability indices. Retest reliability of the GHQ, not tested for in the other instruments, was modest. Criterion validity, using a semi-structured interview on the basis of the Munich Diagnostic Checklist for DSM-III-R as external criterion, was good for the Goldberg scales, but modest for the two other instruments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Multple criterion screen for identifying secondary school children with psychiatric disorder: characteristics and efficiency of screen.

A multiple criterion screen was developed as part of a study which was designed to assess different types of intervention for school children with psychiatric disorder. The foremost requirement was that false positives be kept to a minimum, with selected children being unequivocally disturbed. Children were identified for treatment by the following measures: (a) teacher rating on the Rutter B2 Scale, giving a total score and subscores for neurotic and antisocial behaviour; (b) peer ratings on a sociometric measure, yielding isolation and rejection scores; and (c) self ratings on the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory, specifically the neuroticism dimension. A weighting system was developed so that children could be selected on the basis of extreme scores on either teacher or self-rating measures alone, or by a combination of less extreme scores on more than one measure. The results are presented and discussed.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed2004

Difficulties in screening for adjustment disorder, Part I: Use of existing screening instruments in cancer patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: Although success rates for bone marrow transplantation (BMT) continue to improve, there is still a high level of morbidity and physical and emotional distress associated with BMT. To date, limited research has focused on the assessment of and screening for specific psychiatric disorders of patients facing BMT. This is especially true with regard to identifying adjustment disorder (AD), despite the fact that AD is the most prevalent psychiatric diagnosis in cancer patients. METHODS: A sample of 95 BMT patients were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (SCID) and completed several commonly used self-report instruments to determine if these tools could be used to identify patients with adjustment disorder in need of further assessment and intervention. RESULTS: Of these patients, 34.7% were diagnosed with adjustment disorder, 11.6% with major depression, and 5.3% with generalized anxiety disorder. The instruments were not found to be predictive of AD. However, the results of a regression analysis showed that the Social Subscale of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (R2 delta = 0.04, F = 4.30, p < 0.05) was a significant predictor of adjustment disorder. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: We conclude that there is little efficacy in using existing scales for detecting adjustment disorders in cancer patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation, and that other tools for identifying patients with adjustment disorder who might benefit from counseling are needed.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1999

Multiplexed screening of neutral mass-tagged RNA targets against ligand libraries with electrospray ionization FTICR MS: a paradigm for high-throughput affinity screening.

We demonstrate that binding of mixtures of aminoglycosides can be measured simultaneously against multiple RNA targets of identical length and similar (or identical) molecular weight. Addition of a neutral mass tag to one of the RNA targets shifts the detected peaks to a higher mass/charge ratio, where complexes with small molecules can be identified unambiguously. An appropriately placed neutral mass tag does not alter RNA--ligand binding. The utility of this strategy is demonstrated with model RNAs corresponding to the decoding region of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic rRNAs and a mixture of five aminoglycosides. Complexes are observed between the aminoglycoside library and the prokaryotic rRNA model, while no aminoglycoside was observed to bind to the mass-tagged eukaryotic rRNA model. The differential binding data is consistent with the eukaryotic A-site rRNA having a different conformation compared with the prokaryotic A-site that prevents entry and binding of neomycin-class aminoglycosides. Mass spectrometric analysis of neutral mass-tagged macromolecular targets represents a new high-throughput screening paradigm in which the interaction of multiple targets against a collection of small molecules can be evaluated in parallel.

Escherichia coli↗
PubMedDate not supplied

2D QSAR consensus prediction for high-throughput virtual screening. An application to COX-2 inhibition modeling and screening of the NCI database.

Using classification (SOM, LVQ, Binary, Decision Tree) and regression algorithms (PLS, BRANN, k-NN, Linear), this paper details the building of eight 2D-QSAR models from a 266 COX-2 inhibitor training set. The predictive performances of these eight models were subsequently compared using an 88 COX-2 inhibitor test set. Each ligand is described by 52 2D descriptors expressed as van der Waals Surface Areas (P_VSA) and its COX-2 binding IC50. One of our best predictive models is the neural network model (BRANN), which is able to select a subset, from the 88 ligand test set, that contains 94% COX-2 active inhibitors (pIC50>7.5) and detects 71% of all the actives. We then introduce a QSAR consensus prediction protocol that is shown to be more predictive than any single QSAR model: our C3 consensus approach is able to select a subset from the 88 ligand test set that contains 94% active inhibitors and 83% of all the actives. The 2D QSAR consensus protocol was finally applied to the high-throughput virtual screening of the NCI database, containing 193,477 organic compounds.

Cyclooxygenase 2↗
PubMed2006

If nuchal translucency screening is combined with first-trimester serum screening the need for fetal karyotyping decreases.

BACKGROUND: This case-control study was performed to evaluate whether adding first-trimester maternal serum testing to nuchal translucency measurement would improve the antenatal detection of Down's syndrome and decrease the number of women offered fetal karyotyping. METHODS: In the Swedish Nuchal Translucency Trial (the NUPP trial), 39,572 pregnant women were randomized to a routine scan at 12-14 gestational weeks including nuchal translucency screening for Down's syndrome, or a routine scan at 16-18 gestational weeks. From the early scan group 47 pregnancies with Down's syndrome were identified and for each case three controls were chosen. Of the 189 women asked to participate, 31 cases and 108 controls with a singleton pregnancy and frozen serum from 8-14 gestational weeks available for analysis accepted participation. Maternal sera were analyzed for free beta human chorionic gonadotrophin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. The risk for Down's syndrome was calculated using combinations of maternal age, crown-rump length, nuchal translucency, and biochemistry. A risk > or =1/250 was considered increased and an indication for fetal karyotyping. RESULTS: Risk calculated on the basis of maternal age alone would have identified 21 of the 31 Down's syndrome cases by karyotyping 61 of the 139 fetuses. Maternal age and nuchal translucency would have identified 29 cases by karyotyping 51 fetuses. Maternal age, nuchal translucency, and biochemistry would also have identified 29 cases by karyotyping 37 fetuses. CONCLUSIONS: By adding first trimester biochemistry to nuchal translucency measurement the detection rate of fetuses with Down's syndrome seems to remain unchanged whereas the antenatal risk group to be offered fetal karyotyping decreases.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Smoking, dietary, and breast and cervical cancer screening knowledge and screening practices of employees in an urban medical center.

This paper reports results of a survey of 500 health care workers in a private New York City Hospital that assessed knowledge and behaviors in the areas of smoking and cancer, diet and cancer, and breast and cervical cancer screening. Given the small number of knowledge items, the results indicated good knowledge concerning diet and cancer, smoking and cancer, and mammography and Pap test guidelines. Conformity with American Cancer Society guidelines for Pap testing was comparable to national figures, but with women over 50 as likely to obtain Pap smears as younger women. Conformity with mammography guidelines was excellent, although compliance with breast self-examination recommendations was low (25.4%). Of female employees over age 50, 87.4% had ever had mammography and 77.6% reported yearly mammography. Only 19% of the respondents admitted to current smoking. Although methodologic differences made comparison of knowledge of diet and cancer with the work of others difficult, knowledge of the risks of smoking was comparable to levels found in other studies.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Novel GPCR screening approach: indirect identification of S1P receptor agonists in antagonist screening using a calcium assay.

To elucidate the physiological function of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors 1-3 (S1P1-3) we aimed to identify selective ligands for these GPCRs. S1P2 and S1P3 are coupled to Gq, and are, therefore, linked to the phospholipase C/IP3/calcium pathway. S1P1 is solely coupled to Gi and was artificially linked to calcium signaling by coexpression of Galpha 16. The three receptors desensitized on challenge of cells with an agonist (i.e., agonists appeared as antagonists in a second calcium measurement). We screened a compound library for inhibitors of S1P-stimulated calcium signals, and we could identify agonists and antagonists with a single measurement. Agonism and antagonism were confirmed by recording compound-and S1P-induced calcium signals from the same assay well. For the three receptors, we found a reciprocal correlation of agonism and "apparent" antagonism of agonists. In addition, agonists indirectly discovered by this approach do not promote calcium mobilization through endogenous GPCRs.

Calcium↗
PubMed1996

A screening of skin changes, with special emphasis on neurochemical marker antibody evaluation, in patients claiming to suffer from "screen dermatitis" as compared to normal healthy controls.

In the present study, facial skin from so-called "screen dermatitis" patients were compared with corresponding material from normal healthy volunteers. The aim of the study was to evaluate possible markers to be used for future double-blind or blind provocation investigations. Differences were found for the biological markers calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), somatostatin (SOM), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine amide (PHI), neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), protein S-100 (S-100), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT). The overall impression in the blind-coded material was such that it turned out easy to blindly separate the two groups from each other. However, no single marker was 100% able to pin-point the difference, although some were quite powerful in doing so (CGRP, SOM, S-100). However, it has to be pointed out that we cannot, based upon the present results, draw any definitive conclusions about the cause of the changes observed. Whether this is due to electric or magnetic fields, a surrounding airborne chemical, humidity, heating, stress factors, or something else, still remains an open question. Blind or double-blind provocations in a controlled environment are necessary to elucidate possible underlying causes for the changes reported in this investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Construction of cloning, promoter-screening, and terminator-screening shuttle vectors for Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus lactis.

Shuttle vectors have been constructed which are suitable both for the selection of regulatory sequences and for gene cloning in Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus lactis. The promoter screening vectors contain a promoterless chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene; the insertion of suitable DNA fragments upstream of the gene restored the enzyme activity. With a related set of vectors, transcription termination signals can be selected.

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMed1980

Clinical laboratory evaluation of a screening medium (CN screen) for Cryptococcus neoformans.

Results obtained with 433 yeast isolates indicated that the CN screen medium could be used with confidence for presumptive identification of Cryptococcus neoformans. Of 49 C. neoformans isolates tested, only four stock isolates yielded false-negative results upon initial testing. After repeated subculturing on Sabouraud agar and retesting, these four isolates yielded correct results. Essentially, no false-positive results were obtained, and the data suggested that false-negative results could be eliminated by using fresh isolates of C. neoformans preincubated at 25 degrees C on Sabouraud glucose agar.

Agar↗
PubMed2005

GPCR screening via ERK 1/2: a novel platform for screening G protein-coupled receptors.

Discovery of novel agonists and antagonists for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) relies heavily on cell-based assays because determination of functional consequences of receptor engagement is often desirable. Currently, there are several key parameters measured to achieve this, including mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ and formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate or inositol triphosphate. However, no single assay platform is suitable for all situations, and all of the assays have limitations. The authors have developed a new high-throughput homogeneous assay platform for GPCR discovery as an alternative to current assays, which employs detection of phosphorylation of the key signaling molecule p42/44 MAP kinase (ERK 1/2). The authors show that ERK 1/2 is consistently activated in cells stimulated by Gq-coupled GPCRs and provides a new high-throughput platform for screening GPCR drug candidates. The activation of ERK 1/2 in Gq-coupled GPCR systems generates comparable pharmacological data for receptor agonist and antagonist data obtained by other GPCR activation measurement techniques.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Vascular screening in andropause: non-invasive investigations in vascular disease screening.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) can be associated with atherosclerotic disease. It is therefore important to be able to evaluate the extent of arterial disease. This includes subclinical arterial disease. We have developed a score based on high-resolution-B-mode ultrasound scanning of the carotid-femoral bifurcations. This is a cost-effective screening procedure that correlates well with the risk of cardiovascular events. The penile circulation can also be investigated to assess local circulation and the level of fibrosis. During this investigation it is worthwhile evaluating the carotid-femoral arteries because the risk factors that predict ED are the same as those for atherosclerosis. Penile fibrosis contributes to the pathogenesis of ED. Whether this change is associated with hypertension needs to be established by further studies.

Arterial Occlusive Diseases↗
PubMed2005

Rapid screening of chemical inhibitors that block processive DNA synthesis of herpesviruses: potential application to high-throughput screening.

Processivity factors associate with DNA polymerases, enabling them to incorporate thousands of nucleotides without dissociating from the template. The processivity factors encoded by each of the herpesviruses are ideal targets for specifically blocking viral replication, particularly since they have unique primary amino acid sequences. Here we provide details of a rapid mechanistic plate assay and its potential application to high-throughput screening of libraries of tens of thousands of chemical compounds to identify inhibitors of processive DNA synthesis. Methods of validation testing are presented.

DNA↗
PubMed2000

[Semantic equivalence of the Portuguese version of the Abuse Assessment Screen tool used for the screening of violence against pregnant women].

INTRODUCTION: Research programs and actions regarding family violence have been growing steadily. Therefore, there's a need to develop data collection tools. In Brazil, further problems come up since tools that have been developed elsewhere need to be adapted and translated. This study focuses on the Abuse Assessment Screening (AAS) used to detect violence against pregnant women. The objective is to evaluate the semantic equivalence between the original tool in English and two Portuguese versions, and propose a synthetic version to be used in the field. METHODS: The evaluation of semantic equivalence was carried out in 4 steps: (1) translation, (2) back translation, (3) formal appreciation of equivalence and (4) a final critical assessment by family violence experts. RESULTS: Translation, back translation and the steps 3 and 4 assessment are presented for each item of the tool, along with the original in English. The text covers each discussion that led to the final version. Both versions were quite similar in 14 out of 15 items. Nevertheless, the second version showed to be slightly more adequate although for some items the decision was to combine both versions or, in one case, use an item from version 1. CONCLUSION: The procedure undertaken in this study is discussed in the light of Herdman et al.'s proposal (1998) regarding transcultural equivalence. The study also stresses the importance of using more than one version in the process and the appropriateness of including an additional step about the assessment of the target population's understanding of the tool.

Battered Women↗
PubMedDate not supplied

3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) metabolism in screening-detected and non-screening-detected neuroblastoma.

To investigate the possible clinical application of the hypothesis that insufficient induction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase (DDC) causes accumulation and secretion of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) in unfavorable neuroblastomas, we measured plasma DOPA in 28 neuroblastoma patients. Abnormally high levels were demonstrated in patients with neuroblastoma, and the levels in patients with clinical manifestations (median, 44,800 pg/ml; range, 17,700 to 220,000 pg/ml; n = 6) were significantly higher than those in patients detected by screening (median, 5825 pg/ml; range 2890 to 33,300 pg/ml; n = 22) (P = 0.0004). The catecholamine secretion profiles of the two groups were different, and it was suggested that the relative deficiency of DDC caused DOPA secretion in patients in the former group, whose prognosis was unfavorable, except in one case. In both groups, serial determination of plasma DOPA was a good monitor of the disease course. The higher plasma DOPA level (>9400 pg/ml) was significantly correlated with the patients' age (>1 year old) (P = 0.019), tumor stage (III, IV) (P = 0.029), and DNA diploidy (P = 0.018). These results are consistent with previous studies that demonstrated plasma DOPA was a useful marker in the diagnosis and follow-up of neuroblastoma. The results also indicate that higher plasma DOPA levels are associated with the unfavorable characteristics of neuroblastoma, which seem to support the hypothesis on DDC deficiency in unfavorable neuroblastoma.

Catecholamines↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Programs of mass and selective screening of pregnant women in prenatal studies. Screening of alpha fetoprotein in the blood serum of the mother].

The total of 38479 echography studies and 25147 alpha-fetoprotein estimations in mother blood serum have been performed upon prenatal screening. 445 congenital developmental defects are revealed. AFP base and limiting values (2.5 MoM and 0.5 MoM) are found. AFP values and echocardiography results in the nor and in genetic syndromes of multiple congenital developmental defects are compared. It is found that AFP values are higher than MoM or only slightly higher than Me in the same syndromes. The different level of AFP for the same syndromes appeared to be associated with the phenomenon of overlapping due to the clinical polymorphism and type of injury of the nervous system and with the extent of changes in placenta, amniotic fluid and umbilical cord were revealed in 99% of syndromes. The increased AFP level can be considered as a marker to detect signs of the genetic syndromes. Low AFP level peculiar to aneuploidy appeared to be normal or increased. The AFP test can be used as a marker of changed embryogenesis.

Amniotic Fluid↗