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PubMed1996

Hybrid cysts showing alternate combination of eruptive vellus hair cyst, steatocystoma multiplex, and epidermoid cyst, and an association among the three conditions.

Eruptive vellus hair cyst (EVHC), steatocystoma multiplex (SM), and epidermoid cyst are characterized by formation of multiple cutaneous cysts and have a resemblance in clinical features but have distinctive histologic features. We present herein two patients, who had EVHC, SM, and EVHC with sebaceous gland, and who also had EVHC, SM, and epidermoid cyst with sebaceous gland and vellus hairs. In addition, the interrelation among the three diseases is discussed. We think that EVHC, SM and epidermoid cyst are within the same spectrum of the disease process.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

[Neuro-oculo-cutaneous syndrome with multiple sebaceous nevi. Presentation of a case].

The authors present a case of multiple sebaceous naevi associated with severe mental retardation and ocular lesions in a six month-old female. Several elevated yellowish lesions were present in the skin of the face and an extensive atrophic lesion was observed in the scalp. Histopathological examination of the elevated yellowish plaque disclosed hyperplasia of mature sebaceous glands. In the linear lesion it was observed hyperplasia of hypotrophic sebaceous glands. Otherwise in the atrophic lesion of the scalp atrophy of the dermis associated with marked hypoplasia of the skin appendages was observed. The authors believe that the different cutaneous pathological aspects of this syndrome are related to the clinical morphology of the lesions and not to the age of the patient. The ophthalmological examination revealed bilateral optic atrophy, bilateral choristomas of the conjuntiva and a coloboma of the choroid and retina in the right eye. A review of the literature revealed eleven cases of sebaceous naevi associated with neurologic and/or ocular manifestations but only three cases of the neuro-oculo-cutaneous syndrome. The present case probably represents the fourth case of this syndrome in the literature.

Choristoma↗

PubMed1978

Bioassay of cupferron for possible carcinogenicity (CAS No. 135-20-6).

A bioassay of cupferron for possible carcinogenicity was conducted using Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Cupferron was administered in the feed, at either of two concentrations, to groups of 49 or 50 male and 50 female animals of each species. The time-weighted average high and low dietary concentrations of cupferron were, respectively, 0.30 and 0.15 percent for male and female rats, and 0.4 and 0.2 percent for male and female mice. After a 78-week period of compound administration, observation of the rats continued for an additional period of up to 28 weeks and observation of the mice continued for an additional period of up to 18 weeks. For each species, 50 animals of each sex were placed on test as controls and fed only the basal diet. Among both sexes of rats and mice there was a significant positive association between the dose of cupferron administered and mortality; however, in all groups of animals sufficient numbers survived long enough to establish the carcinogenicity of this compound. There were significant positive associations between the concentrations of cupferron administered to male and female rats and the incidences of: squamous-cell carcinomas of the forestomach, hepatocellular carcinomas and neoplastic nodules, and hemangiosarcomas. When a binomial distribution and a spontaneous incidence rate corresponding to the appropriate historical control incidence were assumed, the incidences of auditory sebaceous gland neoplasms in female rats and female mice were significant. There were significant positive associations between the concentrations administered and the incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas in female mice, the incidences of hemangiosarcomas in both sexes of mice, and the incidence of Harderian gland adenomas in both sexes of mice. Under the conditions of this bioassay cupferron was carcinogenic in Fischer 344 rats, causing hemangiosarcomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, and squamous-cell carcinomas of the forestomach in males and females as well as carcinomas of the auditory sebaceous gland in females. The chemical was also carcinogenic in B6C3F1 mice, causing hemangiosarcomas in males and hepatocellular carcinomas, carcinomas of the auditory sebaceous gland, a combination of hemangiosarcomas and hemangiomas, and adenomas of the Harderian gland in females.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Oncocytic lipoadenoma of the parotid gland with sebaceous differentiation. Study of its keratin profile.

Oncocytic lipoadenomas of salivary gland are extremely rare tumors with only two previously reported cases. In this paper, we describe an additional example of oncocytic lipoadenoma showing sebaceous differentiation, a hitherto unreported occurrence. The tumor was encapsulated and measured 3 x 2.5 x 2 cm. Microscopically, the tumor comprised a mixture of oncocytes with "light" and "dark" cells intimately associated with mature adipose tissue. The oncocytes were positive for low molecular keratin, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), and keratin 7, with only a small subgroup of cells expressing high-molecular-weight keratin, keratin 5/6, keratin 19, and p63. Terminally differentiated sebaceous cells were positive for EMA and keratin 14 only. Calponin and actins were negative, indicating a lack of myoepithelial cells in the tumor. The keratin profile and p63 expression of this oncocytic lipoadenoma suggest the presence of a dual cell population somewhat similar to the dual cell population described in some ultrastructural studies of pure salivary gland oncocytomas and may represent partial basal-cell differentiation. The presence and nature of a dual cell population in oncocytic neoplasms of salivary glands merit further investigation to confirm these observations.

Adenoma↗

PubMed2002

Epidermal differentiation: transgenic/knockout mouse models reveal genes involved in stem cell fate decisions and commitment to differentiation.

Epidermal development and differentiation are similar processes and therefore the study of one is likely to provide insight into the other. The signaling cascades required for epidermal differentiation are largely unknown. Recent evidence, however, has implicated two proteins, p63 and c-Myc, in different stages of epidermal development and differentiation. p63 was shown to be required for embryonic epidermal development. Mice lacking p63 do not develop stratified epithelia and appendages suggesting a role for p63 in the commitment to squamous epithelial lineages. Subsequent stem cell fate decisions are required to form the different structures of stratified epithelia including hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and epidermis. Several genes of the Wnt signaling pathway have been implicated in this process, including c-Myc, a downstream target of the Wnt pathway. Interestingly, targeted overexpression of c-Myc in the basal layer of the epidermis results in an increase in sebaceous gland size and number at the expense of hair follicles. This suggests that c-Myc promotes differentiation of epidermal stem cells into sebaceous glands. In this review, we discuss transgenic/knockout mouse models that have provided evidence linking c-Myc and p63 to different stages of epidermal development and differentiation.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Localization of epidermal growth factor immunoreactivity in sheep skin during wool follicle development.

Interactions among the cells and matrices of the epidermis and mesenchyme of skin are essential for hair follicle initiation and development. The identification of receptors for epidermal growth factor (EGF) on epithelial components of the follicle during growth has suggested that the ligand participates in some of these events. We have used affinity-purified antibodies together with an alkaline phosphatase detection procedure to investigate the distribution of EGF in the skin of the sheep during wool follicle formation. Immunoreactivity was restricted to the periderm and intermediate layers of fetal epidermis at 55 d of gestation, when the first wave of wool follicles are initiated. This particular distribution persisted during subsequent development but never became associated with the basal cells of the epidermis. The activity was lost around 118 d, coinciding with sloughing of the periderm. No immunoreactivity was found in the plugs or the dermal condensations of the developing follicles. At approximately 105 d of gestation, however, reactions were detected in the outer root sheath as the follicles matured and in the differentiating cells of the sebaceous glands. A similar distribution pattern was also noted at 140 d, just prior to birth, and in adult animals, indicating that EGF was sequestered and perhaps synthesized within the follicle. The presence of immunoreactive material was also associated with the pilary canals and the skin surface, suggesting that this may have had its origin in the sebaceous glands. We examined this using a radioreceptor assay for EGF. Material washed from the skin surface and sebaceous gland extracts were found to displace 125I-EGF from rat liver membranes, in parallel with mouse EGF.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Expression of androgen receptors in skin appendage tumors: an immunohistochemical study.

Androgen receptor (AR) expression was examined in normal skin and in 52 cases of various skin appendage tumors using a monoclonal antibody (F39.4.1) raised against the N-terminal domain of human AR. Microwave oven heating in citrate buffer solution followed by immunostaining with the labeled streptavidin biotin (LSAB) method was applied to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections. Immunoreactive AR was restricted to the nuclei. In normal skin, AR was consistently localized in seboblasts and in some differentiated sebocytes, and variable expression was seen in luminal epithelial cells of eccrine and apocrine glands in the secretory portion. Hair follicles and epidermis showed no reactivity. In sweat gland tumors, AR was identified focally in inner layer cells of the tubuloglandular component of ten of thirteen chondroid syringomas but the remaining tumors were nonreactive. In sebaceous gland tumors, benign tumors with mature sebaceous elements (sebaceous nevi and sebaceous adenomas) showed AR expression, but the sebaceous epitheliomas and sebaceous carcinomas lost their expression. No AR expression was observed in hair follicle tumors, except in AR-positive mature sebaceous glands incorporated into the cyst wall of steatocystomas.

Apocrine Glands↗

PubMed1993

The anatomy of Cupid's bow in normal and cleft lip.

This is a gross and microscopic examination of the cutaneous-vermilion-mucosal region (Cupid's bow) in infants with normal lip as compared to cleft lip. Morphologic observations of lips in situ were made with magnification. Specimens for histology were from the normal upper lip of infants (n = 3) and adults (n = 4), and from redundant tissue made available during primary repair of cleft lip (n = 13) and cleft lip revision (n = 4). Tissues were analyzed with hematoxylin and eosin, Gomori trichrome, and Fontana-Masson stains. Immunoperoxidase stains were used to emphasize vascular endothelium and epithelial cytokeratins. Our observations support the hypothesis that the anterior projection of the pars marginalis of the musculus orbicularis oris gives rise to the normal cutaneous-vermilion junction ("white skin roll" of Gillies-Millard). The band of vellus hairs, found atop the vermilion-cutaneous junction, also highlights the rim of Cupid's bow. There was no abrupt alteration in vasculature, melanin, or cytokeratin content in the white roll. Proceeding caudally, the vermilion-mucosal region was characterized by progressively increasing epidermal thickness and size of rete ridges, decreasing melanin, more superficial capillaries, and an abrupt transition from keratinized to nonkeratinized squamous epithelium ("red line" of Noordhoff). In the cleft lip specimens, where white roll was absent, there was hypoplasia and disorientation of the underlying pars marginalis component of m. orbicularis oris. Vellus hair follicles were seen in the zone of presumptive white roll in clefts, just as in normal lip. Frequently, these pilar units contained disproportionately large sebaceous glands. In some cleft lip specimens, ectopic sebaceous glands were noted in the oral mucosa. We also observed a deficiency of vermilion width on the medial side of unilateral cleft lip, whereas the width of the vermilion at the crest of the bow was normal or slightly increased in the lateral cleft segment. A narrow vermilion band and exposed hypoplastic mucosa were characteristic of the prolabium in the bilateral complete cleft deformity. The findings of this study are pertinent to technical details for construction of the Cupid's bow and vermilion in unilateral and bilateral cleft lip.

Cleft Lip↗

PubMed2004

Pattern of orbital exenteration in a tertiary eye care centre in India.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the clinical indications for orbital exenteration, profile of these patients and clinicopathological correlations, and to compare these results with previous published data. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of exenterations performed in adults at a tertiary eye care centre in India over a period of 10 years (January 1990 to December 2000). Patient records were reviewed to obtain demographic data, presenting symptoms and their duration, laterality, and clinical and histopathological diagnosis. RESULTS: A total of 26 cases were identified. Patients ranged in age from 32 to 72 years (mean +/- SD 58.7 +/- 9.23 years). No sex predilection was observed. Classification of cases on histopathological criteria showed that exenterations were performed mostly for squamous cell carcinoma (10 cases), followed by sebaceous gland carcinoma (six cases) and basal cell carcinoma (two cases) of the eyelid. Conjunctival malignant melanoma contributed to 5 of 26 cases of exenteration. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland (one case), neurofibroma (one case) and orbital fungal infection (one case) were the other indications of exenteration. The clinicopathological correlation was 100% for squamous cell carcinoma, 100% for basal cell carcinoma, 80% for malignant melanoma and 75% for sebaceous gland carcinoma. CONCLUSION: Exenteration is mainly performed as a life-saving treatment for advanced malignant tumours with epithelial tumours being the commonest. In comparison to previous published data, the indications of surgery in India differed, as squamous cell carcinoma and sebaceous gland carcinoma were the commonest indications for exenteration.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Effect of the application of an anionic detergent combined with FABRY's tincture and its components on human skin resident flora. Part 1: Dermofug solution combined with either FABRY's tincture or 50 v/v% isopropanol.

The aim of the study was to investigate the antimicrobial longterm efficacy of the combined application of an anionic detergent (Dermofug) either with 50 v/v% isopropanol or FABRY's tincture (3 w/v% salicylic acid, 1 v/v% liquefied phenol containing 50 v/v% isopropanol) on the resident flora of the human forehead skin after repeated applications using the forehead skin test. The test results show that both combinations tested are able to penetrate the infrainfundibulum of the sebaceous glands. The combined application of 10 v/v% Dermofug solution (D) and FABRY's tincture (F) showed better antibacterial efficacy than the combination of D and 50 v/v% isopropanol (I) against the coagulase-negative-staphylococci in the stratum corneum/acroinfundibulum as well as in the infrainfundibulum of the sebaceous glands. Against Propionibacterium spp., D and F showed better efficacy than D and I in the stratum corneum/acroinfundibulum, and equal efficacy in the infrainfundibulum of the sebaceous glands. It remains to be clarified in further investigations, which of the components of FABRY's tincture leads to the better antibacterial efficacy of the combined application of D and F in comparison to D and I, the salicylic acid or the phenol acid component.

1-Propanol↗

PubMed2005

Aspects of glycoconjugate production and lysozyme- and defensins-expression of the ceruminous glands of the horse (Equus przewalskii f. dom.).

The distribution of complex glycoconjugates and antimicrobial substances in the ceruminous glands of the horse (Equus przewalskii f. dom., type: pony) was studied using carbohydrate histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. The epithelial cells and luminal secretion of these glands exhibited considerable amounts of glycoconjugates with various saccharide residues, such as alpha-D-mannose, alpha-L-fucose, beta-D-galactose, beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and sialic acid, including O-acetylated sialic acid. Several sugars (alpha-D-mannose, alpha-L-fucose, and beta-D-galactose) were also detectable in the secretion of sebaceous glands present. Additionally, lysozyme and the peptide group of beta-defensins are demonstrated as products of the apocrine ceruminous glands and sebaceous glands. The results obtained are discussed with regard to the functional significance of the glandular secretions. It is suggested that the complex carbohydrates, lysozyme and beta-defensins found in the ceruminous gland secretions are involved in the function of cerumen as a general antimicrobial protective agent in the external auditory canal.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Regeneration of axillary hair and related phenomena after removal of deep dermal and subcutaneous tissue by a special "shaving" technique.

A subcutaneous tissue "shaver" was used in the treatment of axillary bromhidrosis. Regeneration of axillary hair was observed postoperatively even if subcutaneous tissue and dermis were removed almost up to the level of sebaceous ducts. Hair regenerated more often in male patients whose sebaceous glands and follicular isthmus were designedly left intact than in female patients whose sebaceous glands were designedly removed completely. Some function of apocrine and eccrine glands tends to return over a two-year period.

Axilla↗

PubMed1998

Hyperlipidemia and cutaneous abnormalities in transgenic mice overexpressing human apolipoprotein C1.

Transgenic mice were generated with different levels of human apolipoprotein C1 (APOC1) expression in liver and skin. At 2 mo of age, serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and FFA were strongly elevated in APOC1 transgenic mice compared with wild-type mice. These elevated levels of serum cholesterol and TG were due mainly to an accumulation of VLDL particles in the circulation. In addition to hyperlipidemia, APOC1 transgenic mice developed dry and scaly skin with loss of hair, dependent on the amount of APOC1 expression in the skin. Since these skin abnormalities appeared in two independent founder lines, a mutation related to the specific insertion site of the human APOC1 gene as the cause for the phenotype can be excluded. Histopathological analysis of high expressor APOC1 transgenic mice revealed a disorder of the skin consisting of epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis, and atrophic sebaceous glands lacking sebum. In line with these results, epidermal lipid analysis showed that the relative amounts of the sebum components TG and wax diesters in the epidermis of high expressor APOC1 transgenic mice were reduced by 60 and 45%, respectively. In addition to atrophic sebaceous glands, the meibomian glands were also found to be severely atrophic in APOC1 transgenic mice. High expressor APOC1 transgenic mice also exhibited diminished abdominal adipose tissue stores (a 60% decrease compared with wild-type mice) and a complete deficiency of subcutaneous fat. These results indicate that, in addition to the previously reported inhibitory role of apoC1 on hepatic remnant uptake, overexpression of apoC1 affects lipid synthesis in the sebaceous gland and/or epidermis as well as adipose tissue formation. These APOC1 transgenic mice may serve as an interesting in vivo model for the investigation of lipid homeostasis in the skin.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Theoretical and experimental principles and clinical aplications of the antiandrognes (author's transl)].

It is reported the accumulated experience over the last ten years on a synthetic gestegen with a powerful antiandrogenic action: the cyproterone acetate. The effects on androgen dependent processes like: structure and function of genital accesory glands, on skin and sebaceous glands, bone maturation and growth, libido and testicular function are reported, together with the clinical results obtained in the treatment of acne, hirsutism, sexual perversions and as male anticonceptive. The influence of cyproterone acetate on the androgen dependent embrionary processew of differentiation are also discussed as wll as the female anticonceptive action and its effects on other endocrine systems.

Androgen Antagonists↗

PubMed1995

Immunohistochemical distribution pattern of intermediate filament proteins in 50 feline neoplasms.

Twenty-eight epithelial and 22 nonepithelial feline tumors were studied immunohistochemically. Epithelial tumors were 10 squamous cell carcinomas, two basal cell tumors, two sebaceous gland carcinomas, three apocrine gland carcinomas, three thyroid papillary carcinomas, one thyroid solid carcinoma, one renal clear cell carcinoma, one renal papillary carcinoma, one endometrial carcinoma, and four lung bronchioloalveolar carcinomas. Nonepithelial tumors were 10 fibrosarcomas, one liposarcoma, one leiomyosarcoma, one rhabdomyosarcoma, one hemangiosarcoma, two mast cell tumors, one osteosarcoma, three melanomas, and two lymphomas. Commercially available antibodies directed against high- and low-molecular-weight keratins (keratin, RCK-102, NCL-5D3), vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament intermediate filament (IF) proteins were used in the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue samples. All epithelial tumors except the endometrial carcinoma expressed some type of keratin protein. Squamous cell carcinomas expressed high-molecular-weight keratins exclusively. Coexpression of high- and low-molecular-weight keratins was observed in one basal cell tumor, sebaceous and apocrine adenocarcinomas, and thyroid, renal, and lung carcinomas. In addition to keratins, vimentin immunoreactivity was found in all basal cell tumors, all sebaceous gland, thyroid papillary, renal, and lung adenocarcinomas, and one of the apocrine gland adenocarcinomas. Immunoreactivity with GFAP antibody was found in one basal cell tumor and one sebaceous gland adenocarcinoma. The endometrial carcinoma did not react with any of the antibodies applied. Nonepithelial tumors analyzed expressed either vimentin (fibrosarcomas, liposarcoma, haemangiosarcoma, mast cell tumors, osteosarcomas, melanomas) or vimentin and desmin (leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, one fibrosarcoma) IF proteins exclusively. Lymphomas did not react with any of the antibodies employed. These findings indicate that IF proteins antibodies can be included in diagnostic panels of antibodies for immunocharacterization of feline tumors. In addition, they can be used as a basis for the diagnoses of poorly differentiated or undifferentiated feline neoplasms.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Evaluation of pulsed light and radiofrequency combined for the treatment of acne vulgaris with histologic analysis of facial skin biopsies.

BACKGROUND: Light and radiofrequency (RF) devices have recently been used to treat acne in selected patients. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the safety and efficacy of a combination of pulsed light and RF energy for the treatment of acne. Materials and methods. Thirty-two patients with moderate acne were treated twice weekly for four weeks with the Aurora AC (Syneron Medical Ltd, Yokneam, Israel), a combination of pulsed light and RF energy. Twenty-five patients completed the study. In four patients, the number of hair follicles showing perifolliculitis, the diameters of hair follicles, the diameters of sebaceous glands, and expressions of heat shock protein 70 and procollagen-1 were evaluated before and after treatment. RESULTS: The mean lesion count was reduced by 47% (p < 0.05) after eight treatments. Adverse effects-erythema, tingling, and burning-were mild and temporary. The percentage of follicles with perifolliculitis decreased from 58% to 33%, sebaceous gland areas decreased from 0.092 mm2 to 0.07 mm2, and heat shock protein 70 and procollagen-1 expressions did not change. CONCLUSION: The combination of optical and RF energies may be an alternative nonablative modality for the treatment of moderate acne. Clinical improvement may be partly due to reductions in both perifollicular inflammation and sebaceous gland areas.

Acne Vulgaris↗

PubMed1993

The hairlet follicle in the skin of the wild Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769). Its morphology and function.

The hairlet follicle of the wild Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout 1769) differs from the other follicles in position and in structural characteristics. As an element of the guard (tylotrich) hair follicle group the hairlet follicles are arranged at the margin of the hair disk. The hairlet follicle, which produces the finest hair fibre, is enclosed by an active unilobular sebaceous gland. The arrector pili muscle is absent, but the follicle does have a supply of lanceolate nerve endings and Ruffini endings. The axons of the lanceolate endings are enclosed sandwich-like by Schwann cells and contact the basal lamina of the outer epithelial root sheath. Ruffini endings run within the band of connective tissue fibres that girdle the follicle at the level of the sebaceous gland. The appropriate stimulus for excitation of the nerve fibres can not be achieved by bending the tiny hairlet fibre. Tissue compression, induced by bending the central guard (tylotrich) hair, which is transformed via the sebaceous gland and the slim outer epithelial root sheath, may exicite the nerves of the hairlet follicle. It can be assumed that the hairlet follicle functions as a mechanoreceptor.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Differentiation in culture of cells from an avian holocrine secretory gland: preparation of isolated cells and conditions which induce accumulation of malic enzyme.

Mammalian sebaceous glands contain cells which are constantly going through a process of cell division, differentiation, and destruction. Birds have an analogous holocrine secretory gland, the uropygial gland, which is an excellent model for mammalian sebaceous glands and for analysis of the regulation of differentiation. Isolated uropygial cells were purified in good yield, and with high viability, after enzymatic digestion of the duck uropygial gland. Almost exclusively progenitor (basal) cells are recovered after separation of isolated cells on a Percoll density gradient; mature uropygial cells are destroyed during preparation of isolated cells. In primary culture, uropygial gland cells grow to confluence and partially duplicate the in vivo differentiation pathway. Malic enzyme activity increases 30-fold during 4 wks in culture, but there is little, if any, accumulation of fatty acid synthase and only a modest deposition of fat droplets. Medium conditioned by chick embryo fibroblasts inhibits the accumulation of malic enzyme without affecting cell growth. The basement membrane components, collagen, laminin, and Matrigel, which stimulate differentiation in other cell systems, were without effect on uropygial gland cultures. Triiodothyronine, cyclic AMP, and dexamethasone together with isobutylmethylxanthine had no effect on cell growth or malic enzyme activity. Epidermal growth factor, which stimulates cell division, increased cell number with no increase in malic enzyme accumulation. Factors which would stimulate further differentiation are missing from our culture system, but may include components of the basal lamina and/or factors secreted by mesenchymal cells.

1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine↗