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PubMed1972

An effect of hydroxyurea on Staphylococcus epidermidis: temporary loss of viability.

Although hydroxyurea (HU) is recognized as a specific inhibitor of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis, it did not have this effect in a strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis. In this case, HU caused a loss of colony-forming ability but did not prevent cell division in liquid medium. DNA synthesis apparently was affected only secondarily. About 10% of the population recovered colony-forming ability during the latter part of the growth cycle or when growth was slowed by chloramphenicol. Recovery also occurred when HU was removed from the medium. HU prevented cellular autolysis.

Autolysis↗

PubMed1975

Esterification of (4--14C)cholesterol by cutaneous bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes, and Propionibacterium granulosum).

Cholesterol and cholesteryl esters constitute 3 to 5% of the lipids derived from human sebaceous glands. The present study demonstrates that cutaneous bacteria, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and to a lesser extent Propionibacterium acnes, and Propionibacterium granulosum, esterify [4--14C]cholesterol to steryl esters in vitro. The degree of esterification is a characteristic of the strain of organism, ranging from 0 to 32.7% in the organisms tested. Cholesterol esterification in these experiments was dependent on the addition of homogenates of isolated, pooled sebaceous glands to the incubation medium. Indirect evidence suggests that the fatty acids from sebaceous triglycerides are utilized for cholesterol esterification by the bacteria. These results indicate that the proportion of steryl esters in skin surface lipids may be influenced by the density of the microbial population in the skin.

Carbon Radioisotopes↗

PubMed1983

[Staphylococcus epidermidis as a rare cause of sepsis].

Implanted synthetic materials have to be included into the differential diagnosis of sepsis. This paper reports on a case of sepsis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis in connection with a Spitz-Holter shunt. The interval between the implantation and the recognition of the endoplastitis took 4 years. The attempt of an antibiotic sanitation had no results. The fitness for work could be restored by removal of the shunt and reimplantation.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci other than Staphylococcus epidermidis by automated ribotyping.

As routine identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci is problematic, the performance of automated ribotyping was evaluated for identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci other than Staphylococcus epidermidis. In total, 177 isolates were tested, comprising 149 isolates from blood samples, 15 isolates that were not identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-PCR in a previous study, and 13 reference strains. The identification results were compared with those obtained by the API 20 Staph system, with standard phenotypic and molecular methods as reference. Most (n = 166; 93.8%) isolates were identified correctly by automated ribotyping. For 61 isolates, API 20 Staph and ribotyping were in agreement, but for 105 isolates, ribotyping provided correct identification and API 20 Staph did not. Four isolates not identified by automated ribotyping were recognised correctly by API 20 Staph. The remaining seven isolates could not be identified by either of the two methods. Automated ribotyping was able to distinguish Staphylococcus capitis reliably from Staphylococcus caprae. The results demonstrate the value of automated ribotyping for identification of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) isolates from human sources and may help to clarify the clinical relevance of CoNS species. In addition, automated ribotyping was able to detect polymorphisms that may be useful for epidemiological purposes within S. capitis, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus simulans, S. caprae, Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus schleiferi, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus pasteuri and Staphylococcus xylosus.

Phenotype↗

PubMed1981

In vitro activity of N-formimidoyl thienamycin (MK0787) against resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Serratia marcescens, and Enterococcus spp.

The in vitro activities of N-formimidoyl thienamycin (MK0787) and nine other antibiotics were tested against 129 clinical isolates, including 71 of enterococci, 34 of Staphylococcus epidermidis, 17 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 7 of Serratia marcescens. These isolates exhibited a variety of resistant patterns: 97% of the enterococci were resistant to moxalactam; 71 and 81% of the S. epidermidis isolates were resistant to methicillin and penicillin, respectively; 47, 53, and 53% of the P. aeruginosa isolates were resistant to carbenicillin, cefotaxime, and moxalactam, respectively; and all S. marcescens isolates were resistant to amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. With respect to concentrations required to inhibit growth of 90% of the isolates, N-formimidoyl thienamycin was more active than any compound tested. Determination of the concentration required to inhibit growth of 50% of the isolates showed N-formimidoyl thienamycin to be more active than any other agent against S. epidermidis, S. marcescens, and enterococci, but against Pseudomonas isolates it was less active than amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. This preparation is potentially useful for patients with serious infection caused by resistant bacteria; enterococcal and S. epidermidis endocarditis infections may be special situations which merit clinical trials.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1983

[Treatment of ventriculitis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis on equipment with the combination of fosfomycin and an aminoglycoside. Course of ventricular levels of fosfomycin].

Five patients (4 adults and 1 child) with cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis were successfully treated by fosfomycin combined with an aminoglycoside. Fosfomycin was given intravenously over 4 hours 3 times a day. The antibiotic dose was 12 g/day for adults and 200 mg/kg/day for the child. In 3 patients with an external CSF drainage system, serum and ventricular fluid samples were obtained before and after one infusion during 10 days. The serum concentrations varied greatly (48,12 +/- 31,47 and 115,07 +/- 46,5 micrograms/ml. However the drug levels in ventricular fluid were constant and similar for the 3 patients (24,48 +/- 10,28 à 27,87 +/- 8,58 micrograms/ml), well above the MICS (1 and 2 micrograms/ml).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Cytotoxic material released from Staphylococcus epidermidis. II. Fractionation and some effects of the fractions on lymphocytes and hepatocytes.

Cytotoxic substance(s) of about 4 X 10(3) molecular weight, containing 9.5% peptide and 73% carbohydrate was released from Staphylococcus epidermidis in phosphate buffered saline. The material was soluble in ethanol and was heat-resistant. It blocked amino acid uptake and E-rosette formation of human tonsillar and blood lymphocytes. In isolated mouse hepatocytes the toxin inhibited protein synthesis, but only in the presence of calcium ions. The results suggest that eukaryotic cell membranes are damaged by the coccal agent.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

[Study on the rapid, secondary-growth mutants of Staphylococcus epidermidis (author's transl)].

According to colony type, growth rate and development of secondary growth on the proteose-peptone No. 3 mannitol salt agar (PMS) and the nutrient agar (NA) media, Staphylococcus epidermidis may be classified into three groups. Group I includes strains which develop smooth colonies on both media. Group II consists of those which show rapid propagation of entire clones and develop secondary growth on the PMS medium, but grow only smooth colonies on the NA medium, and which may be called reversible mutants. Group III includes thoes which show secondary growth on both PMS and NA as well as other media, which may be called irreversible mutants. One percent proteose-peptone No. 3 and 5--7% NaCl are the essential ingredients for the induction of mutation, and mannitol can enhance it. Except the high sensitivity of the reversible mutants of human origin, the three groups of chicken origin showed similar drug susceptibility to biosynthesis inhibitors of protein and cell wall. On the HI medium, chloramphenicol inhibited secondary growth of irreversible mutants at 25.0 microgram/ml minimal antimutagenesis concentration (MAC), whereas streptomycin, penicillin, erythromycin and oxytetracycline did not at all. The irreversible mutants had higher resistance to biosynthesis inhibitors of DNA or RNA, e.g. mitomycin C (MMC), novobiocin (NOV) and rifampicin (RIF), than the other two groups. On the HI medium, MMC at the MAC of 0.16 microgram/ml, NA at 25.0 microgram/ml and NOV at 2.5 microgram/ml inhibited the secondary growth of irreversible mutants, but RIF did not. To the irreversible mutants, the MIC and MAC of NA on the PMS medium were both higher than those on the HI medium. The MACs of MMC and NOV on the PMS medium were also higher than those on the HI medium, but their geometric mean MIC remained almost unchanged on both media. Because the MACs of MMC (0.31 microgram/ml) and NA (100.0 microgram/ml) to the reversible mutants on the PMS medium were much similar to those of the irreversible mutants, it suggests that both groups had the similar mutation mechanism.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1979

Interaction of lipophilic quinones with membrane fragments of Paracoccus denitrificans and Staphylococcus epidermidis.

In quinone-depleted mitochondrial and Paracoccus denitrificans membranes the quantum yield of fluorescence of ostruthin (6-geranyl-7-hydroxycoumarin) was maintained, whereas an increase in the quantum yield took place after extraction of Staphylococcus epidermidis membrane. A marked quenching effect of ubiquinone and menaquinone each with two isoprene units in the side chain on the ostruthin fluorescence was found with all types of quinone-depleted particles. When the homogues of menaquinone and ubiquinone with six isoprene units in the side chain were re-incorporated, a quenching of the ostruthin fluorescence was observed in the S. epidermidis membranes but not in those of P. denitrificans. The different behaviour of both bacterial preparations is attributable to the more specific finding of ubiquinone in the particles of P. denitrificans.

Cell Membrane↗

PubMed1999

Failure of antibiotic therapy in Staphylococcus epidermidis infection of implantable venous access devices in patients with AIDS, as documented by molecular typing.

OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy and safety of high-concentration antibiotic locks in association with systemic antibiotherapy in Staphylococcus epidermidis infections of totally implantable venous access devices (TIVADs) in patients with AIDS. METHODS: Thirty-one episodes of S. epidermidis TIVAD infection were observed in nine patients. Locks consisted of high concentrations of aminoglycosides or vancomycin according to antibiogram results (susceptibility results obtained with the disk diffusion technique). Genotyping of bacterial strains was performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) in 26 of the 31 infectious episodes. RESULTS: The infections occurred within a median period of 62 catheter-days. The median duration of systemic antibiotic therapy was 17.5 days in association with a median of three antibiotic locks. Failure as defined by the occurrence of a novel episode within 2 months was observed in 17 of the 31 infections (58%). According to the PFGE results, relapse with the same strain of S. epidermidis or reinfection with a different strain of S. epidermidis could be assigned to 10 episodes which failed to respond to therapy. Relapse was observed in six of 10 episodes. Four episodes were followed by the occurrence of a novel infection with a different S. epidermidis strain. In one patient, a relapse occurred despite TIVAD removal. CONCLUSION: Our observations further document the poor efficacy of associating antibiotic locks with systemic antibiotic therapy for the treatment of TIVAD infections in patients with AIDS.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1988

Role of an intraperitoneal catheter implant in the pathogenesis of experimental Staphylococcus epidermidis peritoneal infection in renal failure mice.

The influence of a permanent peritoneal catheter implant on the response of renal failure and control mice to peritoneal inoculation with 10(6) colony-forming units (CFU) Staphylococcus epidermidis was assessed 48 h after bacterial challenge. Two weeks after the surgical induction of renal failure or sham surgery, a segment of a peritoneal dialysis catheter was implanted entirely within the confines of the peritoneal cavity of mice. One month later peritoneal S. epidermidis inoculation was performed by transcutaneous injection through the abdominal wall either directly into the peritoneal cavity (i.p.) or via the catheter lumen (i.c.). Following i.p. inoculation, minimal bacterial growth was recovered from the peritoneal structures of all mice, including the peritoneal catheter. In contrast, following i.c. S. epidermidis challenge, the catheter site remained heavily colonized while peritoneal washings and parietal peritoneum again presented minimal bacterial recoveries. S. epidermidis recovery from the catheter site of renal failure mice was significantly greater than from the respective site of sham-operated controls. Scanning electron microscopy of catheter segments recovered from mice following i.c. inoculation revealed single cocci or microcolonies associated with the catheter surface and differential leukocyte counts of fluid aspirated from the catheter lumen revealed evidence of acute inflammation. Signs of inflammatory processes in peritoneal washings and peripheral blood, however, were not observed. These results are discussed in relation to S. epidermidis peritonitis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Intrathecal vancomycin in the treatment of Ommaya reservoir infection by Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Ommaya reservoirs are frequently used in the treatment of patients with meningeal involvement by malignant diseases. The reported infectious complications range between 5-50%. We describe a 35-year-old male patient with Staphylococcus epidermidis infection of an Ommaya reservoir in whom intravenous antibiotics and removal of the reservoir failed to eradicate the organism. The patient was treated successfully by intrathecal injections of vancomycin. Patients with Ommaya reservoir related infections that persist in spite of shunt removal may derive a therapeutic benefit from the intrathecal administration of appropriate antibiotics.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Intramammary inoculation of the dairy cow with Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis during the nonlactating period.

The susceptibility of nonlactating mammary glands to intramammary inoculation with staphylococci was determined. Susceptibility was determined by inoculation of bacteria through the teat canal directly into the gland sinus. In experiment 1, Staphylococcus aureus (Newbould 305, ATCC 29740) was inoculated into glands at various intervals throughout the nonlactating period. During the first month, 35 of 52 inoculated glands became infected (67.3%). During the month before parturition when 37 glands were inoculated, 36 became infected (97.3%). In experiment 2, Staphylococcus epidermidis (A-44) was inoculated into mammary glands. During the first month of the nonlactating period, 35 glands were inoculated and only 6 glands became infected (17%). During the month before parturition, 36 of 38 inoculated glands became infected (94%). It appears that the mammary gland is susceptible to staphylococcal infection during the nonlactating period, because all glands became infected when they were inoculated during the month before parturition.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Pulmonary lipid nodules after intralipid infusion in a child with rhabdomyosarcoma and Staphylococcus epidermidis sepsis.

Pulmonary lipid accumulation associated with intralipid infusion has been observed in autopsies of premature babies and a few adults. We report a 6-year-old boy with radiographically identifiable bilateral pulmonary nodules while he had Staphylococcus epidermidis sepsis. At the time, the child was receiving intralipid as a part of total parenteral nutritional support and was undergoing chemotherapy and radiotherapy for abdominal rhabdomyosarcoma. Pathological studies of the biopsied nodules revealed lipid deposits and foreign body type granulomatous vasculitis. Possible mechanisms for intralipid nodules in the lungs are discussed. Pulmonary intralipid accumulation can occur antemortem and should be included in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary nodules in patients with malignant tumors who are receiving intralipid infusion.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗

PubMed2026

Complete genome sequences of Staphylococcus epidermidis phages Cicami, Sazerac, Southeast, Slasher, Spartan, and Undine.

Staphylococci are opportunistic pathogens that cause a variety of antibiotic-resistant infections, and staphylococcal viruses (phages) can be harnessed as alternative therapeutics. Here, we report genome sequences of six Staphylococcus epidermidis phages with siphovirus morphology that lack proteins associated with virulence and lysogeny. Our observations suggest potential uses in therapeutic applications.

bacteriophage therapy↗

PubMed2001

Antibiotic resistance pattern and visual outcome in experimentally-induced Staphylococcus epidermidis endophthalmitis in a rabbit model.

OBJECTIVE: To study whether the clinical outcome of Staphylococcus epidermidis-induced endophthalmitis in rabbits is related to the antibiotic resistance pattern of the infecting strain. DESIGN: Experimental animal study. PARTICIPANTS: The right eyes of 36 New Zealand white albino rabbits were inoculated with strains of S. epidermidis that displayed various patterns of antibiotic resistance. METHODS: There were 12 rabbits in each of three study groups: fully antibiotic susceptible (FS), partially antibiotic resistant (PR), and multiresistant (MR). Five days after inoculation, the eyes were enucleated and prepared for histologic studies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparisons among the three groups were made based on electroretinographic (ERG) findings, histologic evaluation by a masked observer, and clinical examination. RESULTS: Electroretinographic findings on all rabbits were made by an unmasked observer. At 30 hours after inoculation, the ERG was diminished to 65% of normal for group FS, compared with a flat ERG waveform for groups PR (P < 0.05) and MR (P < 0.05). The ERG waveform was flat for all three groups at 72 hours after inoculation. Histologic evaluation by use of a histologic score revealed that the degree of inflammation and destruction of the retina was less for group FS (n = 10) compared with groups PR (n = 8) and MR (n = 8). Clinical examination revealed that there was a trend of less ocular inflammation for group FS compared with groups PR and MR. CONCLUSIONS: In a rabbit model of S. epidermidis-induced endophthalmitis, antibiotic-susceptible strains caused less inflammation and destruction of the infected retina than did antibiotic-resistant strains.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Heat inactivation of staphylococcus epidermidis at various water activities.

Members of the family Micrococcaceae play an important role in food spoilage and even in food poisoning. In contrast to members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, these bacteria can grow in media with low water activities. Therefore, the heat resistance of Staphylococcus epidermidis, a rather resistant member of the family Micrococcaceae, was studied at water activities between 0.87 and 1.00. The heat inactivation curves were clearly biphasic at all temperatures and water activities tested. Especially at low water activities, the D-values of the tail phase were extremely high (at 0.87 water activity, a D-value at 70 degrees C of 500 s was recorded).

Hot Temperature↗

PubMed2000

Firm adherence of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis to human hair and effect of detergent treatment.

Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis are common pathogens in hospitals, and care should be taken not to disseminate these organisms among patients. We have focused on human hair as a source of bacterial contamination. We treated hair with culture solutions of S. aureus and S. epidermidis, and then performed scanning electron microscopy. Bacteria were detected on the surface of the cuticles of the hair, and the attached bacteria were not completely removed even by repeated washing with detergents. These results suggested that hair could be a source of bacterial contamination and indicated the importance of decontamination of hair.

Bacterial Adhesion↗