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At least 1,009 records · Page 56Linked to original sources

PubMed2002

Risk indicators for tooth wear in New Zealand school children.

AIM: To investigate the prevalence and severity of tooth wear in the primary dentition of a representative sample of New Zealand school children and relate these to possible risk factors. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: Primary schools in Dunedin, New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS: 104 children of both sexes, aged between 5 and 8 years, randomly selected. METHODS: Clinical examinations of the buccal, occlusal/incisal and lingual surfaces of deciduous canines and molars. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Degree of wear and the presence of dentinal cupping of teeth. Information on weaning and consumption of fruit-based drinks at bed time, frequency of consumption of fruits, yoghurt, pickled foods, fizzy and fruit-based drinks. RESULTS: The prevalence of tooth wear was similar in boys and girls and there were no significant differences between sides of the arches. A high percentage (82%) of children had at least one primary tooth with dentine exposed. While maxillary canines showed the greatest prevalence of dentine exposed, maxillary molars displayed the greatest prevalence of cupping. Severe tooth wear was less prevalent among children weaned after 12 months (14.3%) than those weaned earlier (27.9% P < 0.01). There were no statistically significant associations between wear and the consumption of fruit, yoghurt, pickled foods, fizzy drinks or fruit-based drinks. CONCLUSIONS: Tooth wear associated with dentine exposure is common in 5-8 year old children. This is not significantly associated with dietary factors, but appears to be related to early weaning from the breast.

Beverages↗

PubMed2004

Effect of toothpaste with natural calcium carbonate/perlite on extrinsic tooth stain.

OBJECTIVE: The current study was designed to determine the effect of natural calcium carbonate toothpaste containing Perlite and microgranules (Whitening toothpaste) on extrinsic tooth stain compared to a standard commercial toothpaste formulation with precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) as abrasive and a commercial toothpaste with dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) as abrasive. METHODS: The toothpastes were evaluated in a double blind, three-cell, stratified (tobacco use; baseline tooth stain level), parallel group design study involving 600 subjects with extrinsic tooth stain. Subjects brushed twice daily with their allocated toothpaste for four weeks. Extrinsic tooth stain was measured using the Macpherson modification of the Lobene stain index. RESULTS: ANCOVA showed significant differences between toothpastes (p=0.037). Subsequent multiple comparisons using pairwise t-tests, showed the Whitening toothpaste to be superior to the DCPD toothpaste (p=0.014) and the PCC toothpaste (p=0.067). When a Box-Cox transformation was made to the data (y0.6) to improve normality, these two differences were more accurately estimated at p=0.004 and p=0.03 respectively. CONCLUSION: The Whitening toothpaste has been shown to be significantly more effective in tooth stain removal than the two standard commercial toothpaste formulations.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Tooth loss in a sub-urban Nigerian population: causes and pattern of mortality revisited.

AIM: To determine the current causes and pattern of tooth loss in Ile-Ife Nigeria. DESIGN: A retrospective review of records of dental extraction patients. SETTING: The dental hospitals of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital situated in South Western Nigeria. PARTICIPANTS: All patients that had dental extractions between January 1996 and December 2002. METHOD: Patients' case records were analysed for demographics, reason(s) for dental extraction, tooth/teeth extracted, method of extraction and complication(s). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Reasons for tooth extraction and the pattern of tooth loss. RESULTS: 6348 (12.3%) of hospital attendees aged 4-102 years (mean 35 +/- 16.8 years) had extraction of 8338 teeth. A statistically significant female preponderance was observed. Dental caries was the leading cause of tooth loss (56.4%) followed by periodontal disease (24.6%). This shows a reversal of a trend reported in a previous study in the same location. Over half (69.2%) of the extracted teeth were molars (mostly mandibular). Only 4.1% extractions were trans alveolar. 3.9% were complicated by dry socket. CONCLUSION: 12.3% of the hospital attendees had undergone dental extraction. Despite previous warnings of a steady rise in dental caries, it has become the leading cause of tooth loss in our hospital. The urgent need to institute standardised preventive measures was highlighted.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Comprehensive therapy of a fusion between a mandibular lateral incisor and supernumerary tooth: case report.

The term fusion is used to define a developmental anomaly characterised by the union of two adjacent teeth. In the case reported here, clinical and radiographic examinations suggested a unilateral fusion between the mandibular left permanent incisor and a super-numerary tooth. Radiographs showed that the fused teeth had two distinct pulp chambers and canals. A diagnosis of chronic periapical abscess of the supernumerary tooth was made. Before root canal therapy, a periodontal surgical procedure was performed to section the central incisor and its fused supernumerary. Also, odontoplasty was performed on the roots, to establish an anatomy consistent with a normal central incisor. Later, the chronic apical abscess on the supernumerary tooth was instrumented chemo-mechanically, root canal filling was performed and an anterior composite resin restoration was placed. The patient was evaluated for one year after root canal therapy. The tooth was asymptomatic, not exhibiting any pathological root resorption or alveolar resorption, and the anterior composite restoration was intact. Instead of extracting the supernumerary tooth, the application of endodontic, periodontal, and restorative procedures proved to be an alternative treatment.

Child↗

PubMed1999

Finite element analysis of anterior tooth root stresses developed during endodontic treatment.

Vertical tooth root fractures are diagnostically challenging, frustrating, and an increasingly common cause of failure of tooth restoration. These vertical root fractures have been associated with many causes, including the endodontic process itself. To investigate these endodontic causes, various phases of crown replacement for an anterior tooth were modeled using nonlinear, plane strain finite element (FE) analysis. Stresses developed during obturation, post positioning, crown placement, and masticatory and occlusal loading of the restored tooth were estimated using this analysis method. The minimum (compressive) principal stress was greatest during obturation of cones 1 and 2, and during mastication of the restored tooth. Although these stresses were significant (-150 to -280 MPa), they did not exceed the compressive strength of dentin. The maximum (tensile) principal stresses, 160 to 300 MPa, were also observed during obturation of cones 1 and 2. These peak stresses exceed the dentin tensile strength.

Crowns↗

PubMed1985

A new method for matching tooth colors with color standards.

A new method for quantitative intra-oral tooth color determination is presented. Basically, the tooth color is assessed by visual comparison with opaque color standards, which are logically arranged according to three visual color dimensions. The standards were analyzed spectrophotometrically, and the C.I.E. color coordinates were computed. Illumination and observation were standardized during the matching procedure. Two distinct situations, method 1 and method 2, were investigated. The situation in method 1 is to be considered as large window illumination and small window collection of the reflected light. For method 2, the same small window was used for both illumination and observation. Using both methods, the color of a tooth could be quantified into three separate color dimensions. Using method 1, the consistency among 25 examiners was high in determining the color of ten teeth; using method 2, the inter-examiner agreement was low. For the same tooth, different color standards were selected with method 1 or method 2. The standard selected with method 2 often appeared to be in disagreement within clinical expectations. The differences in results between method 1 and method 2 are explained by the optical properties of the translucent dental enamel (e.g., volume reflection). Method 1 allows for reproducible quantification of clinical tooth discoloration according to C.I.E. color specifications and can possibly be applied in prosthetic dentistry.

Color↗

PubMed1986

On the non-existence of compensatory tooth size interaction in a contemporary human population.

Compensatory tooth size interactions between early and later developing teeth within the same tooth class were empirically evaluated in a sample of 125 study casts of Caucasoid children. Mean buccolingual and mesiodistal diameters for first and second molars, pre-molars, and incisors were calculated, and those first developing teeth that were either larger of smaller than the mean were identified. Pearsonian correlation coefficients and chi-square tests revealed highly significant positive correlations between smaller of larger early developing teeth and their later developing neighbors. This total lack of compensatory tooth size interaction was also confirmed when outsized teeth (larger of smaller than one standard deviation from the mean) were used. Similar results were obtained when tooth size was corrected for arcade length, hence allowing for the rejection of Sofaer's model of compensatory tooth size interaction.

Bicuspid↗

PubMed1994

Effects of topical administration of a bisphosphonate (risedronate) on orthodontic tooth movements in rats.

In orthodontics, undesirable movement of anchor teeth during tooth movement and relapse of moved teeth after treatment are the main causes of unsuccessful results. If these tooth movements could be prevented with pharmacological agents, a less complex orthodontic force system and less extensive retention would be required. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of topical administration of a bisphosphonate (risedronate), a potent blocker of bone resorption, on orthodontic tooth movements in rats. In the first experiment, both the right and left upper first molars were moved buccally with a standardized expansion spring under administration of risedronate. Risedronate solution was injected into the subperiosteum area adjacent to the left upper first molar. The right first molar served as a control with an injection of 0.9% NaCl solution. The topical administration of risedronate caused a significant and dose-dependent reduction of tooth movement after the orthodontic force was applied. In the second experiment, the right and left upper molars were first moved buccally for three weeks. The spring was then removed, and administration of risedronate was begun. The topical administration of risedronate inhibited relapse of the tooth in a dose-dependent manner. The administration of risedronate did not affect either overall growth of the animals or longitudinal growth of tibiae. These results suggest that topical application of risedronate may be helpful in anchoring and retaining teeth under orthodontic treatment.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1998

Relationship between growth and the pattern of tooth initiation in alligator embryos.

The temporal and spatial patterns in which teeth are initiated in the growing jaws of embryos are constant for a species but different for different species. The sources of the patterns have been explained in two ways. First, they are the outcome of reactions between molecules created at stationary targets and those which diffuse through embryonic tissues (e.g., Edmund, 1960). Second, Osborn (1978) supposed that the patterns mirror the way a (mixed) population of parent cells, the tooth clone, grows. Westergaard and Ferguson (1986, 1987, 1990) concluded, from their observations of the sequence of tooth initiation in alligators, that the complicated sequences in which 20 teeth are initiated in each tooth quadrant could not be explained by jaw growth. The present study attempts to refute this criticism by means of measurements made from the raw data published by Westergaard and Ferguson. These data reveal that new teeth, here called primary teeth, are added at a constant rate at the back of the jaw. Interstitial growth of the cells between primary teeth creates space for secondary teeth in secondary regions. The secondary regions increase in length exponentially with time. The sequence in which teeth are initiated in the growing secondary regions was found to be the same in every part of the upper and lower jaws. It was accurately reproduced by a computer program based on a linear contraction rate of inhibitory zones and exponential growth of secondary regions. The results suggest that the posterior progress zone in alligator embryos grows about 125 microm a day. Newly initiated tooth germs are surrounded by an inhibitory zone about 250 microm in diameter. These zones contract from 20 to 30 microm a day until they are about 170 microm in diameter. The sequences in which tooth positions are initiated in embryos may be more the result of the pattern in which cells escape from molecules that inhibit induction rather than the pattern in which cells create molecules that initiate induction.

Alligators and Crocodiles↗

PubMed2001

Absence of functional type 1 parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related protein receptors in humans is associated with abnormal breast development and tooth impaction.

Recent studies in transgenic mice have demonstrated that PTH-related protein (PTHrP), signaling through the type 1 PTH/PTHrP receptor (PTHR1), regulates endochondral bone development and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during the formation of the mammary glands and teeth. Recently, it has been shown that loss-of-function mutations in the PTHR1 gene result in a rare, lethal form of dwarfism known as Blomstrand chondrodysplasia. These patients suffer from severe defects in endochondral bone formation, but abnormalities in breast and tooth development have not been reported. To ascertain whether PTHrP signaling was important to human breast and tooth development, we studied two fetuses with Blomstrand chondrodysplasia. These fetuses lack nipples and breasts. Developing teeth were present, but they were severely impacted within the surrounding alveolar bone, leading to distortions in their architecture and orientation. Compatible with the involvement of PTHR1 and PTHrP in human breast and tooth morphogenesis, both were expressed within the developing breasts and teeth of normal human fetuses. Therefore, impairment of the PTHrP/PTHR1 signaling pathway in humans is associated with severe abnormalities in tooth and breast development. In addition to regulating human bone formation, this signaling pathway is also necessary for the normal development of the human breast and tooth.

Breast↗

PubMed2000

A clinical evaluation of 10 percent vs. 15 percent carbamide peroxide tooth-whitening agents.

BACKGROUND: Agents with carbamide peroxide, or CP, in various concentrations are widely prescribed for at-home tooth whitening. It is not clear, however, if the more concentrated gels will whitening teeth to a greater extent, as no controlled clinical trials have been reported. The authors conducted a double-blind study of human subjects to evaluate whether a 15 percent CP tooth-whitening system was more effective than a 10 percent CP system, and to determine if tooth sensitivity increased with use of the higher concentration. METHODS: The authors recruited 57 subjects with maxillary anterior teeth of shade A3 or darker (as gauged against a value-oriented shade guide). The subjects were 18 to 65 years of age and in good general and dental health. After matching the subjects by sex and age, the authors randomly assigned them to either a control group, which used a 10 percent CP whitening agent, or an experimental group, which used a 15 percent CP agent. RESULTS: The results indicated that there was no significant difference in shade change between the groups after one week of treatment (t = 1.455, P = .05), but there was a significant difference at the end of the treatment period (t = 2.303, P < .05), as well as two weeks after treatment concluded (t = 2.248, P < .05). There was no significant difference in sensitivity (t = 1.399, P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant difference in color change between the 10 percent CP and 15 percent CP groups at the end of the study period. There was no significant difference in level of tooth sensitivity between the two groups, and the incidence was equal; there was, however, a significant difference in variability of tooth sensitivity between the two groups. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: If performed under the careful guidance of a dentist, at-home whitening is an effective treatment, regardless of whether 10 percent CP or 15 percent CP is used. There may be added color change and varying sensitivity with the use of 15 percent CP.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Effect of periodontal treatment on tooth mobility.

The purpose of this study was to compare tooth mobility at different time periods during periodontal treatment and to relate changes in mobility to each method of treatment. Ninety-three patients (2421 teeth) with moderate to severe periodontitis were scored: (1) at initial examination, (2) 1 month following scaling, root planing, instruction in oral hygiene and preliminary occlusal adjustment, (3) 1 month after treatment with pocket elimination or reduction, curettage, modified Widman flap or scaling and root planing by the periodontist, and (4) 1 and 2 years following completed periodontal treatment. After initial nonsurgical treatment there was a significant decrease in tooth mobility. Tooth mobility increased temporarily after pocket reduction surgery but was not altered following curettage, modified Widman flap or scaling and root planing. Two years post-treatment there was a trend toward further decrease in tooth mobility with professional tooth cleaning every 3 months.

Dental Scaling↗

PubMed1984

Periodontal response after tooth movement into intrabony defects.

The present study was undertaken since conflicting evidence exists regarding the effect of such tooth movement on levels of connective tissue attachment. Localized intrabony pockets were produced around isolated incisors in four rhesus monkeys. The root surfaces were planned to the level of the bone at the base of the angular bony defects. An oral hygiene regime was begun and continued for the remainder of the study. The experimental teeth were moved orthodontically into, and through, the original area of the intrabony defect. Two months after cessation of active tooth movement, block specimens were removed for histologic analysis. Control specimens comprised those teeth with induced periodontal defects, but without tooth movement. In specimens not subjected to tooth movement, angular bony defects were present and epithelium lined the root surface to the apical extent of instrumentation. The alveolar bone adjacent to the orthodontically moved teeth no longer had angular defect morphology. On the pressure side, epithelium lined the root surface, was interposed between root surface and bone and terminated at the apical limit of root instrumentation. On the tension side, the crest of the bone was located apical to the level of root planing, and epithelium lined the instrumented portion of the root surface. It was concluded that orthodontic tooth movement into intrabony periodontal defects was without effect upon the levels of connective tissue attachment.

Alveolar Process↗

PubMed2005

Risk indicators for tooth loss due to periodontal disease.

BACKGROUND: Several risk indicators for periodontal disease severity have been identified. The association of these factors with tooth loss for periodontal reasons was investigated in this cross-sectional comparative study. METHODS: All extractions performed in 21 general dental practice clinics (25% of such clinics in Kuwait) over a 30-day period were recorded. Documented information included patient age and gender, medical history findings, dental maintenance history, toothbrushing frequency, types and numbers of extracted teeth, and the reason for the extraction. Reasons were divided into periodontal disease versus other reasons in univariate and binary logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 1,775 patients had 3,694 teeth extracted. More teeth per patient were lost due to periodontal disease than for other reasons (2.8 +/- 0.2 versus 1.8 +/- 0.1; P <0.001). Factors significantly associated with tooth loss due to periodontal reasons in logistic regression analysis were age >35 years (odds ratio [OR] 3.45; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.79 to 4.26), male gender (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.17 to 1.73), never having periodontal maintenance (OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.23 to 1.78), never using a toothbrush (OR 1.81; 95% CI 1.49 to 2.20), current or past smoking (OR 1.56; 95% CI 1.28 to 1.91), anterior tooth type (OR 3.23; 95% CI 2.57 to 4.05), and the presence of either of the following medical conditions: diabetes mellitus (OR 2.64; 95% CI 2.19 to 3.18), hypertension (OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.41 to 2.13), or rheumatoid arthritis (OR 4.19; 95% CI 2.17 to 8.11). CONCLUSION: Tooth loss due to periodontal disease is associated with the risk indicators of age, male gender, smoking, lack of professional maintenance, inadequate oral hygiene, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, and anterior tooth type.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Effects of vincristine on the developing hamster tooth germ in vitro.

Vincristine is one of the cytostatic drugs present in cocktails commonly used for the treatment of cancer in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate biochemically and histologically the toxic effects of this drug on the developing tooth in vitro using the organ culture model in order to be able to predict what damage the drug can induce in the developing teeth from children undergoing anti-neoplastic chemotherapy. The most profound effect of the drug (10(-8)M-10(-4)M vincristine) on the developing tooth germ was the induction of mitotic arrests at the cervical loop and in the inter-cuspal regions. The 10(-4)M-10(-6)M vincristine doses were cytotoxic to most cells in the developing tooth germ. The 10(-7)M vincristine dose apart from induction of mitotic arrests, did not appear to be cytotoxic to the mature differentiated secretory cells. However, this dose induced incomplete nuclear polarization of the differentiating ameloblasts and odontoblasts. At 10(-8)M vincristine, the only effect observed were mitotic arrests; the secretory cells did not appear to have been affected at all. On the other hand, mineralization (TCA-soluble 45Ca and 32P uptake) was dose-dependently decreased from 10(-7)M vincristine upwards. 10(-9)M vincristine, the lowest dose tested, did not induce any changes in the developing tooth germ. The organ culture data indicate that 10(-9)M vincristine is the highest (safe) dose which does not induce any toxic effects in the developing hamster tooth germ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ameloblasts↗

PubMed1995

[Observation of alveolar bone remodeling accompanied with tooth movement by in situ hybridization--expression of type I collagen and bone sialoprotein mRNAs].

The purpose of this study was to investigate expression of type I collagen and bone sialoprotein (BSP) mRNAs in the alveolar bone accompanied with tooth movement. The right side of the upper jaw of the rat was used for orthodontic tooth movement, and the left side was used for physiological tooth movement. After the proper number of days of movement, histological specimens were decalcified and sliced into paraffin sections. The expression of mRNAs was examined by the in situ hybridization method. In the samples of physiological tooth movement, a high level of expression in both mRNAs was observed in osteoblasts along the mineralization front and adjacent osteocytes in the interradicular septum (IRS). In contrast, a low level of mRNA expression was observed on the opposite side of the IRS. In the specimens of experimental tooth movement, a high level of expression was detected in the osteoblasts on the tension side of IRS, but negligible reaction in those on the compression side. These results suggest that BSP gene expression as well as that of collagen are related not only to mineralization in physiological bone remodeling but also to the process by activated osteoblasts induced by orthodontic force. In addition, response to the artificial force was observed in osteocytes in IRS.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Single-tooth implants and their role in preserving remaining teeth: a 10-year survival study.

The use of teeth as abutments for fixed and removable partial dentures can result in biologically destructive consequences. Teeth adjacent to edentulous spaces should exhibit improved prognoses if restorative trauma is to be avoided or minimized. Implants offer a method of tooth replacement without relying upon the surrounding dentition for support. This investigation evaluates implant survival and prosthetic complications of implants that replaced single missing teeth and were placed in clinical practice during a 10-year period. It further examines preoperative status and survival of teeth adjacent to these implant restorations during the same 10-year time span. Ninety-nine patients treated with 116 implants and 112 single-tooth implant prostheses in a prosthodontic practice were examined between 1988 and 1998. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of implants in preventing the use of intact teeth for initial support of prostheses and in avoiding the use of additional teeth as abutments upon the replacement of existing restorations. Three implants failed over a 10-year period, for a survival rate of 97.4%. Complications included the loss of 2 implant crowns, screw loosening, broken screws, cement washout, margin exposure, and porcelain fracture. Of 196 teeth adjacent to edentulous spaces, 156 (79.6%) were intact or minimally restored. Only 3 of these teeth were restored as part of initial prosthodontic therapy. Over the ensuing 10 years, only 1 tooth required a replacement restoration, and 1 tooth was extracted. Results of this patient evaluation demonstrated that implant survival over a 10-year period was favorable, with minimal prosthetic complications. Furthermore, teeth adjacent to single-tooth implants exhibited an extremely low complication rate. This report indicates that implants can be effective in preserving intact teeth in patients undergoing initial prosthodontic therapy and in preventing the use of additional teeth as abutments in patients whose existing prostheses must be replaced.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Clinical evaluation of a new 10% carbamide peroxide tooth-whitening agent.

NUPRO Gold Tooth Whitening System was evaluated for efficacy according to the proposed ADA guidelines for acceptance. Sixty participants with discolored anterior teeth participated in a 14-day, double-blind, clinical trial. The participants were matched for age, gender, and oral health status and were given either a placebo gel without the active agent or the NUPRO Gold active gel, which they wore in a custom-fabricated mouth guard for home use. The shade of each participant's maxillary anterior teeth was evaluated using a value-oriented Vita Lumin Vacuum Shade Guide before the study. The same shade guide was used to determine shade changes. Time of use of the agent and potential side effects, such as tooth and gingival hypersensitivity and tissue irritation, were assessed at all recall examinations and were recorded by participants in daily diaries. The average shade change for the placebo users was less than one shade. The average shade change for the NUPRO Gold users was 6.96 shades. Tooth hypersensitivity varied from none to severe. Tissue irritation was minimal. The results of these evaluations indicate that NUPRO Gold is effective as a tooth-whitening system, when administered properly under the supervision of a dentist, with commonly reported side effects of transient tooth sensitivity and minimal gingival sensitivity. Little or no change in tissue health was noted. This study was supported by Dentsply Preventive Care (York, Pennsylvania).

Adolescent↗