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PubMed2005

Nanoparticle arrays patterned by electron-beam writing: structure, composition, and electrical properties.

Direct electron beam writing in nanoparticle films is employed to create nanoscale wires between prepatterned gold electrodes on SiO(2)/Si wafers. Characterization of these nanowires using AFM, SEM, and EDX reveals a core/sheath morphology, where a gold-rich core is surrounded by a sheath which is mainly of carbon. Z-contrast STEM images indicate that the central core consists of a distribution of metal cores in a carbon network. The results suggest that the nanoparticle network is created through cross-linking of the ligands of adjacent particles. The high resistivities obtained in conductivity measurements are consistent with this picture. The work illustrates the ability to generate patterned nanoparticle arrays which can be addressed electrically.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

New approach to writing and simultaneous reading of micropatterns: combining surface plasmon resonance imaging with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM).

This work establishes the compatibility of surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPR-i) with the visualization of localized electropolymerization. The "writing" of polypyrrole and polypyrrole-oligonucleotide patterns onto thin gold films is demonstrated using scanning electrochemical microcopy (SECM), while an optical method, SPR-i, simultaneously detected the formed micropatterns. The combination of these two methods, SECM/SPR-i, has the advantage of not only controlling the patterning process but also providing unique information on the micropattern formation. The influence of the pulsing time and the monomer concentration on the spot size and its characteristics has been investigated in detail using SPR-i. Fluorescence microscopy and atomic force microscopy have also been used to support the data obtained by SPR-i.

Gold↗
PubMed2006

Nanolithographic write, read, and erase via reversible nanotemplated nanostructure electrodeposition on alkanethiol-modified Au(111) in an aqueous solution.

A write, read, and erase nanolithographic method, combining in situ electrodeposition of metal nanostructures with atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoshaving of a 1-hexadecanethiol (HDT) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on Au(111) in an aqueous solution, is reported. The AFM tip defines the local positioning of nanotemplates via the irreversible removal of HDT molecules. Nanotemplates with lateral dimensions as narrow as 25 nm are created. The electroactive nanotemplates determine the size, shape, and position of the metal nanostructures. The potential applied to the substrate controls the amount of metal deposited and the kinetics of the deposition. Metal nanostructures can be reversibly and repeatedly electrodeposited and stripped out of the nanotemplates by applying appropriate potentials.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Patterning amyloid peptide fibrils by AFM charge writing.

Surface charge patterns generated by atomic force microscopy-based charge writing were used to pattern amyloid-like peptide fibrils on a solid substrate. Fibrils of the short peptide TTR105-115 were encapsulated inside water droplets of a water-in-perfluorocarbon oil emulsion and retained their rod morphology. They were observed to deposit selectively with a lateral resolution of approximately 1 microm onto negatively charged patterns on a polymethyl-methacrylate substrate.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Conformationally imprinted receptors: atropisomers with "write", "save", and "erase" recognition properties.

[reaction: see text] An atropisomeric receptor with "write", "save", and "erase" recognition properties is presented. The receptor adopts a complementary conformation when heating in the presence of an ethyl adenine-9-acetate guest molecule. This complementary hydrogen bonding conformation is "saved" upon cooling to room temperature due to the reestablishment of restricted rotation and is stable even upon removal of the guest. Finally, the atropisomeric receptor can be "erased" by heating in the absence of the guest.

Acetates↗
PubMed2001

Segmentation and selection of appropriate Chinese characters in writing place names in Japanese.

This paper explores the relation between an unknown place name written in hiragana (a Japanese syllabary) and its corresponding written representation in kanji (Chinese characters). We propose three principles as those operating in the selection of the appropriate Chinese characters in writing unknown place names. The three principles are concerned with the combination of on and kun readings (zyuubako-yomi), the number of segmentations, and the bimoraicity characteristics of kanji chosen. We performed two experiments to test the principles; the results supported our hypotheses. These results have some implications for the structure of the Japanese mental lexicon, for the processing load in the use of Chinese characters, and for Japanese prosody and morphology.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Writing trauma: emotion, ethnography, and the politics of suffering among Somali returnees in Ethiopia.

By comparing Somali narratives of emotion and suffering with literature about emotion in relation to trauma and "the refugee experience," this paper contributes to the understanding of emotion, suffering, and trauma in different cultural and sociopolitical contexts, and interrogates the roles and methods of ethnographies of trauma in situations of high political, social, and economic stakes. In the mid-1990s, emotional distress among Ethiopian Somali returnees was about social rupture and injustice and not simply about private suffering. Emotion is critical to creating, recognizing, reinforcing, and mobilizing the moral webs on which both individual and collective survival depend. In the aftermath of dispossession and war, and amidst ongoing hunger and destitution, certain expressions of emotion carry a particularly important valence: anger, passion, and rhetorics of demoralization revolving around a collective narrative of dispossession and demands for restitution. "Experience near" descriptions of Somali emotion expressions cannot be conflated with "psychological" analyses or "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder." Somali refugee narratives index and challenge the embodiment in lived experience of local, national, and global institutions' (in)action and inequality. To the extent that academic debates over emotion and trauma help to shape, reinforce, or challenge the assumptions and practices of institutions affecting millions of lives, we researchers must address in our analyses the practical and political implications of how we interpret and write about emotion, trauma, and politics.

Affect↗
PubMed2006

G. Stanley Hall, a man of many words: The role of reading, speaking, and writing in his psychological work.

The place of G. Stanley Hall within the history of psychology is both assured and problematic. While he is credited with significant contributions, those contributions are predominantly institutional rather than intellectual or scientific in nature. Further compounding the issue is the fact that those who focus on the development of psychology qua science have emphasized psychology's increasing reliance on empirical observations, its use of quantitative measures, and its subordination of language to objective referents. This has obscured the significance of Hall's work, including his massive, two-volume Adolescence (1904), which is typically criticized for falling short in these regards. A more accurate appreciation can be gained through understanding his intentions and the practices of reading, speaking, and writing that were associated with them.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2003

A polymer/semiconductor write-once read-many-times memory.

Organic devices promise to revolutionize the extent of, and access to, electronics by providing extremely inexpensive, lightweight and capable ubiquitous components that are printed onto plastic, glass or metal foils. One key component of an electronic circuit that has thus far received surprisingly little attention is an organic electronic memory. Here we report an architecture for a write-once read-many-times (WORM) memory, based on the hybrid integration of an electrochromic polymer with a thin-film silicon diode deposited onto a flexible metal foil substrate. WORM memories are desirable for ultralow-cost permanent storage of digital images, eliminating the need for slow, bulky and expensive mechanical drives used in conventional magnetic and optical memories. Our results indicate that the hybrid organic/inorganic memory device is a reliable means for achieving rapid, large-scale archival data storage. The WORM memory pixel exploits a mechanism of current-controlled, thermally activated un-doping of a two-component electrochromic conducting polymer.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Nanoscale ferroelectric field-effect writing and reading using scanning tunnelling spectroscopy.

Control of the density of mobile charge carriers using electric fields is widely used in a variety of metal-insulator-semiconductor structures and is the governing principle behind the operation of field-effect transistors. Ferroelectric materials possessing a switchable and non-volatile polarization field can be used as insulating layers, revealing new opportunities for device applications. Advances in material processing and in particular complex oxide thin-film growth mean that high-quality field-effect devices can be based on ferroelectric/metallic oxide heterostructures. In addition, advances in local probe techniques such as atomic force microscopy allow them to be used in the imaging and study of small ferroelectric domain structures in bulk crystals and thin films. Meanwhile, scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy have established themselves as powerful techniques for atomic manipulation and nanometre-resolution electron tunnelling spectroscopy. Here, a scanning tunnelling microscope is used to investigate the ferroelectric field effect in all-perovskite heterostructures. Scanning tunnelling spectroscopy allows us to probe the local electronic properties of the polarized channel of a ferroelectric field-effect device as a function of the field orientation. This technique can be used to read and write ferroelectric field-induced regions with a size as low as 20 nm.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Chaotic mixing in three-dimensional microvascular networks fabricated by direct-write assembly.

The creation of geometrically complex fluidic devices is a subject of broad fundamental and technological interest. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) microvascular networks through direct-write assembly of a fugitive organic ink. This approach yields a pervasive network of smooth cylindrical channels (approximately 10-300 microm) with defined connectivity. Square-spiral towers, isolated within this vascular network, promote fluid mixing through chaotic advection. These vertical towers give rise to dramatic improvements in mixing relative to simple straight (1D) and square-wave (2D) channels while significantly reducing the device planar footprint. We envisage that 3D microvascular networks will provide an enabling platform for a wide array of fluidic-based applications.

Epoxy Resins↗
PubMed1999

Improving the letters we write: an exploration of doctor-doctor communication in cancer care.

Referral and reply letters are common means by which doctors exchange information pertinent to patient care. Twenty-eight semi-structured interviews were conducted exploring the views of oncologists, referring surgeons and general practitioners. Twenty-seven categories of information in referral letters and 32 in reply letters after a consultation were defined. The letters to and from six medical oncologists relating to 20 consecutive new patients were copied, and their content analysed. Oncologists, surgeons and general practitioners Australia wide were surveyed using questionnaires developed on data obtained above. Only four of 27 categories of referral information appear regularly (in > 50%) in referral letters. Oncologists want most to receive information regarding the patient's medical status, the involvement of other doctors, and any special considerations. Referring surgeons and family doctors identified delay in receiving the consultant's reply letter as of greatest concern, and insufficient detail as relatively common problems. Reply letters include more information regarding patient history/background than the recipients would like. Referring surgeons and family doctors want information regarding the proposed treatment, expected outcomes, and any psychosocial concerns, yet these items are often omitted. Consultants and referring doctors need to review, and modify their letter writing practices.

Correspondence as Topic↗
PubMed2003

Fabrication of microfluidic mixers and artificial vasculatures using a high-brightness diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser direct write method.

This paper describes a direct write laser technology, which is fast and flexible, for fabricating multiple-level microfluidic channels. A high brightness diode-pumped Nd-YAG laser with slab geometry was used for its excellent beam quality. Channels with flat walls and staggered herringbone ridges on the floor have been successfully fabricated and their ability to perform passive mixing of liquid is discussed. Also, a multi-width multi-depth microchannel has been fabricated to generate biomimetic vasculatures whose channel diameters change according to Murray's law, which states that the cube of the radius of a parent vessel equals the sum of the cubes of the radii of the daughters. The multi-depth architecture allows for flow patterns to resemble physiological vascular systems with lower overall resistance and more uniform flow velocities throughout the network compared to planar patterning techniques which generate uniformly thin channels. The ability to directly fabricate multiple level structures using relatively straightforward laser technology enhances our ability to rapidly prototype complex lab-on-a-chip systems and to develop physiological microfluidic structures for tissue engineering and investigations in biomedical fluidics problems.

Biomimetics↗
PubMed1999

Embracing technology: an exploration of the effects of writing nursing.

Contemporary societal factors influencing the delivery of healthcare in Canada include loud and persistent demands for accountability around the use of public funds. Interests in fiscal accountability are not only held by managers and politicians. Practitioners too hold interests in this domain, particularly where 'interest' means having a reserved seat at the table where discussions regarding resource allocation will take place. In this light, practitioners are also interested in enrolling forms of technology that enable them to make visible their 'unique contribution' to the care delivery enterprise. Latour's writings on 'technology' as durability offer methods for describing socio-technical processes that contribute to the appearance of domination. Challenging the prevailing view that order results from powerful domination, Latour argues that domination is an effect of contingent processes. A case study is presented where multiple interests in developing a form of nursing that is visibly 'autonomous' and 'cost-effective' are brought together with technological forms that promise such visibility. Costs associated with purchasing visibility are critically examined.

Canada↗
PubMed2000

European Stroke Initiative (EUSI) recommendations for stroke management. The European Stroke Initiative Writing Committee.

The European Stroke Initiative (EUSI) is the common body of stroke-related activities within the European Federation of Neurological Societies (EFNS), the European Neurological Society (ENS) and the European Stroke Council (ESC). The Executive committee of the EUSI has authorized the writing committee of the EUSI to create recommendations for stroke management covering all areas of stroke treatment. The recommendations are listed according to levels of evidence pre-specified and modified according to several proposals in the literature. The recommendations have been approved by the executive committees of the EUSI, the ESC, the EFNS and the ENS. They are called recommendations rather than guidelines in order to underline the large amount of individual decision making due to the fact that for many important questions, no data of high evidence level is available. The EUSI plans to review and update the recommendations on a regular basis.

Anticoagulants↗
PubMed2001

Writing academic papers: a guide for prospective authors.

As a journal Editor, I examine many papers and work alongside authors to maximize the likelihood of publication. During the course of this activity, several issues concerning writing for publication have emerged. In this article, I will use these experiences to help novice writers to prepare their work for publication. I will also draw on my personal experience as an author of academic and popular papers and as a book author and editor. If you find the article useful, please do distribute it freely amongst colleagues.

Authorship↗
PubMed1997

[Apoplexy in ancient medical writing].

To a certain degree, the history of neurology can be conceptualised as a history of important diseases related to the nervous system. Although most of these disorders were either first discovered or classified on an anatomical and physiological basis after 1800, early descriptions of neurological symptoms and theories about their origin date back to the medical literature of antiquity. Using the case study approach, this paper reviews ancient concepts of apoplexy from the 5th century BC to the 5th century AD. Based on medical texts of more than 20 authors (e.g. Hippocratic writings, Aristotle, Diocles, Praxagoras, Celsus, Aretaeus, Soranus, Galen, Caelius Aurelianus), definitions of the disease, clinical symptoms, prognosis and differential diagnosis are described first, succeeded by a discussion of the hypotheses on aetiology and pathogenesis. Special emphasis is placed on the key principles of ancient medicine such as the doctrine of the four humours, the concept of the pneuma and the theory of the "communicates" and their explanatory power for neurological disorders. The following chapter is dedicated to classic therapeutic strategies. The paper concludes with a brief survey on the influence of ancient concepts on authors of later centuries.

Cerebrovascular Disorders↗