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At least 1,027 records · Page 57Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Meta-analysis of DRD3 gene and schizophrenia: ethnic heterogeneity and significant association in Caucasians.

The involvement of dopamine in the etiology of schizophrenia is suggested by a number of neurobiological and pharmacological data, the dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) being selectively expressed in brain regions which may be specifically involved in the risk for schizophrenia. The gene coding for DRD3 has thus been extensively analyzed. Since the initial report providing substantial evidence for an association of homozygosity of either allele of the gene coding for DRD3 (BalI polymorphisms) with schizophrenia, a flurry of replicating studies has appeared, which have been split into confirmations and nonreplications in North European Caucasian, Mediterranean, Asian, American, and African populations. The involvement of DRD3 polymorphisms thus remains questionable, particularly as no linkage studies have favored a nonrandom segregation of DRD3 alleles and schizophrenia. We performed a metaanalysis from 29 independent samples, from 24 different association studies so far published, allowing the examination of 2,619 schizophrenic patients and 2,517 controls. No significant differences of genotype counts were noted between patients and controls for the whole sample, considering frequency of any genotype. Starting from the high variability of the genotypes in different geographical areas, the impact of ethnic heterogeneity was taken into account. When the studies were reorganized in five groups according to geographical origin of samples, both homozygosity and 1-1 genotype revealed significant heterogeneity (P < 0.05). We specifically found an excess of homozygosity and 1-1 genotype in schizophrenic patients only in the African and Caucasian groups (P < 0.05). The present analysis suggests a small but significant effect of DRD3 in the susceptibility to schizophrenia, at least in Caucasians.

Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific↗
PubMed1998

Incorporating correlations between measurements into the estimation of age-related reference ranges.

An LMS-based maximum likelihood method of fitting age-related reference ranges is extended to incorporate non-independent measurements by including the matrix of the correlations between standard normalized repeat measurements into the likelihood. The likelihood is maximized via iterative re-estimation of the correlation structure and the reference range parameters until convergence is achieved. The correlation structure is explicitly modelled and the extent to which the estimated centiles depend on the adequacy with which the correlation structure is modelled is investigated. The method is illustrated using CD4 counts of uninfected children born to HIV-1 infected women. This data set consists of 5063 CD4 counts taken from 745 children at irregular ages between birth and 10 years of age. The data exhibited a strong correlation structure with correlations decreasing with increasing time between measurements and being lower for younger measurement ages. However, incorporation of the correlation had little effect on the choice of model for the median or on the fitted centiles or their precision.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Acute megakaryocytic leukemia. Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content at diagnosis and during the course of therapy.

Flow cytometry (FCM) for the determination of DNA content and cell cycle analysis was performed on multiple bone marrows from a case of acute megakaryocytic leukemia in a 71-year-old woman. Two aneuploid (multiploid) peaks were present at diagnosis. This multiploidy was a stable characteristic when studied temporally. The disappearance of the peaks in the bone marrow specimens directly correlated with complete remission morphologically. These findings further support the concept of FCM as an adjunct to morphologic study in identifying residual tumor burden.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Cancer control and the older person. Issues in treatment.

The Committee on Treatment acknowledged the paucity of information related to the management of cancer in older patients and identified short-term and long-term efforts to study these issues. Short-term efforts should focus on effects of cancer and cancer treatment on survival and quality of life, efficacy and toxicity of antineoplastic therapy, barriers to adequate treatment, alternative settings of cancer care, and special supportive care needs. Long-term efforts should focus on unique features of cancer in older patients, long-term effects of cancer and cancer treatment, and prevention and detection of new primary malignancies. The Committee recognized that our recent advances in cancer treatment including palliative surgery, limited surgery, radiosurgery, and antidotes to drug toxicity may improve the tolerance of antineoplastic therapy by older patients and be beneficial in terms of survival and quality of life.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in cerebral palsy.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether botulinum toxin (BtA) is an effective and safe treatment for lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Functional outcomes are of particular interest. SEARCH STRATEGY: Studies for inclusion in the review were identified using the Movement Disorders Review Group trials register, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, MEDLINE, pharmaceutical company databases, communication with other researchers in the field and reference lists of papers found using above search strategies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies were considered eligible for inclusion in the review if they evaluated the efficacy of BtA for the treatment of leg spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. They must have been randomised and include a concurrent control group receiving another intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: A paper pro forma was used to collect data from the included studies using double extraction by two independent reviewers. Each trial was assessed for internal validity by each of the two reviewers. Meta-analysis was not possible because results were presented in an incompatable form. A Peto odds ratio was calculated where this was appropriate, otherwise a descriptive summary of the results of the individual studies was compiled. MAIN RESULTS: Three eligible studies were found each with small numbers of subjects. They were short term, used single injection sessions with follow-up of between 4 and 26 weeks. One study (Koman), of twelve ambulant children, compared BtA with injection of a placebo and found non-significant improvements in gait in the BtA group compared to the placebo group. Two studies (Corry, Flett) compared BtA with the use of casts. Each included 20 ambulant children and found improvements in gait, range of ankle movement and muscle tone in both the BtA and cast groups. However there were no significant differences between the groups in either trial. One of these trials (Flett) also assessed motor function using the gross motor function measure (GMFM) (Russell, 1989) and found significant improvements in each group compared to baseline but no significant differences between the groups. The other trial (Corry) performed 3D gait analysis on those children able to co-operate. Maximal plantar flexion and maximal dorsiflexion during walking were both found to be significantly greater in the BtA group compared to the cast group. In all other dimensions there were no significant differences between the groups. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review has not revealed strong controlled evidence to support or refute the use of BtA for the treatment of leg spasticity in cerebral palsy. Ongoing randomised controlled trials are likely to provide useful data on the short term effects of BtA for leg spasticity. Future research should also assess the longer term use of BtA. Ideally studies should be pragmatic in their approach to dose and distribution of toxin to reflect practise. Outcome measures assessing function and disability would give the most useful information.

Botulinum Toxins, Type A↗
PubMed1981

The immunological and cytochemical characterization of T-cell lymphoproliferative diseases.

Surface markers, terminal transferase, cytochemical staining, and function of peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined in nine patients with T-cell lymphoproliferative disease. Anti-T-cell antiserum proved useful in characterizing the phenotypes of the abnormal cells when only a minority of the abnormal cells formed E-rosettes. Anti-B-cell antiserum was consistently unreactive with the abnormal cells. Terminal transferase was elevated in T-cell ALL but low in T-cell CLL, lymphoma-leukemia, or Sézary syndrome. Lymphocyte proliferative response to nonspecific mitogens was generally depressed as was the response to allogeneic cells. The cells also failed to stimulate in mixed lymphocyte culture, implying a lack of Ia antigens on their surface. Acid phosphatase stain was positive in three patients tested. Peroxidase and esterase stains were negative, whereas PAS was positive in five of eight patients tested. Prognosis in general, regardless of the clinical picture, (ie, acute, chronic, or lymphoma-leukemia), was poor with seven of the nine patients dying within 14 months of diagnosis. Therefore, the use of anti-T-cell antisera and the E-rosette surface marker should be used to characterize the phenotype of the malignant cells in lymphoproliferative disease to enable more vigorous treatment of those that are of T-cell origin and that therefore carry a poor prognosis.

Antigens, Surface↗
PubMed2006

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of nitroaryl thiadiazole-levofloxacin hybrids.

Novel levofloxacin-containing hybrids carrying a 5-(nitroaryl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl group were synthesized and evaluated in vitro against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Preliminary data indicated that levofloxacin-nitrofuran and levofloxacin-nitroimidazole hybrids have a potent activity against Gram-positive organisms with enhanced anti-staphylococcal activity compared with the parent quinolone (N-desmethyl levofloxacin).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1992

Progressive aortic valve inflammation occurring despite apparent remission of relapsing polychondritis.

We describe a patient with relapsing polychondritis in whom aortic valve inflammation developed 3 years after diagnosis, when the polychondritis had been in apparent remission for an extended period of time. Infection and cardiac involvement can be significant complications of relapsing polychondritis. Recommendations for monitoring and treatment of patients with this disease are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The complex nature of the interaction between disease activity and therapy on the lipid profile in patients with pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of lipid abnormalities at different times and to determine the influence of both the disease and corticosteroid therapy on lipid abnormalities in pediatric patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: Lipid measurements were obtained in an inception cohort of 139 pediatric patients with SLE (114 females). Fasting levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the SLE patients were compared with those in age- and sex-matched control subjects. Disease activity levels and medication dosages were obtained at the time of lipid measurements. RESULTS: At the time of diagnosis, the mean levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were highest, whereas the mean levels of HDL cholesterol were lowest. The percentage of patients with abnormal triglyceride values was highest at diagnosis, decreased at year 1, and then remained relatively constant thereafter. The mean total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels decreased at year 1 as compared with the time of diagnosis and then remained relatively constant. The lowest mean HDL cholesterol levels were found at the time of diagnosis, and these values rose with time. Comparison of lipid levels at different prednisone dosages and disease activity levels revealed that changes in triglyceride levels were mainly associated with changes in disease activity, changes in both total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels were associated with changes in the prednisone dosage and not disease activity, and low levels of HDL cholesterol were associated with active SLE, whereas the prednisone dosage was associated with increased levels of HDL cholesterol. CONCLUSION: Factors intrinsic to SLE appear to alter lipid levels. Control of SLE may be the most important factor in improving abnormal lipid profiles, and paradoxically, prednisone therapy may improve abnormal lipid levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Intestinal glycosaminoglycans in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.

Advanced necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a common neonatal surgical emergency of unknown aetiology. Despite improvements in the prognosis, the aggressive form of the disease is still associated with significant rates of morbidity and mortality. Recent evidence indicates that the extracellular matrix (ECM) is important in gastrointestinal development and glycosaminoglycans, major constituents of the ECM, are attenuated in inflammatory bowel disease. The hypothesis of this study was that changes in the nature and distribution of intestinal glycosaminoglycans occur in NEC. The distribution and nature of glycosaminoglycans were determined in 31 sections of well preserved resection margins and severely diseased bowel from eight neonates affected by NEC. An established histological method of glycosaminoglycans analysis using cationic gold with silver enhancement was employed in this study. The identity of specific glycosaminoglycans was also elucidated using a combination of cationic gold staining and glycanase digestion. In well preserved tissue, staining was seen throughout the full thickness of the bowel. The epithelial basement membrane and basolateral surfaces, lamina propria and submucosa were particularly prominent. In moderate disease, patchy loss of anionic sites was frequently observed with glycosaminoglycans-deficient areas adjacent to intact sites. In severe NEC, there was extensive loss of glycosaminoglycans in most of the sections examined. Glycanase analysis revealed that the glycosaminoglycans in well preserved tissue were sensitive to chondroitinase ABC and only vascular sites were sensitive to heparinase III. The consequences of glycosaminoglycans loss in NEC as demonstrated in this study are not known but modulation of gastrointestinal glycosaminoglycans could be important in the pathogenesis of NEC and may underlie some of the clinical manifestations of this condition.

Colon↗
PubMed2004

Retrospective comparison of open versus laparoscopic pyloromyotomy.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy is gaining popularity in the management of pyloric stenosis. However, there is no unequivocal evidence in favour of the laparoscopic over the open approach. This paper reports an experience with laparoscopic pyloromyotomy and an attempt to identify any benefit over the open procedure. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of all 87 pyloromyotomies performed at this institution for pyloric stenosis over the 39 months since the first laparoscopic pyloromyotomy was performed. RESULTS: Data for 39 infants who underwent laparoscopic pyloromyotomy were compared with those for 38 infants who underwent pyloromyotomy via a periumbilical incision. Patient demographics were similar between the two groups. The duration of operation was longer for laparoscopic pyloromyotomy than for the open procedure (median 50 versus 30 min; P = 0.001). There were no differences in recovery time, postoperative length of hospital stay, complication rates and postoperative analgesia requirements between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy has been incorporated successfully into the authors' standard working practice. Complication rates recovery times were similar to those achievable with the open procedure. There was no clear benefit of one approach over the other.

Analgesia↗
PubMed2005

Synthesis and structural metastability of CdTe nanowires.

A new organometallic preparation method is described for CdTe nanowires with a high aspect ratio and a predominantly metastable wurtzite phase. The optical and morphological properties of the resulting nanowires were studied, as well as the influence of elevated temperatures on the crystallographic properties. A phase transition from wurtzite to sphalerite was observed at about 500 degrees C. The results show that the wurtzite phase is stabilized by the synthetic method and the surfactants.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Evidence synthesis, parameter correlation and probabilistic sensitivity analysis.

Over the last decade or so, there have been many developments in methods to handle uncertainty in cost-effectiveness studies. In decision modelling, it is widely accepted that there needs to be an assessment of how sensitive the decision is to uncertainty in parameter values. The rationale for probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) is primarily based on a consideration of the needs of decision makers in assessing the consequences of decision uncertainty. In this paper, we highlight some further compelling reasons for adopting probabilistic methods for decision modelling and sensitivity analysis, and specifically for adopting simulation from a Bayesian posterior distribution. Our reasoning is as follows. Firstly, cost-effectiveness analyses need to be based on all the available evidence, not a selected subset, and the uncertainties in the data need to be propagated through the model in order to provide a correct analysis of the uncertainties in the decision. In many--perhaps most--cases the evidence structure requires a statistical analysis that inevitably induces correlations between parameters. Deterministic sensitivity analysis requires that models are run with parameters fixed at 'extreme' values, but where parameter correlation exists it is not possible to identify sets of parameter values that can be considered 'extreme' in a meaningful sense. However, a correct probabilistic analysis can be readily achieved by Monte Carlo sampling from the joint posterior distribution of parameters. In this paper, we review some evidence structures commonly occurring in decision models, where analyses that correctly reflect the uncertainty in the data induce correlations between parameters. Frequently, this is because the evidence base includes information on functions of several parameters. It follows that, if health technology assessments are to be based on a correct analysis of all available data, then probabilistic methods must be used both for sensitivity analysis and for estimation of expected costs and benefits.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMed2003

Update of the UMD-FBN1 mutation database and creation of an FBN1 polymorphism database.

Fibrillin is the major component of extracellular microfibrils. Mutations in the fibrillin gene on chromosome 15 (FBN1) were first described in the heritable connective disorder, Marfan syndrome (MFS). FBN1 has also been shown to harbor mutations related to a spectrum of conditions phenotypically related to MFS, called "type-1 fibrillinopathies." In 1995, in an effort to standardize the information regarding these mutations and to facilitate their mutational analysis and identification of structure/function and phenotype/genotype relationships, we created a human FBN1 mutation database, UMD-FBN1. This database gives access to a software package that provides specific routines and optimized multicriteria research and sorting tools. For each mutation, information is provided at the gene, protein, and clinical levels. This tool is now a worldwide reference and is frequently used by teams working in the field; more than 220,000 interrogations have been made to it since January 1998. The database has recently been modified to follow the guidelines on mutation databases of the HUGO Mutation Database Initiative (MDI) and the Human Genome Variation Society (HGVS), including their approved mutation nomenclature. The current update shows 559 entries, of which 421 are novel. UMD-FBN1 is accessible at www.umd.be/. We have also recently developed a FBN1 polymorphism database in order to facilitate diagnostics.

Animals↗