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PubMed1980

Isotachophoretic separation of middle molecule peptides in uremic body fluids.

By applying analytical isotachophoresis six solutes in the middle molecule range were isolated as a further separation of a middle molecule fraction isolated from uremic body fluids using an earlier described technique of combined high speed gel filtration--gradient elution chromatography. The solutes separated with isotachophoresis could be identified by determining the net mobilities and the corresponding UV levels. Identical net solute mobilities were found in different biological fluids from different uremic patients. By measuring the zone length it was possible to estimate the amounts of material present in uremic biological fluids. During these investigations the reproducibility was better than +/-2% for the six solutes measured.

Chromatography, Gel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Correlation of total (TSA) and lipid and bound (LSA) sialic acid levels with cytology of cyst or body fluids in cancer patients.

In this preliminary study, aiming at the early diagnosis or the confirmation of neoplastic spreading, the levels of sialic acid (TSA and LSA, total sialic acid and "lipid bound" sialic acid) were measured and correlated with the corresponding cytologic findings in 111 body or cystic fluid samples taken from patients with suspected or confirmed cancer. The samples were classified according to the body fluid origin: peritoneal (35), breast cyst (22), pleural (21), thyroid gland cyst (5), renal cyst (5), ovarian cyst (6), bronchial washing (3), douglasic cavity (3) and various other origins (11). It was found that 32.43% of the samples were TSA positive, 44.14% LSA positive, 20.75% cytologic and 8.49% cytology suspect (positive + suspect = 29.24%). Thus, the combination of a tumor biomarker with the corresponding cytology of the body fluid gives the best possible results, as regards both the confirmation of positive cytology and the detection of possible metastases, as well as the monitoring of the disease after treatment.

Ascitic Fluid↗
PubMed1991

ABO blood grouping of semen from mixed body fluids with monoclonal antibody to tissue-specific epitopes on seminal ABO blood group substance.

Practical methods were developed for ABO blood grouping of semen from mixed body fluids. An monoclonal antibody (P6-5H) which recognizes a tissue-specific epitope on a seminal ABO blood group substance (alpha 2-seminoglycoprotein) was used as a solid phase antibody for selective capture of the seminal ABO blood group substance. ABO blood group epitopes of secretor and non-secretor semen were detected in dilutions of 8 x 10(3)-3.2 x 10(4) and 8 x 10(3)-fold, respectively, by sandwich ELISA. ABO blood group epitopes were also detected in dilutions up to 4 x 10(3)-fold, irrespective of secretor status, by the sandwich absorption-elution test.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1981

Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis for chloroquine in body fluids. Application to studies of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the sensitive determination of chloroquine in body fluids. THe method has been applied to quality-control assay of World Health Organization (WHO) In-Vitro, Macro-Test Kits for the assessment of susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine. Experiments utilizing [14C] chloroquine demonstrated that water was not capable of efficiently desorbing chloroquine from the inside surfaces of kit vials. The addition of blood to the vials effectively desorbs chloroquine. Subsequent addition of the blood to aqueous base followed by hexane extraction permits quantitation by reversed-phase, ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography utilizing ultraviolet detection at 344 nm. The method is capable of determining as little as 20 ng of chloroquine per vial. This method, utilizing the methyl ether of 9-anthra cenemethanol as internal standard, can quantify chloroquine in 1 ml of blood or urine with a minimum detection limit of 20 ppb (ng/ml). Measurement of blood levels of chloroquine in persons contracting falciparum malaria while following a prophylactic regimen complements in-vitro drug susceptibility measurements in characterizing resistant strains of the parasite.

Chloroquine↗
PubMed1979

Trace polypeptides in cellular extracts and human body fluids detected by two-dimensional electrophoresis and a highly sensitive silver stain.

Development of a highly sensitive silver stain permits the characterization of trace cellular and body fluid proteins separated by the two-dimensional electrophoresis technique of O'Farrell. Many of the proteins detected by the silver stain in urine, spinal fluid, amniotic fluid, and cells were undetected with the widely used Coomassie blue stain. Trace polypeptides observed in Escherichia coli cell lysates with this silver stain could be detected previously only by growth in radioactive precursors followed by lengthy autoradiography. In situations that do not permit the use of radioactive labeling, as in human clinical studies, the enhanced ability to detect proteins achieved by the silver stain will facilitate metabolic studies and the screening for protein abnormalities in mutational studies and in genetic diseases.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1981

Quantitative nephelometric determination of Haemophilus influenzae antigen in body fluids.

Nephelometry, an immunological technique widely used for the quantification of blood proteins, was adapted to provide a quantitative method of detecting Haemophilus influenzae capsular antigen in body fluids. Using specific antiserum directed against H. influenzae capsular antigen, samples of serum, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and joint fluid from 38 cases of H. influenzae infections were analyzed. The results were compared for reliability to counterimmunoelectrophoresis, a widely used diagnostic tool. The nephelometric technique has the same advantages of speed and specificity as counterimmunoelectrophoresis and provides the clinician and researcher with a quantitative method that is as reliable as the qualitative counterimmunoelectrophoresis procedure. The method allowed directly quantitative readouts on patient specimens, with no necessity for serial dilutions or densitometric readings.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1988

Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric determination of clonidine in body fluids. Application to pharmacokinetics.

Depending on the very low therapeutic doses of clonidine and the resulting low blood levels (in the pg/ml range), for quantitative determinations in body fluids only methods of necessary selectivity as well as corresponding sensitivity can be employed successfully. Furthermore, the method should also be suited for the rapid processing of large sample numbers generated e.g. during clinical studies evaluating pharmacokinetics and/or the bioavailability/bioequivalence. Thus a gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric assay was developed employing fused-silica, bonded-phase capillary columns, chemical ionization with ammonia as a selective reagent gas in combination with the registration of preselected, characteristic negative ions (SIR, NICI) and a deuterated internal standard. Therefore, the method proves to be exceptionally selective and sensitive: a lower limit of detection of 10 pg/ml plasma is reached, the calibration curve is linear in the 25-1500 pg/ml range and the recovery from blood exceeds 90%. The assay has been successfully approved in several clinical studies, whereby especially the simple sample preparation led to very short times for analysis.

Clonidine↗
PubMed1998

Occupational exposure to blood and body fluids: new postexposure prophylaxis recommendations. United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Dental health care professionals continue to suffer exposure incidents from instruments contaminated with blood and/or body fluids from patients. Each of these cases requires that a rigid protocol be followed for their evaluation. New information regarding the risk factors for HIV-seroconversion following an exposure incident have been identified. Recent data has demonstrated that a 79 percent reduction in disease transmission may be possible with a new combination drug therapy. The anti-retroviral drugs included in this new regimen are now standard in the management of occupational exposure to HIV. Several factors set dentistry apart from other health care occupations, and these differences appear to have an effect on the risks associated with occupational exposures. This article explores these risk factors and the new recommendations for postexposure care.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed1975

Demonstration of C-peptide immunoreactivity in various body fluids and clinical evaluation of the determination of urinary C-peptide immunoreactivity.

C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR) was demonstrated not only in plasma, but in urine, ascites, cerebrospinal fluid and pleural effusion. The concentration of CPR in urine was very high compared with that in the other body fluids and was easy to assay. CPR in urine after glucose administration or tolbutamide injection increased parallel to the change of CPR in plasma and also to that of IRI in normals or diabetics without renal disturbances. The result suggest that the determination of CPR in urine before and after stimulation of insulin secretion could serve as a simple indicator of insulin secretory function of pancreas.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Changes in body fluid compartments, tissue water and electrolyte distribution, and lipid concentrations in rhesus macaques with yellow fever.

Rhesus macaques were inoculated subcutaneously with 40 plaque-forming units of yellow fever (YF) virus. To identify pathophysiologic mechanisms of YF, rectal temperatures and evidence of viremia were observed daily; physiologic and biochemical changes were studied on postinoculation day (PID) 5. Marked viremia was detected on PID 2 through 5, and fever was first observed on PID 4. On PID 5, blood and plasma volumes and circulatory K+ values increased, whereas RBC volume, PCV, and plasma cholesterol concentration decreased. Total lipids (mainly triglycerides) accumulated in the liver of inoculated macaques; alterations in hepatic content of water, electrolytes, and trace metals were also observed. Certain parts of the CNS, skeletal muscle, skin, heart, diaphragm, and renal cortex were affected, with changes noticed in water, electrolyte, trace metal, and lipid concentrations. These tissue changes indicated that cellular metabolism was altered and that the transport mechanisms of cell membranes of certain tissues were modified by YF virus or the disease process caused by the virus. Terminal hypoglycemia (57.6 +/- 12.1 mg/dl) was observed. The YF-induced intracellular dehydration of the medulla oblongata at the later stage of illness may depress the cardiovascular and respiratory centers, thus contributing to death of rhesus macaques infected with YF virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

A broadly active viral inhibitor in human and animal organ extracts and body fluids.

To help assess the possibility that a newly described viral inhibitor from cell cultures might play a natural defensive role in vivo, its distribution and concentration in human and animal organ extracts and body fluids were investigated. The concentration of the inhibitor was high in human liver, heart muscle, splenic extracts, and human serum and milk. The inhibitor in the body was indistinguishable from a previously described inhibitor produced in cell cultures that was characterized by broad antiviral activity, lack of target cell species specificity, lack of induction of stable antiviral activity in cells, rapid reversibility of antiviral action, prevention of virus attachment, and stability at 100 degrees C. Sixteen virus plaque reduction units of the inhibitor diminished the yield of poliovirus in vitro by more than 1000-fold. Additional evidence that contact-blocking viral inhibitor (CVI) inhibits vaccinia virus attachment to cells is presented. A role for the inhibitor in natural defense against viral infections is possible.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Regulation and distribution of body fluid during a 6-day head-down tilt study in a randomized cross-over design.

Head down tilt (-6 degrees HDT) examinations are commonly used simulation models for various microgravity induced changes in body functions. Body fluid distribution (by means of dye dilution and two independent multifrequency impedance techniques), water- and sodium-handling, and the plasma/serum concentrations of fluid balance related hormones have been determined in a randomized, controlled, cross-over study in 8 healthy test subjects. The comparison of responses to HDT and an upright control position with respective experiences from space shows some similarities but also various discrepancies between the terrestrial simulation and real microgravity.

Bed Rest↗
PubMed1995

Changes in body fluid markers in intestinal ischemia.

New Zealand rabbits were assigned randomly to three groups: sham operation, intestinal simple obstruction, and strangulation obstruction. To relate possible changes in the body fluid content of biochemical markers to the strangulation process, subsequent samples of blood and peritoneal fluid, for the determination of levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactic acid (LA), xanthine oxidase (XO), and inorganic phosphate (IP), were obtained at 1-, 2-, 4-, and 6-hour intervals, and intestinal histological specimens were graded blindly. Significant increases in plasma LA (3.93 +/- 0.26 v 2.99 +/- 0.37; P < .05), peritoneal LA (5.03 +/- 1.14 V 3.33 +/- 0.86; P < .05), and CK (940 +/- 146 v 772 +/- 165, P < .05) occurred after 1 hour of ischemic injury. Except for serum CK, all parameters in the blood and peritoneal fluid in group 3 were markedly elevated within 4 hours. The serum CK remained almost unchanged throughout the 6-hour study period. The results suggest that plasma LA, peritoneal LA, and CK are sensitive indicators in the early diagnosis of bowel ischemia; the determination of both serum and peritoneal XO and IP was also helpful for early diagnosis; in contrast, serum CK was not a useful indicator. The value of any biochemical marker as an early diagnostic tool for intestinal ischemia depends not only on its quantity but also on its location and mechanism of release.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Simultaneous determination of cortisol and prednisolone in body fluids by using HPLC-DAD coupled with second-order calibration based on alternating trilinear decomposition.

A novel method for simultaneous determination of cortisol and prednisolone in body fluids has been developed in this paper. Three-way data recorded by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) have been analyzed by second-order calibration based on the alternating trilinear decomposition (ATLD) algorithm. The chemometric methodology selected exploits the second-order advantage of the three-way data arrays, which allows one to obtain concentrations of individual calibrated analytes even in the presence of interferences not present in the calibration samples (e.g. background in urine or plasma). It was applied to simultaneous determination of cortisol and prednisolone in both plasma and urine samples. Though the chromatographic and spectral peaks of the analytes were heavily overlapped and interferents coeluted with the compounds studied, good recoveries of the analytes could be obtained with HPLC-DAD coupled with second-order calibration based on ATLD. Sample preparation was based on solvent extraction (SE), and quantification can be carried out with simple mobile phase. The time required for the quantification process is shorter than other methods.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chlorprothixene and chlorprothixene-sulfoxide in body fluids from a case of drug overdose.

A case of fatal drug overdose involving chlorprothixene is presented. Chlorprothixene and chlorprothixene sulfoxide (CPT-SO) metabolite concentrations (mg/L) in body fluids as determined by spectrophotofluorometry were: blood, 0.10 and 0.60; bile, 3.9 and 7.0; urine, 0.4 and 3.4; and stomach contents, 340 mg and 25 mg total, respectively. Qualitative identification of chlorprothixene and CPT-SO was by thin layer and gas liquid chromatography and spectrophotofluorometry following alkaline permanganate oxidation.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Quantitation of Haemophilus influenzae serotype b capsular polysaccharide antigen in body fluids by enzyme immunoassay.

A heterogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EIA) has been developed to quantify capsular polysaccharide antigen of Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) polyribosyl - polyribitol -phosphate (PRP) in body fluids. Anti-Hib immunoglobulin G form rabbit adsorbed to the solid phase reacts with PRP existing in free soluble form in cerebrospinal fluid, serum or urine during Hib infection. IgG-anti-Hib labelled with horseradish peroxidase then links to PRP; the enzyme activity is measured by oxidation of the chromogenic substrate o-phenylenediamine. PRP concentrations ranged between 2 micrograms/1 to 21 mg/1 detected in acute Hib disease. The applicability of the EIA as a diagnostic aid is limited by cross-reaction of other bacterial antigens. However, quantitative measurements of PRP by enzyme immunoassay should improve studies on Hib disease.

Animals↗